Since child undernutrition is a major public health concern worldwide, the community management of acute malnutrition (CMAM) approach ^{1 – 3} has constantly evolved to improve prevention and treatment of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) children treated in outpatient clinics and followed up by community health workers. While health information systems exist, robust evidence on the effectiveness of the CMAM approach in terms or children’s recovery, death and defaulter rates, coverage and quality of services, are sparse. ⁴ Most of the reviews on SAM treatment effectiveness indicate the need for more high-quality research to improve the performance of such approaches across contexts. ^{5 – 7}

Since 1999, the World Health Organization (WHO) has been recommending that, when feasible, the in-patient management of SAM children should include a psychosocial component. ⁸ This recommendation was reinforced in 2013 by Ruel et al who suggested that a combined intervention could be cost-saving and enhance benefits on both nutrition and development outcomes. ⁹ Since early childhood is being recognized as a critical time for growth, appropriate psychosocial interventions during this window of opportunity are highly relevant wherever counselling in early child development (ECD), hygiene promotion, breastfeeding and appropriate feeding practices could be embedded with health and nutrition objectives. However, a systematic review found that only two non-randomized control trials have formally tested the effectiveness of approach in SAM children development, and only one, implemented in a hospital Nutritional Rehabilitation Unit, included nutrition outcomes. ¹⁰

Indeed, several challenges are foreseen. First, implementation of the out-patient nutrition protocols has resulted in less contact time between the patient and the health care staff. This poses the question of the modality and duration of the psychosocial interventions. Secondly, the available psychosocial support is likely to be implemented in the health centers without additional staff or equipment, by staff without any additional training, which represent feasibility and economic obstacles. Thirdly, research shows that the psychosocial component might improve nutrition treatment programs but applicability of those interventions at a large scale even further precludes buy-in of stakeholders.

In order to facilitate the implementation of psychosocial interventions in areas with limited resources, this study aims to collect expert opinions and recommendations, from both nutrition and psychosocial fields, on the optimal modalities for designing a combined psychosocial intervention among SAM children in humanitarian settings.

An online expert consultation was conducted. We selected experts from the authors’ contact lists with known expertise in the fields of mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS), and nutrition working in academia, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), United Nations (UN) organizations, the World Bank, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), institutional donors, and foundations. We created a questionnaire on the modalities to tailor an intervention targeting children aged 6-23 months who had received a standard outpatient SAM treatment in humanitarian settings. It included 14 multiple answer questions in English on the characteristics of an optimal psychosocial intervention implemented within a SAM treatment program: frequency, duration and modalities of the counselling sessions, and component of the psychosocial workers training prior to implementation. Most multiple choices answers could be completed by comments and the last question encouraged open commentary and information sharing on the subject of the enquiry. The survey questions can be found in Table 1 and the Underlying Data. The questionnaire was e-mailed in March 2018 and once again (without any changes compared to its first launch) April 2018 and closed on May 2018 after several weeks without new responses.

The online survey software SurveyMonkey ^® (SurveyMonkey, Palo Alto, Calif., USA) was used for the questionnaire, the data collection and the quantitative analysis. Qualitative responses of the participants were de-identified and reported in their integrity without alteration and complete raw data of the participant responses can be found in the Underlying Data. ¹¹ A thematic content analysis was performed on the qualitative data provided by the open-ended comments, using word recurrence, and key-words-in-contexts techniques to identify and extrapolate themes and concepts. The textual analysis was also enriched by the analysis of technical and practical references cited by the authors. Due to the nature of the questions, it was considered that researchers characteristics (women researchers working in an NGO) were unlikely to influence the results. Nevertheless, researchers engaged in reflexivity notably by reporting raw qualitative responses without editing them. Triangulation was ensured by targeting participants with different backgrounds, fields of work, and institutions. Furthermore, the integration of the theoretical and practical references of the respondents was also an element of triangulation. Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research ¹² was followed to report our results.

Through this expert consultation, the proposed model of a combined nutrition and psychosocial intervention that could be implemented in emergency settings includes a 45-minute weekly psychosocial session, delivered individually rather than in a group and at the child’s home or a combination of both.

No consensus on optimal duration of the overall intervention has emerged from the survey as it was mainly believed to be dependent of the individual and its context. For further considerations, our results should be put in regards with WHO recommendations of 15–30 minutes of psychosocial stimulation per day for inpatient SAM children ¹³ where close and direct access to the children could enable session of this duration. As shown in few other studies, the feasibility of delivery of those interventions remains a challenge ^{10 , 14} and this confirms the qualitative responses from our expert’s panel that also emphasized the need for optimal design features to be balanced with pragmatic considerations of SAM treatment.

