Firstly, the researcherr collected the articles from two databases and found 3,926 articles, 295 of those were taken from PubMed and 3,631 articles were taken from Springerlink. Those articles were selected first to find the duplicated articles from both databases
| NO | Heading | Writer | Study design | Subject | Exposure/cytokine parameters | Outcome on cardiovascular function | Result | Conclusion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Coronary artery ectasia is related to coronary slow flow and inflammatory activation | Natale Daniele Brunetti, Giuseppe Salvemini, Andrea Cuculo, Antonio Ruggiero, Luisa De Gennaro, Antonio Gaglione, Matteo Di Biase | Cross sectional |
14 Coronary artery ectasia (CAE) patients 17 coronary atherosclerosis patients 15 people as controlled patients |
Coronary artery ectasia, coronary atherosclerosis TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-8, IL-2 |
Coronary flow Inflammantory activity |
CAE patients had higher TNF-a, IL-1β, IL-10 levels compared to coronary atherosclerosis and the control (p < 0.05) Coronary segments experiencing CAE correlated with levels of IL-10 (p < 0.01), IL-1β (p < 0.01) Coroner flow in the left anterior descending artery coroner (p<0.05), at right coronary artery (p<0.001), IL-1 β (p<0.01), IL-8(p<0.05), IL-10 (p<0.01) in CAE sufferers increased, compared to control and subject with atherosclerosis without CAE Coroner flow in the left anterior descending segment is associated with TNF-α (r=0.92, p<0.05) and IL-8 (r=0.88, p<0.05) in CAE sufferers Subjects with above-average IL-1β showed higher coroner flow values at left anterior descending (p<0.01) |
In patients with CAE, the disease progression was associated with inflammatory activation and impaired coronary circulation. Inflammatory responses were also associated with impaired coronary circulation. |
| 2 | Association between Adipokines and Coronary Artery Lesions in Children with Kawasaki Disease | Hyun Jung Kim, Eun Hye Choi, Hong Ryang Kil | Cross sectional |
15 afebrile controls patients 32 febrile controls patients 40 Kawasaki disease patients |
Kawasaki disease (KD), resistin IL-6, TNF-α |
Coronary artery lesions |
Serum resistin levels in subjects with KD were higher than in the control group (KD had a level of 177.56 ng/mL, whereas febrile controls had a level of 76.48 ng/mL and afebrile controls had a level of 17.95 ng/mL) Kawasaki disease patients experienced an increase in IL-6 (p =0.014) Levels of serum IL-6 were statistically higher, while BMI was statistically lower in the KD group with coronary artery lesions than in the KD group without coronary artery lesions (p=0.016) Levels of serum IL-6 in KD with coronary artery lesions = (228.26±303.97) pg/ml and in KD without coronary artery lesions group = (39.18±107.20) pg/ml Levels of serum TNF-α in KD with coronary artery lesions = (9.21±31.1) pg/ml tand in KD without coronary artery lesions group = (0.21±0.22) pg/ml |
Resistin levels are higher in Kawasaki disease patients, although this hasn't been used as a predictor of coronary artery lesions in the acute phase. |
| 3 | Myocardial Microvascular Dysfunction in Rheumatoid Arthritis (Quantitation by (13)N-Ammonia Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography) | Isabelle Amigues, Cesare Russo, Jon T Giles, Aylin Tugcu, Richard Weinberg, Sabahat Bokhari, Joan M. Bathon | Cohort |
76 rheumatoid arthtitis (RA) patients 34 Non RA symptomatic controls patients 14 people for Non RA asymptomatic controls |
Rheumatoid arthtitis IL-6 |
Myocardial flow reserve (MFR), Myocardial blood flow |
RA patients experienced a 29% decrease in MFR (<2.5) and an increase in IL-6. High IL-6 levels associated with lower MFR values (p=0.024) |
One-third of RA patients without cardiovascular illness had lower MFR, which is related with inflammation and increased mass and volume of the left ventricle. |
| 4 | Systemic inflammation is related to coronary microvascular dysfunction in obese patients without obstructive coronary disease | F. Tona, R. Serra, L. Di Ascenzo, E. Osto, A. Scarda, R. Fabris, R. Montisci, G. Famoso, S. Tellatin, M. Foletto, A. Giovagnoni, S. Iliceto, R. Vettor | Cross sectional |
86 obese patients 48 healthy people as controls |
