Singh Kaurav, Rajput, and Baber (2019) emphasise that online learning is the replacement of traditional methods of teaching and the absorption of technology where students have the independence to learn at their own pace and space. Two main types of online education are cited: synchronous learning and asynchronous learning. According to Staff (2018), synchronous learning occurs in real-time, which means that students, their classmates, and their instructors interact in a particular virtual location through a specific online medium at a specific time. Asynchronous learning, on the other hand, occurs according to individual students’ schedules. While the course instructor provides reading materials, presentations of lectures, assignments, and assessment tests, students can reach and fulfill these requirements in a flexible time framework. According to Dziuban et al. (2015), higher education institutions and universities emphasize the importance of student's satisfaction with the educational experience as it is considered one of the main elements in determining the quality of academic programs. Educational institutions seek good reputations reflected in the impression and view of students about their academic experience in these institutions. Accordingly, academic institutions in the Sultanate of Oman need to encourage students to use online learning and to increase the number of students who enroll in asynchronous courses, as it depicts the latest and optimal method of learning with the advent of technology and its effect in different spheres of our life. Since there is no consensus on specific elements that measure the degree of satisfaction with online learning, it is very important to study the effect of different demographic characteristics in students’ satisfaction on online learning, as well as the effect of the students’ interaction with the instructor and other students involved in online learning. Thus, this study will serve to be a reference for the College of Sharia Sciences in particular, and higher education institutions in the Sultanate of Oman in general, regarding the benefits of online learning. The results this study yields will also enable faculty members and administrators in the College of Sharia Sciences to enhance students’ satisfaction with the online learning environment, which should lead to improvements in student retention in online courses.

The researcher used a quantitative research method for data collection - an electronic survey. According to Goertzen (2017) quantitative research methods are concerned with collecting and analyzing structured and digitally represented data, as one of their central goals is to build accurate and reliable measurements that allow statistical analysis. Saleh and Bista (2017) reported that in the past three decades, online surveys have become the dominant method for attracting participation in academic research for an easy response, rapid response, and low cost. Thus, surveys allow the researcher to collect information related to the subject of the survey, when the researcher is not able to directly observe the phenomena, when the study sample is located in a remote location, or when the researcher faces difficulty in directly communicating with the study sample. Consequently, this study is based on an online survey in order to obtain high response rates, and thus reliable and generalizable results.

The researcher chose to conduct this study at the College of Sharia Sciences because it is the only college in the Sultanate of Oman that teaches asynchronous online learning. The researcher chose this university because it facilitated the process of data collection; it allowed the researcher to obtain data on the number of students who enrolled in online learning and was ready to spread the invitation to participate in the research study through the college’s online learning unit and using the college’s platform. The sample was drawn from all students who enrolled in asynchronous online learning. Samples were taken from the various degrees offered by the college, namely diploma, bachelor's and master's, in order to find out if there is a difference between these groups with regard to their satisfaction with the asynchronous online learning environments. The total number of students in the college involved in online learning for the 2020-2021 academic year is 3649 male and female students, 463 of which are diploma’s degree students, 3022 are bachelor’s degree students and 164 are master’s degree students. Students (see Appendix 1) are given two weeks to complete the survey. The questionnaire link was sent via an SMS message by the college's online learning unit, uploaded to the college’s platform, and the questionnaire was also published on the college's social media sites.

The survey instruments from “The Student Satisfaction Survey” developed by Strachota (2006) were utilized in this study. At the beginning of the survey, the Researcher included a statement on ethics approval and consent to ensure all participants agree to be part of this study. The survey included items in the following categories; demographics (added to the survey by the researcher), learner-instructor interaction, learner-peer interaction, and general satisfaction. The researcher added the sentence “I am satisfied with online learning because” before each section of interaction to ensure students understood the survey. In the last section of the survey, “general satisfaction”, the researcher also reformulated the questions to suit the target group. Some questions have also changed to suit the target audience.