Regarding the trainings of health practitioners, the respondents recommended training in topics related to child development and active listening in order to perform this intervention optimally. The need to address capacity building and retention strategies in view of the current global shortage of skilled health workers has been recently highlighted as one of the top-ranked research questions in the ECD field. ¹⁵ Indeed, high staff turnover and low level of qualification in psychosocial skills are common examples of the implementation challenges that could hamper the integration into the nutritional treatment of malnourished children. ¹⁶ However, an introduction to child development could be proposed for various nutrition and health professionals and community health workers who would, among other benefits, facilitate the integration of psychosocial approach to the SAM outpatient treatment. ^{15 , 17}

This intervention, if optimally implemented, was thought by the expert panel to improve recovery rate by 10% compared to the nutrition treatment alone, but assessing the impact of a combined intervention and notably on the outcome that would best capture this impact remains a challenge. However, providing further evidence on this requires multidisciplinary teams and designing experimental studies sufficiently powered to detect an impact on each outcome deemed relevant.

In addition, the experts that we surveyed highlighted the need to tailor it to the context and its target population, which would allow building a tailored intervention with improved effectiveness, quality and sustainability. ¹⁸ Indeed, understanding complex contextual factors and pathways happening in a given situation is crucial before implementation of new actions or modification of current ones. ¹⁹ An extensive formative evaluation or a pilot phase involving relevant nutrition and MHPSS actors to assess current resources, barriers and capacities as well as the intervention acceptability by both staff and beneficiaries might be a way to: 1) ensure cultural and contextual sensitivity of the intervention modalities via qualitative assessments, 2) propose a combined intervention that really meets the target population’s needs and 3) identify, overcome or adapt to field constraints. ²⁰

We found that the expert responses highlight the importance of feasibility considerations. It includes practicality regarding resources, time, and commitment. Budget needed to implement a psychosocial intervention varies according to the setting, the availability of local resources, the amount of staff training required. Budget impact analysis needs to be performed in the context of scaling up. This represents significant short-term expenses which might be difficult in low resources settings, but efforts in ECD are known to turn great societal benefits in the long term. ²¹ Time and commitment are also required form the key actors of the program (including health personnel, community health workers, district health authorities, traditional leaders, families and others).

Environmental factors such as seasonal aspects and long distance to reach the households might prevent patients to receive a proper intervention. Moreover, family decision making process and social representations might hinder the capacities of the caregivers to access and benefit from this intervention. Therefore, the cultural adaptation, level of appropriateness, gender sensitivity considerations known to be crucial to intervention acceptability and sustainability need to be considered in the elaboration of the design. ¹⁷

We believe that integration is necessary for scaling up psychosocial intervention. It refers to the level of system change needed in a system to integrate a new intervention into an existing infrastructure. ²² Both the nutrition and MHPSS sectors develop scaling up strategies like WHO Mental Health Gap Action Programme ²³ aims at scaling up services for mental disorders for countries especially with low- and middle-income economies. Any additional intervention that could benefit to the child’s health and maximize cost-effectiveness of SAM treatment is of consideration, and more research is needed to draw lessons learned in terms of implementation and efficiency. Joint discussions and actions, among representatives of international agencies, research institutes and donors in the both nutrition and MHPSS sectors would facilitate integration and investment. Indeed, several findings show that engagement of all stakeholders (community representatives, policy makers, nutrition and MHPSS local experts and other implicated staff) is a determinant step at an earlier stage of the intervention testing and help with research uptake. ^{24 , 25}

Our study has several limitations. Firstly, our questionnaire was in English language only, sent via e-mail to the author’s contacts. Consequently, our results might not be representative of all experts on this subject, which limits their generalizability. Secondly, the proposed combined intervention model was not tested. Furthermore, its acceptability by field workers and beneficiaries was not addressed by the present study. However, information gathered are relevant for future research and humanitarian programmes.

Cost-effectiveness and efficiency of an optimal combined intervention should then be assessed to provide decision-making support. Indeed, economic evaluations before issuing new or modified policies are required by donors, implementers and health decision makers. ^{26 , 27} A psychosocial intervention effectively combined to nutrition treatment is unlikely to increase substantially structural costs (i.e. building and administrative costs). Main expenses would more likely consist in training, time allocation and equipment of the staff. Location of the intervention at the OTP or at the children’s home will presumably have an impact on global intervention cost and scalability. Beneficiary transport and opportunity costs would be lesser if the intervention occurred at home, but logistics and staff time cost would increase. A balance should be found to ensure an optimized effectiveness with the lowest possible intervention and beneficiaries’ costs. Once efficacy and cost-effectiveness evidence will be established, implementation studies will collect information on how to adapt those combined interventions to context and to make them sustainable in real-life conditions. ²⁷ Then, a robust and real-time monitoring and evaluation system should be in place to track the changes due to the implementation and adaptations required for a successful integrated intervention. Indeed, this would enable to 1) effectively plan for staff training, and adequate psychosocial activities duration, and resources, and 2) document advocacy activities to ensure sustained funding. Only in this manner could a combined psychosocial and nutrition intervention be sustainably scalable. ¹⁷

While most of the experts ranked this specific intervention as important, responses on how to implement it were not always consensual. This underlines again the need to have further debates with representatives of academia, NGOs and donors form both nutrition and MHPSS sectors. These results could guide further research on the impact of psychosocial interventions on SAM children’s health and development, and help designing innovative approaches to treat undernutrition.