Obesity without obstructive coronary disease IL-6, TNF-a, adiponectin |
Coronary Flow Reserve (CFR) Coronary microvaskular dysfunction |
CFR was higher in non-obese patients (p=0.02), compared to obese patients Abnormal CFR occurs in 27 (31%) obese patients and in 1 (2%) control subjects (p=0.0001) Multivariate analysis results show TNF-a and IL-6 are determinants of CFR (p<0.02) The results of a multivariable logistic regression analysis show IL-6 (p=0.03) and TNF-α (p=0.03) are determinants of CFR ≤ 2.5 IL-6 levels were higher in the group with decreased CFR (4.6 [3.6-6.1]) ng/l than the group with normal CFR (3 [2-3.8]) ng/l TNF-α levels were higher in the group with decreased CFR (12 [10.5-15.0]) ng/l than the group with normal CFR (10 [8.8-11.5]) ng/l |
Obese people with no clinical indications of cardiac disease had lower CFR. Microvascular dysfunction is associated with chronic inflammation mediated by adipocytokines. |
| 5 | Role of interleukin-17 and interleukin-17-induced cytokines
|
Satwat Hashmi and Qiu Tang Zeng | Cross sectional | 58 patients consisting of:
14 stable angina patients 24 unstable angina patients 20 acute myocardial infarction subjects 20 healthy people as a control |
Culprit lesion, IL-17, IL-10, IL-8, IL-6, and hs-CRP |
Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) Unstable angina Stable angina |
Increased concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 (p<0.05), IL-17 (p<0.05), IL-8 (p=0.07 for unstable angina and p<0.05 for AMI), hs-CRP p<0.05 for unstable angina) and decreased IL-10 concentration (p<0.01) in acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina compared with the control group. Plasma IL-17 concentrations were positively correlated with hs-CRP (r=0.655, p<0.001) and plasma IL-6 concentrations (r=0.65, p<0.01) IL-17 levels were greater (326.47±126.10 pg/ml) in patients with more lesions, but no significant difference were compared to the group with a simple picture of lesions (299.47±123.14 pg/ml) IL-6 levels in the group with complex lesions = (53.24±33.30 pg/ml) and in the group with simple lesions = (46.62±16.33 pg/ml) IL-6 levels in the unstable angina group = (53.63±31.92 pg/ml) and in the acute myocardial infarction group = (46.91±16.11 pg/ml) |
Inflammation appears to play a role in boosting the activity of IL-6, IL-17, and IL-8 in people with unstable angina and acute myocardial infarction. Increased IL-17 triggered by inflammation has a role in causing instability in people with artery coronary disease. |
| 6 | IL 6 but not TNF is linked to coronary artery calcification in patients with chronic kidney disease | Joanna Kaminska, Marek Stopinski, Krzysztof Mucha, Anna Jędrzejczak, Marek Gołębiowski, Monika A. Niewczas, Leszek Pączek, Bartosz Foroncewicz | Cohort | 57 patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD):
38 people stages 5 19 people stages 3 or 4 19 controlled people |
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) Fetuin A, adiponectin, leptin, TNF, IL-6 MMP9, ICAM1, VCAM1 |
Artery calcification |
VCAM1, TNF, IL-6 have higher levels of CKD with higher stages (p<0.001) VCAM 1 is related to ICAM1, TNF, IL-6 (p<0.05) TNF and IL-6 are related to each other (p<0.05) IL-6 has significant association with CRP, kidney function, age, and calcium score (p<0.05) Increase in IL-6 and calcium score occurred up to more than 3 times over 5 years as a cause of risk of death due to CKD (p<0.0001) |
IL-6 is related to calcium score Chronic inflammation such as coronary artery calcification contributes to the mortality rate of cardiovascular patients with impaired kidney function |
| 7 | Association between interleukin-6 and the risk of cardiac events measured by coronary computed tomography angiography | Lei Zhao, Xilin Wang, Yuhai Yang | Cohort | 303 patients:
101 people with Low IL-6 101 people with intermediate IL-6 101 people with High IL-6 |
Coronary Artery Disease IL-6 |
Atheroscleroticoronary plaques |
Subjects with high IL-6 levels showed higher atherosclerotic load than subjects with lower IL-6 levels (p<0.001) Greater IL-6 levels were associated with a higher incidence of MACE and mortality than lower IL-6 levels (p<0.0001). |
