Hypoxic preconditioning promotes survival of human adipocyte mesenchymal stem cell via expression of prosurvival and proangiogenic biomarkers

Background: Contributing factors for improved survival of human adipocytes mesenchymal stem cells (h-AMSCs) cultured through hypoxia preconditioning, in example apoptosis inhibition involving BCL2 and HSP27 expression, trigger signal expression (VEGF), SCF expression, OCT-4 expression, and CD44+ expression. The objective if this study was to explain the mechanism and role of hypoxic preconditioning and the optimal duration of hypoxic preconditioning exposure to improve survival of h-AMSCs. Methods: An experimental laboratory explorative study ( in vitro ) with hypoxic preconditioning in h-AMSCs cultures. This research was conducted through four stages. First, isolation of h-AMSCs culture from adipose tissue of patients. Second, the characterization of h-AMSCs from adipose tissue by phenotype (flowcytometry) through CD44+, CD90+ and CD45-expression before being pre-conditioned for hypoxic treatment. Third, the hypoxic preconditioning in h-AMSCs culture ( in vitro )


Introduction
[3] Despite the impressive potential of the h-AMSC-based therapy, several obstacles (e.g., the difficulty of maintaining selfrenewal and poor survival due to apoptosis and/or necrosis at the administration site) have been encountered. 4Some studies suggest that more than 90% of transplanted stem cells, either intravenously, intramyocardially, and intracoronary delivery, have necrosis and apoptosis and only about 5% transplanted stem cells can survive up to 14 days in infarcted myocardium. 5The survival of stem cells transplantation is so poor because high percentage of dead cells due to factors such as limited availability of blood, hypoxia, oxidative stress, inflammatory processes, loss of extracellular cell buffer matrix (anoic), non-conducive microenvironment to myocardial infarction, structural damage to blood vessels and lack of nutritional support. 6erefore a particular strategy is needed to improve survival, increase proliferation, migration, maintain the potential for differentiation and viability of stem cells in environments with low oxygen levels.One of those strategies is to precondition hypoxic precursors in vitro on oxygen concentrations mimicking the stem cells' niche. 7,8Contributing factors for improved survival of h-AMSCs cultured through hypoxia preconditioning, i.e., apoptosis inhibition involving BCL2 and HSP27 expression, trigger signal expression (VEGF), SCF expression, OCT-4 expression, and CD44 + expression. 9 detail, it has never been explained how far the role of hypoxic preconditions in inhibiting apoptosis of h-AMSCs culture in vitro, in order to enhance survival and increase proliferation, maintain multi-potency, stemness and inhibition of apoptosis.Based on the description above, we consider it is necessary to conduct a research to explain the increased survival of h-AMSCs through the treatment of sub-lethal hypoxia precondition (oxygen concentration of 1%) for 24, 48, and 72 hours by looking at the expression of inhibition on apoptosis and HSP27 expression, and BCL2.In addition, it is necessary to observe the role of hypoxic preconditions in the proliferation process through the expression of SCF, OCT-4, and BCL2.

Objective
A study was conducted to explain and confirm the mechanism and role of hypoxic preconditioning and the optimal duration of hypoxic preconditioning exposure to improve survival of h-AMSCs so that it could be used as a benchmark for h-AMSCs culture strategy before transplantation.This study was an experimental laboratory explorative study (in vitro study) with hypoxic preconditioning in human-adipose mesenchymal stem cells (h-AMSCs) cultures.

Ethical approval
The use of human subjects in this study had been obtaining an ethical approval from research ethics committee of Dr. Soetomo Academic General Hospital -Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University (Number: 264/Panke.KKE/ IV/2017) issued on April 6 th , 2017 under the name of I Gde Rurus Suryawan as principal investigator.

Study design
This study is an exploratory laboratory experimental study (in-vitro study) with hypoxic preconditions in the culture of human-adipose mesenchymal stem cells (h-AMSCs) derived from human adipose tissue.The aim of this study was to obtain stem cells that have high survival so that they are not only viable but also have high adaptability to the environment when the stem cells are transplanted.This type of experiment is a true experimental post-test only control group design accompanied by phenotypic h-AMSCs characterization against CD44+, CD90 + and CD45-before being given treatment.