Table 1 shows Gender, age, marital status, employment obligations, student status, and current academic program were the main demographic factors investigated using descriptive analysis in this research. Gender as the first demographic factor reveals that males (89.9%) were a little more (7.5%) satisfied with online learning than females (82.4%). There were also a few differences between different age groups in regards to satisfaction with online learning. Students above 45 years (92.6%) were the most satisfied with online learning. The students least satisfied with online learning were students between 17 to 25 years of age (79. 1%). Marital status shows a slight difference in percentage (11.1%) between married (88.5%) students’ satisfaction with online learning as opposed to single (students (77. 4%). With regard to employment obligations, there is a 0.2% difference in percentage between full-time employed (88.7%) students' satisfaction with online learning and that of part-time students (88.5%). Similar to employment obligations, student status reveals a slight difference (1.5%) in percentage between full-time students' satisfaction with online learning (86.5%) compared to part-time students (85.0%). The sixth and final demographic factor, current academic program, shows that Masters’ students (91.8%) were the most satisfied with online learning. Students pursuing their Bachelor Degrees come next (85.3%) with a 0.4% difference in percentage from Diploma students (84.9%).

Table 2 shows that most of the students (82.6%) were satisfied with online learning because the instructor had been an active member of the discussion group and provided guidance for the posted comments, while only 5.3% of students were dissatisfied on this measure. Also, it shows that most of the students (76.4%) were satisfied with online learning because the comments from the instructor regarding assignments, projects, and any queries were timely in this online learning, (6.5%) dissatisfied). It showed that most of the students (57.5%) were satisfied with online learning because learners were able to obtain individual attention from the instructor when needed, (14.8%) dissatisfied). It also showed that most of the students (73.1%) were satisfied with online learning because the instructor always gives him valuable feedback on the subject and the tasks that they must complete, (8.7%) dissatisfied). Also, most of the students (77.6%) were satisfied with online learning because the teacher acted as a facilitator of the course by constantly encouraging communication, (8.5%) dissatisfied). It showed that most of the students (78.1%) were satisfied with online learning because although they saw the teacher in limited online discussions, they didn't feel isolated, (7.4%) dissatisfied). Most students (79.3%) were satisfied with the level of instructor interaction that happened in this online learning, (5.7%) dissatisfied). Also, the majority of the students (62.1%) were satisfied with online learning because the online discussion board provided an opportunity to solve problems with peers, while (13.0%) were dissatisfied). Also, it showed that most of the students (73.2%) were satisfied with online learning because online courses created a sense of community among peers, (9.8%) dissatisfied). Moreover, it showed that most of the students (76.8%) were satisfied with online learning because students were able to discuss their thoughts and ask clarification from peers when needed, (9.6%) dissatisfied). Most of the students (68.6%) were satisfied with online learning because they received timely (within 24-48 hours) feedback from peers in this online class, (11.7%) dissatisfied). Also, most of the students (76.3%) were satisfied with online learning because this online learning encouraged them to discuss ideas and concepts with peers, (9.7%) dissatisfied). It showed that most of the students (60.6%) were satisfied with online learning because, in this online learning teamwork was an essential part of their activities, (19.2%) dissatisfied). Also, most students (77.7%) were satisfied with the level of peer interaction that happened in this online learning, (7.8%) dissatisfied). The majority of the students (85.8%) were satisfied with online learning, while (4.7%) of students were dissatisfied with online learning. It is important to note that (82.6%) of learners would recommend the online course to someone else, while only (5.9%) of learners will not.

This study identified the following questions: 1.

Do demographic characteristics (Gender, Age, Marital status, Employment obligations, Student status, and Current Academic Program) affect students’ satisfaction with online learning from the viewpoint of students at the College of Sharia Sciences in Oman?

Remarkably, the data show that there is no direct effect between demographic factors and students’ satisfaction with online learning. Students, irrespective of their demographic factors, were mostly satisfied with their experience in online learning. On the other hand, the results of the study revealed that student-instructor interaction and student-peer interaction had the greatest impact on enhancing students' satisfaction with online learning. It plays a key role in increasing students’ satisfaction with online learning and thus their recommendation to others to enroll in courses offered via online learning.

This study details the extent of students' satisfaction with asynchronous online learning. We present an analysis of the questionnaire distributed to students at the College of Sharia Sciences in the Sultanate of Oman to measure the degree of student satisfaction with online learning. Remarkably, the data show that there is no direct effect between demographic factors and student satisfaction with online learning. On the other hand, there is a strong and noticeable effect between students' satisfaction with online learning and students'-instructor interaction and students'-peer interaction. The students of the College of Sharia Sciences are on the whole very satisfied with asynchronous online learning. They consider it a very successful experience and recommend it to others.

Figshare: A study of students’ satisfaction in asynchronous online learning dataset. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.18152690 ( Al-Omairi & Hew, 2022).

Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0).

Ethical Approval was granted by the Research Ethics Committee of Multimedia University (approval number EA2812021).

Consent was obtained from all participants written (signed) and verbally involved in the study.