Subjects with elevated levels of IL-6 have a higher risk of atherosclerosis and MACE |
| 8 | Associations of inflammatory markers with coronary artery calcification: results from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis | Nancy Swords Jennya, Elizabeth R Brown, Robert Detrano, Aaron R Folsom, Mohammed F Saad, Steven Shea, Moyses Szklo, David M. Herrington, David R Jacobs Jr. | Cross sectional | 6783 multi-etnic participants |
coronary artery calcification (CAC), C-reactive protein, fibrinogen IL-6 |
artery calcification atherosclerotic |
CRP has a relative risk of 1.13 for CAC based on age, gender and ethnicity IL-6 has a relative risk of 1.22 and fibrinogen 1.18 based on gender and ethnicity. |
Inflammatory markers have a weak relationship with CAC. Inflammatory markers and CAC have different pathophysiologies. |
| 9 | Role of superoxide dismutase in vascular inflammation and in coronary artery disease | V. Lubrano, P. Di Cecco, G.C. Zucchelli | Cross sectional |
36 coronary artery disease (CAD) patients (33 men and 3 women) 19 normal subjects (16 men and 3 women) |
Measurement of extracellular superoxide (EC-SOD) levels, CRP Measurement of IL-6 and TNF-α levels mm |
Impairment of coroner artery function |
The levels of EC-SOD in the control and CAD groups were the same. There was a significant difference in levels of radical peroxide (p<0.01), hs-CRP (p<0.01), and hs-IL-6 (p<0.001) between subjects with CAD and control groups. There was an increase in hs-IL-6 levels in subjects with more impaired coroner's arteries (p<0.05). Hs-IL-6 concentrations are associated with CRP p<0.05, r=0.14) and peroxide radicals (p<0.05, r=0.1) Average levels of IL-6: control = (1.05±0.2 pg/ml) 1 artery involved = (2.7±0.7 pg/ml) 2 artery involved = (2.6±1.7 pg/ml) 3 artery involved = (3.3±1.0 pg/ml) 4 artery involved = (3.5±0.6 pg/ml) Average levels of TNF-α: control = (2.50±1.1 pg/ml) 1 artery involved = (1.05±0.3 pg/ml) 2 artery involved = (1.34±0.2 pg/ml) 3 artery involved = (0.98±0.4 pg/ml) 4 artery involved = (3.90±1.5 pg/ml) |
EC-SOD has a small role to play in CAD prevention. hs-IL-6 can be used as a marker in efforts to prevent and characterize artery coronary disease. |
| 10 | Biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction, cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis | Patrick H Dessein, Barry I Joffe, Sham Singh | Cross sectional |
74 people with rheumatoid arthritis 80 healthy individuals (control) |
Rheumatoid arthritis hs-CRP, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α |
Marker levels of endothelial function impairment (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, ELAM-1) |
TNF-, IL-6, IL-1, and hs-CRP levels were higher in patients with rheumatoid arthritis than in healthy people (p<0.0001). Endothelial function does not differ significantly between control and people with rheumatoid arthritis (p=0.08) Levels of IL-6 in rheumatoid arthritis subjects are highly related to endothelial dysfunction marker levels. (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and ELAM-1) (p≤0.03) Rheumatoid titer and GFR levels have relationships with levels of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 (p≤0.02) In rheumatoid arthritis survivors, VCAM-1 is linked to intima-media carotid artery thickness (p=0.02) and plaque thickness (p=0.04). |
People with rheumatoid arthritis have worse endothelial function than controls, but also have higher levels of hs-CRP and cytokines. In persons with rheumatoid arthritis, IL-6, rheumatoid tititer levels, and GFR may predict the probability of impaired endothelial function. |
| 11 | Markers of inflammation are cross-sectionally associated with microvascular complications and cardiovascular disease in type 1 diabetes”the EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study” | MT Schram, N Chaturvedi, CG Schalkwijk, JH Fuller, CDA Stehouwer | Cross sectional | 543 subjects with type 1 diabetes were divided into 2 groups:
348 diabetics with complications 195 people with diabetes without complications |
Type 1 Diabetes mellitus IL-6, CRP, and TNF-α |
Cardiovascular disease Albuminuria Retinopathy |