Study setting
This research was conducted at the Center for Research and Development of Stem Cell -Institute Tropical Disease (ITD) Universitas Airlangga, Dr. Soetomo Academic General Hospital and the Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya.The implementation of this study lasted for 2-3 months.

Sample size
The sample size in this study was obtained using the Federer's formula for sample size. 10This formula is used as a control for the degree of freedom in MANOVA.The formula description is as follows: Sample size: (r-1) (K-1) ≥ 15 r = replication (experimental unit sample size per group) K = number of subject group observations Then the number of replications for each group is 4, so that the total sample is 24 plate culture.

Materials
Experimental Unit: 1. h-AMSCs, namely human-adipose mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue obtained from minimally invasive surgery with small incisions (3-5 cm) under local anaesthesia in the lower abdominal area by a surgeon (Figure 1).These materials came from patients who were prepared for clinical application of stem cell therapy at the Network Bank Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya.All procedures were approved by the relevant ethics committees, and written informed consent was obtained from all study participants.The h-AMSCs experimental unit was taken from adult patients who were in a stable state who were not taking anti-platelets or anti-coagulants and then multiplied in vitro at the 5 th passage to 24 units.A total of 24 units were divided into two groups, namely control and treatment.The control group (P0) had 12 culture units in normoxic conditions (21% O 2 concentration).The treatment group (P1) was 12 units pre-conditioned to hypoxia (1% O 2 concentration).Both treatment groups were observed for survival (CD44+, VEGF, SCF, OCT-4, BCL2, HSP27, and apoptotic inhibition at 24, 48 and 72 hours of cell culture).Observation of apoptotic inhibition based on the expression of BCL2 and HSP27 along with the percentage of apoptosis that occurred.

Experimental procedures
This research was conducted in four stages as follows: 1. Isolation and culture of h-AMSCs from the patient's adipose tissue (human) (Figure 1).
3. Hypoxic precondition in in vitro h-AMSCs culture was carried out with an oxygen concentration of 1% for 24, 48 and 72 hours.

Data analysis
Data collected, processed and statistically tested with several stages.The first stage is an Assumption Test in the form of a normality test to ensure that the data is normally distributed.Furthermore, a comparison test was carried out between the treatment group and the control group using Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA).Furthermore, path analysis is carried out to determine the pathway mechanism of the influence of the independent variables on the dependent variable by using multiple linear regression statistical tests.The statistical analysis was used to explain the effect of time (24, 48 and 72 hours) and hypoxic conditions on the expression of VEGF, SCF, OCT-4, CD44 +, BCL2, HSP27 and the number of cells undergoing apoptosis.The data scale of each variable under study is a ratio, so it is appropriate to use the Multiple Linear Regression statistical test.Statistical tests were performed using SPSS version 24.0 software.