IL-6, CRP, and TNF- levels aggregated in one inflammatory marker Z-score were significantly linked with retinopathy, albuminuria, and cardiovascular disease, and negatively with GFR. Albuminuria, retinopathy, and cardiovascular disease were all substantially linked with levels of IL-6, CRP, and TNF- combined in one Z-score inflammatory measure, which were inversely proportional to GFR. In subjects normo-, micro-, and microalbuminaria Z score = -015; 0,10; 0.28 with CI = 95%, value p<0.0001 On subject no, non-proliferative and proliferative retinopathy Z score for -023; 0.14; 0.20 with CI = 95%, p<0.0001 In subjects with cardiovascular disease and not suffering from cardiovascular disease Z score -028, 0.06, with CI = 95% p<0.001 Each increase of 1 SD from Z inflammatory score marker will decrease GFR by 4.6 ml per min per 1.73
m2 (p<0.001) IL-6 levels were higher in the diabetes group with cardiovascular disease (≥2 pg/ml) than the diabetes group without cardiovascular disease (≥1.5 pg/ml) TNF-α levels were higher in the diabetes group with cardiovascular disease (≥3 pg/ml) than the diabetes group without cardiovascular disease (≥2 pg/ml) |
In subjects with type 1 diabetes, elevated inflammatory markers such as IL-6, CRP, and TNF-α will increase microvascular problems and the risk of cardiovascular disease. Reduced inflammatory activity can help to reduce vascular problems in people with type 1 diabetes. |
| 12 | Associations between serum uric acid and adipokines, markers of inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction | S Bo, R Gambino, M Durazzo, F Ghione1, G Musso, L Gentile, M Cassader, P Cavallo-Perin, and G Pagano | Cross sectional | 100 healthy men |
Uric acid, resistin, hs CRP, leptin,nitrotyrosine Adiponectin, IL-6, TNF-α |
Endothelial dysfunction marker levels:
E-selectin intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) Total Antioxidant Status (TAS) |
Subjects with higher uric acid levels had worse metabolic patterns and higher prevalence rates suffering from metabolic syndrome (p<0.001; 95%CI 1.6-8.2; OR=3.6) for a 50 μmol/l increase in uric acid levels. Nitrotyrosine (p 0.001) and adiponectin (p=0.02) levels are inversely proportional to uric acid levels, which are directly related to E-selectin (p=0.006) and TAS (p 0.001) levels Il-6 (p=0.55) and TNF-α (p=0.55) levels do not differ significantly between groups |
Uric acid levels are inversely proportional to nitrotyrosine levels and directly proportional to TAS The levels of uric acid are inversely proportional to adiponectin and are directly proportional to E-selectin There is no linear relationship between cardiovascular disease risk and uric acid levels |
| 13 | Serum levels of interleukin-22, cardiometabolic risk factors and incident type 2 diabetes: KORA F4/FF4 study | Christian Herder, Julia M Kannenberg, Maren Carstensen-Kirberg, Cornelia Huth, Christa Meisinger, Wolfgang Koenig, Annette Peters, Wolfgang Rathmann, Michael Roden, Barbara Thorand | Cross sectional and Cohort | Cross sectional = 1107 people
|
Type 2 Diabetes mllitus, glucose statuse, HDL, GFR IL-22 levels, IL-1R |
Risk factors for:
Cardiometabolic disease Diabetes mellitus |
Male sex, smoking, low HDL levels, low GFR, and low IL-1RA levels are associated with high IL-22 levels (p<0.05) The average IL-22 levels in type 2 diabetics was 6.28 (1.95; 12.35) pg/ml and in the control group was 6.45 (1.95; 11.80) pg/ml. OR=1.02 (0.85; 1.23) CI 95% for the incidence of type 2 diabetes based on age and gender factors affected by IL-22 |
Increased IL-22 levels are inversely related to various parameters linked with cardiometabolic disease risk, but not with the risk of type 2 diabetes. Although IL-22 cannot be utilized as a biomarker for type 2 diabetes in humans, it has the potential to be used as a marker for cardiovascular disease if more study is done on it. |
| 14 | Relationship between IL-27 and coronary arterial lesions in children with Kawasaki disease | Feifei Si, Yao Wu, Fang Gao, Siqi Feng, Ruixi Liu, Qijian Yi | Cross sectional | 81 children with Kawasaki disease (48 men, 33 women) |
Kawasaki disease Levels of IL-27, IL17A, IL-10, IL-6, IL-1 β, TNF-a in serum |
Coronary artery lesions |
Serum levels IL-27 (p=0.004), IL-6 (p<0.05), IL-1 β (p<0.05), and TNF-α (p<0.05) were higher in the Kawasaki Disease patient group accompanied by coroner artery lesions than the Kawasaki Disease patient group without coroner artery lesions. There is a relationship between WBC (r=0.185), CRP (r=0.291), PCT (r=0.400), IL-10 (r=0.454), IL-17A (r=0.618), IL-6 (r=0.263), IL-1 β (r=-0.13) and TNF-α (r=0.372) with IL-27 in subjects with KD Levels of serum IL-6 in KD with coronary artery lesions = (234.20±133.10) pg/ml and in KD without coronary artery lesions group = (110.50±73.70) pg/ml Levels of serum TNF-α in KD with coronary artery lesions = (56.00±15.40) pg/ml and in KD without coronary artery lesions group = (21.60±4.60) pg/ml Levels of serum IL-1β in KD with coronary artery lesions = (33.80±18.70) pg/ml and in KD without coronary artery lesions group = (3.60±0.60) pg/ml |
Increased IL-27 may be the cause of increased pro-inflammatory cytokines in acute KD IL-27 may have a key role in the progression of coronary artery lesions in persons with acute KD. |
| 15 | Effect of ABCA1 promoter methylation on premature coronary artery disease and its relationship with inflammation | Fang An, Chao Liu, Xiujuan Wang, Tan Li, Hao Fu, Buhe Bao, Hongliang Cong, Jihong Zhao | Cross sectional |
90 patients with premature coroner artery disease 90 healthy people |
CRP, cfDNA/NETs HDL, IL-1 β |
Premature coroner artery disease (pCAD) |
People with premature coronary artery disease had a higher ABCA1 transcriptional activation rate than the healthy group (44.24%±3.66 vs. 36.05%±2.99, p<0.001) The methylation of the ABCA1 promoter is a risk factor for coronary artery disease (OR=2,878.95% CI: 1,802–4,594, p<0,001) ABCA1 promoter methylation levels were positively correlated with IL-1 β, cfDNA/NETs, and CRP (r=0.385; 0.404; 0.389; p<0.001) and negatively correlated with HDL (r=0.488, p<0.001) The levels of ABCA1 promoter methylation are affected by IL-1 β (p=0.001), CRP (p=0.002), cfDNA/NETs (p=0.001). IL-1β levels were higher in the pCAD group (57.74±12.55 pg/ml) than the control group (47.66±14.77 pg/ml) |
The higher the level of ABCA1 promoter methylation, the lower HDL levels and high levels of ABCA1 promoter methylation are risk factors for the development of premature coroner artery disease. The methylation of the ABCA1 promoter is influenced by inflammatory cytokines and cfDNA/NETs, which leads to the development of premature coronary artery disease. |
| 16 | Epicardial adipose tissue is a predictor of decreased kidney function and coronary artery calcification in youth- and early adult onset type 2 diabetes mellitus | M Reinhardt, T R Cushman, MS Thearle, J Krakoff | Cross sectional | 149 Americans (92 women, 57 men of whom 95 were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes) |
Type 2 diabetes mellitus Epicardial fat Pericardial fat IL-6 levels, |
Calcification of coroner's arteries Kidney function |
BMI was associated with pericardial fat volume and epicardial fat volume (r=0.26, p=0.001; r=0.37, p 0.0001). In the control group, the volume of epicardial fat associated with coronary artery mass (r=0.51, p<0.0001) The presence of IL-6 levels and coronary artery calcification were associated with epicardial fat volume (β=0.05±0.02 cm
3, p=0.03; β=005±0.01 pg/ml/cm
3, p=0.002). In the group of young type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects, pericardial fat volume and epicardial fat volume can be used as predictors of decreased eGFRcr (CKD-EPI) (β=−0.25 ± 0.05 ml/min/cm
3, p<0.0001; β=−0.3 ± 0.08 ml/min/cm
3, p=0.001) |
Epicardial fat volume is a risk factor for heart disease and can be a predictor of poor kidney function in young type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. |
| 17 | Is serum Interleukin-17 associated with early atherosclerosis in obese patients? | Giovanni Tarantino, Susan Costantini, Carmine Finelli, Francesca Capone, Eliana Guerriero, Nicolina La Sala, Saverio Gioia, Giuseppe Castello2 | Cross sectional | 80 obese people with normal liver enzyme levels |
Obesity C-reactive protein Eotaxin-3 CCL4/MIP1β, fibrinogen, ferritin IL-8, IL-17, and TNF-α |
Thickness of carotid intima-media |