Discussion
Over the last few years, with the gradual increase in awareness of the critical role that hypoxia-induced signalling could play as a tool for generating angiogenesis on demand, two distinct approaches have emerged, as promising strategies to achieve this goal. 5On one hand, researchers have explored the possibility of pre-conditioning cells or grafts to hypoxia in vitro, in order to upregulate the required signalling that can then initiate angiogenesis in vivo upon transplantation. 11he second approach relies on direct induction of hypoxia-mediated signalling in vivo, by pharmacological means or gene therapy. 12A further distinction can be made on whether the therapy involves transplantation of hypoxia pre-conditioned or genetically modified cells, or if the effect is mediated directly through gene transfer or cell-free delivery of hypoxiainduced protein factors. 13e low survival of h-AMSCs after transplanting the heart muscle with myocardial infarction has limited the effectiveness of stem cell therapy. 8This is presumably because the transplanted stem cells are difficult to adapt to a new environment that is different from the environment during the in vitro culture process if it is carried out under normoxic  conditions (21% oxygen concentration), while the niche of h-AMSCs in adipose tissue is actually under hypoxic conditions (oxygen concentration between 2-8%). 14The mechanism underlying the decreased effectiveness of stem cells when transplanted is thought to be because many transplanted stem cells undergo apoptosis. 15Therefore, a strategy is needed to increase the resistance of transplanted stem cells, one of which is the hypoxic adaptation process during in vitro culture. 16e role of sub lethal hypoxia during the in vitro culture process is to provide hypoxic preconditions so that the support niche is compatible with the hypoxic environment in vivo in myocardial infarction. 17Hypoxic precondition will trigger Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) which then binds to VEGF Receptor-1 (VEGFR-1) in the cytosol. 18The presence of VEGF -VEGFR-1 bonds is thought to occur in a series of signalling which activates Stem Cell Factor (SCF) or Steel Factor (SLF) in the interstitial. 19Interstitial SCF expression will be recognized by the SCF receptor so that an SCF-receptor complex is formed in the cell nucleus and nuclear β1-integrine expression will activate Octamer-4 (OCT-4) so that stem cells experience proliferation, self-renewal but still have the potential for differentiation. 20,21OCT-4 also plays a role in the activation of the PI3/Akt pathway which affects survival cells by increasing BCL2 in the cytosol, resulting in inhibition of BAX, which causes mitochondrial PT-Pore to remain closed. 22The closure of the PT-Pore from the mitochondria will inhibit the release of Cytochrome-C and Apoptotic protease activating factor-1 (APAF-1) so that the apoptotic cascade does not occur. 23rthermore, the hypoxic precondition will lead to the expression of Cluster of Differentiation 44+ (CD44+). 24This CD44+ expression occurs due to stimulation of the nuclear β1 integrin from the cell nucleus which is expressed due to the presence of the SCF-receptor complex bond. 25CD44+ is a hyaluronan receptor which is part of the adhesion molecule, causing interactions between cells and between cells and the matrix, as well as lymphocyte activation, also plays a role in the homing process, and increases cell migration. 26CD44+ is a polymorphic family that is immunologically related to proteoglycans and cell surface glycoproteins as markers of h-AMSCs.Apart from being a marker for h-AMSCs, CD44 + has a signalling function that plays a role in cell survival and motility. 26 the other hand, hypoxic conditions are thought to have an effect on mitochondria in increasing the expression of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). 27The increased ROS due to hypoxic conditions is thought to be the cause of the increase in free radicals formed through mitochondrial-mediated pathways. 28This triggers protein kinase-C (PKC) and protein K-2 (PK2) which then triggers the p53 gene so that there is an increase in p53 protein expression which will activate proapoptotic members such as BAX. 29Increased expression of p53 causes mitochondrial damage which causes pores to open in the membrane, so that Cytochrome-C and other molecules that act as APAF-1 will exit the mitochondria. 30This condition will activate procaspase 9 to become caspase-9 and followed by activation of procaspase 3 to become active caspase-3 which affects DNase so that DNA fragmentation occurs, and ends with cell death through the apoptosis process. 29wever, the low sublethal oxygen concentration is thought to activate cells for protection in the form of repair. 31he repair process can be done through the activation of heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1) so that the formation of several Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) occurs. 32HSPs are the product of several gene families contained in the cell nucleus which act as chaperone molecules that play a role in cell survival during the stress process. 33Some of the HSPs that were thought to be involved were HSP70, HSP90α and HSP27. 32However, in hypoxic conditions that cause the glycolysis process.This glycolysis process will further affect Krebs's cycles so that ATP synthesis decreases. 34This decrease in ATP concentration is thought to cause a decrease in the function of HSP70 and HSP90α.This is because HSP70 and HSP90α are ATP-dependent chaperone molecules, thus the two HSPs (HSP70 and HSP90α) do not have the ability to act as chaperones in protecting, protecting and repairing cells under stress. 35The role of chaperone molecules in hypoxic conditions is carried out by HSP27, because HSP27 is ATP-independent chaperone.In addition, hypoxic precondition can maintain multipotential properties through OCT-4 expression compared to normoxic conditions. 36