There was an association between inflammatory cytokine IL-6 levels and serum IL-17 levels (p<0.0001), TNF- α (p<0.0001), IFN-γ (p < 0.0001) IL-17 levels are associated with IL-8 (95%CI: p<0.0001), eotaxin (95%CI: p<0.0001), and CCL4/MIP1β (95%CI: p<0.0001) Examination of serum eotaxin levels (p=0.0059) and visceral fat (p=0.0010) can predict carotid intima media thickness. |
The thickness of the carotid intima media and the Il-17-related eotaxin have a strong association. The link between visceral fat, serum eotaxin levels, and carotid intima media thickness supports the idea that IL-17 produced by visceral fat tissue can cause atheromatous vascular smooth muscle cells to secrete eotaxin. |
| 18 | Association of systemic inflammation with epicardial fat and coronary artery calcification | Soren Gauss, Lutz Klinghammer, Alina Steinhoff1, Dorette Raaz-Schrauder, Mohamed Marwan, Stephan Achenbach, Christoph D. Garlichs | Cross sectional | 391 people at high risk of coronary artery disease |
Epicardial fat volume and inflammatory markers (IL-17, IL-15, IL-13, IL-12, IL-10, IL-8, IL-7, IL-6, IL-4, IL-2, IL-1α, IP-10, Eotaxin, MIP-1, MCP-1, G-CSF, GM-CS, hs-CRP, TNF-α, IFN-γ) |
Calcification of coronary arteries |
Epicardial fat volume and CAC have a significant correlation (p<00.001; p=0.37) Coronary artery calcification and epicardial fat volume were significantly related to age (p=0.032), gender (p<0.001), diabetes (p=0.036), smoking (p<0.001), and hypertension (p<0.001). Calcification of coroner arteries is negatively correlated with IL-13 (r=-0.10) and G-CSF (r=-0.12) Epicardial fat volume is positively correlated with IP-10 (p=0.002), MCP-1 (p=0.037) The development of coroner artery calcification is significantly related to the expansion of epicardial fat (p<0.001) Results showed no association between increased coronary artery calcification, epicardial fat volume, cytokines indicating systemic inflammation |
Epicardial fat volume indicates the development of atherosclerosis as measured through coronary artery calcification scores Systemic inflammatory marker levels do not predict increased coronary artery calcification and epicardial fat volume. |
| 19 | Comparison of inflammation, arterial stiffness and traditional cardiovascular risk factors between rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease | Fenling Fan, Abby Galvin, Lu Fang, David Andrew White, Xiao-lei Moore, Miles Sparrow, Flavia Cicuttini, Anthony Michael Dart | Cross sectional |
43 rheumatoid arthritis patients 42 inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients 73 healthy people |
Rheumatoid Arthtritis Inflammatory Bowel Disease CRP, TNF-α, IL-1 β, IL-10, IL-6 von Willebrand factor (vWF) |
Endothelial dysfunction, Arterial stiffness |
TNF-, IL-10, IL-1β, IL-6, and von Willebrand factor (vWF) levels were greater in patients with IBD and rheumatoid arthritis compared to controls. When compared to the healthy group, FRS, waist circumference, triglycerides, and BMI increased in rheumatoid arthritis but not in IBD. baPWW did not differ substantially in the three groups, while the IBD group showed a much lower ABI than the control group Marker macrophage migration inhibitory factor, vWF, CRP, and tumour necrosis factor-α were all statistically associated with baPWW. vWF, tumour necrosis factor-α, marker macrophage migration inhibitory factor and CRP significantly associated with baPWW |
In rheumatoid arthritis CRP levels are higher than IBD. There is no link between inflammatory markers and arterial stiffness |
| 20 | Association of influenza virus infection and inflammatory cytokines with acute myocardial infarction | Xiuru Guan, Wei Yang, Xijuan Sun, Lanfeng Wang, Benjiang Ma, Hongyuan Li, Jin Zhou | Case control |
120 acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients 160 controls |
Influenza virus Titer IgG, levels of TNF-α, IL-18, IL-10, IL-6, IL-2, ET-1, IFN-γ, sVCAM-1, sICAM-1 |
Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) |
The AMI group has positive IgG antibody titers for IV-B and IV-A (IV-B, OR: 10.2, 95% CI: 5.7–20.0; IV-A: OR: 3.1, 95% CI:1.5–6.4) The risk of AMI is related to the presence of IgG antibodies. For IV-B (OR: 20.3, 95% CI: 5.6–40.8) and IV-A (OR: 5.5, 95% CI: 1.3–23.0) Levels of TNF-α, IL-18, IL-10, IL-6, IL-2, ET-1, IFN-γ, sVCAM-1, and sICAM-1 in AMI patients are significantly higher (P=0.01) |
AMI is associated to influenza virus infection. The development of atherosclerosis in inflammatory cytokines plays a role in triggering AMI |
| 21 | Plasma concentration and expression of adipokines in epicardial and subcutaneous adipose tissue are associated with impaired left ventricular filling pattern | Kacper Toczylowski, Tomasz Hirnle, Dorota Harasiuk, Piotr Zabielski, Anna Lewczuk, Iwona Dmitruk, Monika Ksiazek, Artur Sulik, Jan Gorski, Adrian Chabowski, Marcin Baranowski | Cross sectional | 55 male patients with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) |
Fat tissue TNF-α, IL-6, apelin, visfatin, resistin, adiponectin lvel, leptin in plasma Expression of mRNA and protein in epicardial fat tissue and subcutaneous fat tissue |
Decreased left ventricular filling function |
Diabetes and obesity are linked to lower levels of plasma adiponectin, higher levels of leptin, higher levels of leptin and IL-6 expression, and higher levels of visfatin expression in epicardial fat tissue (p<0.001). Decreased diastole function in the left ventricle is inversely proportional to the increase in plasma IL-6 concentration (β=-0.28±0.13; p=0.03) for the initial diastole velocity and (β=-0.34±0.13; p=0.014) for the ratio of blood flow speed at the peak of the initial diastole versus the speed of blood flow at the end of diastole |
Adipokin expression in subcutaneous fat tissue and epicardial fat tissue is associated with heart function Diastole dysfunction in the left ventricle is strongly associated with systemic adipokin levels |
The articles reviewed based on research from eight countries, include: five articles from China, five from Italy, three from America, two each from Poland and Germany, and one each from Korea, Johannesburg and Australia. One of the studies took the samples from 31 health centers in Europe. The number of the sample from each study varied from the smallest amount 55 to the largest amount 6783with the sample classification consisting of two articles using samples from children and 19 articles using sampes from adults. A total of 16 studies used cross sectional research design, three studies used cohort design, one study used case control, and one study used a combination of cross sectional and cohort research designs. Article selection was conducted without limitation of the year of publication.
There are 6 cytokines that can affect cardiovascular function, namely:
A total of 14 studies reported that an increased in IL-6 can lead the cardiovascular function disorders, in which two studies used samples of children suffering from Kawasaki Disease. A research found that IL-6 concentration were higher in patient with Kawasaki Disease with coronary artery lesion compared to people Kawasaki Disease without coronary artery lesion (p=0.016).
Two studies confirmed the presence of impaired cardiovascular function in rheumatoid arthritis patients. One study found that rheumatoid arthritis sufferers had an increase in IL-6 (p=0.024) levels as well as a 29%
According to a study, greater IL-6 levels were linked to a higher calcium level (p<0.05) and the development of calcification of the coroner’s arteries in individuals with chronic kidney disease (p<0.05).
There was one study that reported an increase in IL-6 in obesity conditions at risk of cardiovascular disease, where coronary flow reserve in obese people was lower than that of people without obesity (p=0.02) and a multivariate analysis revealed that IL-6 was a determinant of coronary flow reserve (p<0.02).
Three studies reported that cardiovascular patients may experience an increased in IL-6 which ultimately increases the risk of developing the disease. Research Lubrano
Anoher study proving that an increased cytokine IL-6 can also increase the risk of cardiovascular disease was also conducted by Jenny
Six studies found a link between an increase in TNF-α, which occurs in an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease and inflammatory diseases. One study in people with chronic kidney failure showed that elevated concentrations of TNF-α (p<0.01) were associated with vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) (p<0.05) where an increased in VCAM-1 will increase the risk of calcification of the coroner’s arteries.