Conclusion
From this study, it can be concluded that the hypoxic preconditioning affect the survival of h-AMSC with different apoptotic presentations due to the increased expression of BCL2 (anti apoptotic protein) and HSP 27 as chaperone proteins that play a role in inhibiting apoptosis.In this study, the hypoxic preconditioning may elevate the expression of studied variables, such as the number of apoptosis through BCL2 and HSP27 expression, trigger signal through VEGF expression, proliferation through SCF expression, and multipotency through OCT-4 expression.Hypoxic preconditioning significantly affects VEGF, VEGF affects SCF expression, SCF affects OCT-4 expression, OCT-4 affects BCL2 expression, but hypoxia also affects HSP27 expression.BCL2 and HSP27 have proven inhibiting apoptosis thus enhancing h-AMSCs survival (Figure 10).In conclusion, hypoxic preconditioning of h-AMSC culture has proven to increase the expression of VEGF, SCF, OCT-4, and BCL2 and HSP27.This study demonstrated and explained the existence of a new mechanism of increased h-AMSC survival in cultures with hypoxic preconditioning (O 2 1%) via VEGF, SCF, OCT-4, BCL2, and HSP 27.But CD 44+ did not play a role in the mechanism of survival improvement of human AMSC survival.
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Figure 1 .
Figure 1. Isolation and culture of h-AMSCs from the patient's adipose tissue (human).

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Observation of survival of h-AMSCs in the form of CD44 +, VEGF, SCF, OCT-4, BCL2, HSP27 expression, and apoptotic inhibition: A. Phenotype expression of CD44 + was carried out by the flowcytometric method.B. Immuno-cytochemical expression of VEGF.C. Immunocytochemical expression of SCF from h-AMSCs culture.D. Phenotype of OCT-4 expression (Immunocytochemistry and Immunofluorescence).

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Immunohistochemical Characteristic of h-AMSCs based on VEGF expression at: A) normoxic condition for 24 hours; B) normoxic condition for 48 hours; C) normoxic condition for 72 hours; D) hypoxic condition for 24 hours; E) hypoxic condition for 48 hours; F) hypoxic condition for 72 hours.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Immunohistochemical Characteristic of h-AMSCs based on OCT-4 expression at: A) normoxic condition for 24 hours; B) normoxic condition for 48 hours; C) normoxic condition for 72 hours; D) hypoxic condition for 24 hours; E) hypoxic condition for 48 hours; F) hypoxic condition for 72 hours.Immunofluorescence assay of h-AMSCs based on OCT-4 expression at: G) normoxic condition for 24 hours; H) normoxic condition for 48 hours; I) normoxic condition for 72 hours; J) hypoxic condition for 24 hours; K) hypoxic condition for 48 hours; L) hypoxic condition for 72 hours.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Immunohistochemical Characteristic of h-AMSCs based on BCL2 expression at: A) normoxic condition for 24 hours; B) normoxic condition for 48 hours; C) normoxic condition for 72 hours; D) hypoxic condition for 24 hours; E) hypoxic condition for 48 hours; F) hypoxic condition for 72 hours.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Immunohistochemical Characteristic of h-AMSCs based on HSP27 expression at: A) normoxic condition for 24 hours; B) normoxic condition for 48 hours; C) normoxic condition for 72 hours; D) hypoxic condition for 24 hours; E) hypoxic condition for 48 hours; F) hypoxic condition for 72 hours.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Immunohistochemical Characteristic of h-AMSCs based on number of apoptotic cell amount at: A) normoxic condition for 24 hours; B) normoxic condition for 48 hours; C) normoxic condition for 72 hours; D) hypoxic condition for 24 hours; E) hypoxic condition for 48 hours; F) hypoxic condition for 72 hours.

Table 2 .
Results on VEGF expression.

Table 7 .
Results on number of apoptotic cell amount.