This study is also supported by other studies where the increased risk of cardiovascular disease is caused by an increase in TNF-α in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (Z score=-0.28, 0.06 with CI=95% and a value of p<0.001.
Two studies showed that increased levels of TNF-α in someone suffering from cardiovascular disease will aggravate the progression of the disease. One study proved an increase in TNF-α in people with coronary artery ectasia which resulted in an increase in flow in the coroner’s arteries (r=0.92, p<0.05).
Another condition that can increase TNF-α levels is obesity. The study showed that, from the results of multivariate analysis in a sample of people with obesity, TNF-α levels are a determinant of coronary flow reserve (p<0.02) where with increasing levels of TNF-α there will be a decrease in coronary flow reserve.
Three studies reported a level that increases the risk of cardiovascular disease is IL-1β, whereas one study showed an increased association of IL-1β and cardiovascular disease risk in inflammatory diseases. The study Si F
Another study confirmed that people with cardiovascular disease itself were at risk of increased levels of IL-1β which worsened the disease. An increase in IL-1β in coronary artery ectasia compared to atherosclerosis and control (p<0.05) can result in increased flow in right coronary artery and left anterior descending coronary artery (p<0.01).
Research in the obese group showed that at higher eotaxin levels there was an increase in carotid intima thickening (p=0.0059), an increase in IL-17 was related with an increase in serum eotaxin levels (95%CI: p<0.0001), which is a risk factor for atherosclerosis.
One study showed that people with acute myocardial infarction infected with influenza virus had higher levels of IL-18 and atherosclerosis marker markers (p=0.01) than the control group.
The study from Guan
The summary for cytokines that have increased in inflammatory conditions and their effect on the cardiovascular system can be seen in
| Inflammatory conditions | Cytokine | Cardiovascular outcome | Number of studies |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kawasaki disease | IL-6 | Coronary artery lesion | 2 (9.5%) |
| TNF-α | Coronary artery lesion | 1 (4.8%) | |
| IL-1β | Coronary artery lesion | 1 (4.8%) | |
| Rheumatoid arthtitis | IL-6 |
Decrease in myocardial flow reserve Impaired function in the endothelial |
2 (9.5%) |
| Chronic kidney disease | IL-6 | Artery coronary calcification | 2 (9.5%) |
| TNF-α | Artery coronary calcification | 1 (4.8%) | |
| Diabetes mellitus type 1 | IL-6 | Artery coronary calcification | 1(4.8%) |
| TNF-α | Artery coronary calcification | 1 (4.8%) | |
| Obesity | IL-6 | Decrease in coronary flow reserve | 1 (4.8%) |
| TNF-α | Decrease in coronary flow reserve | 1 (4.8%) | |
| IL-17 |
Atherosclerosis Unstable angina Acute myocardial infarction |
2 (9.5%) | |
| Coronary artery disease cause by inflammation | IL-6 | Atherosclerosis
|
3 (14.3%) |
| TNF-α |
Atherosclerosis Impaired heart function |
2 (9.5%) | |
| IL-1β |
Atherosclerosis Impaired heart function |
2 (9.5%) | |
| Acute myocardial infarction invected with Influenza virus | IL-18 | Atherosclerosis | 1 (4.8%) |
| IL-2 | Atherosclerosis | 1 (4.8%) |
In the Kawasaki Disease with coronary artery lesions group, IL-6 levels were 228.26 ± 303.97 pg/ml and TNF-α levels were 9.21 ± 31.10 pg/ml, while the Kawasaki Disease group without coronary artery lesions had IL-6 levels was 39.18 ± 107.20 pg/ml and TNF-α levels were 0.21 ± 0.22 pg/ml.
One study in the obese group showed that the group with decreased coronary flow reserve, the average levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were 4.6 (3.6 – 6.1) ng/l and 12 (10.5 – 15.0) ng/l, higher than the group without a normal coronary flow reserve rates where IL-6 ang TNF-α levels were three (2 – 3.8) ng/l and ten (8.8 – 11.5) ng/l.
Another study using samples of patients with cardiovascular disease proved that the group with simple lesions on the coronary arteries, the IL-6 levels were 46.62 ± 16.33 pg/ml and the group with complex lesions, the levels of IL-6 were 53.24 ± 33.30 pg/ml.