Recent years have seen a dramatic increase in new “tic” cases in teens and young adults. ^{1 , 2} These individuals often present with fulminant onset of symptoms not commonly seen in Tourette syndrome (TS), but often similar to those found in videos tagged as “Tourette” on social media. ³ For instance, echopraxia and coprolalia occur in more than half of these individuals at symptom onset. ³ The nature and characteristics of these symptoms, and the onset age and course of illness have led experienced clinicians to differentiate these cases from TS and to diagnose instead Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder (FND). FND with tic-like symptoms (hereinafter “FND-tic”) has been reported previously, but prior to 2019 was considered rare, occurring in < 2% of tic or tic-like cases at five major referral centers from three continents. ⁴

Some experts have expressed skepticism as to whether a new diagnosis (FND) is needed for these patients, positing that the previous understanding of TS may have been too narrow. ⁵ Perhaps, for instance, echopraxia is present early in the course of TS much more often than has been recognized. We concur with these authors that clearly differentiating a new diagnosis from existing diagnoses is a key component of diagnostic validity. ⁶ Substantial published data describe typical clinical features of chronic tic disorders, but almost no prospective data have been published on symptoms in the first year after tic onset. ^{7 , 8} This evidence gap is crucial because most FND-tic patients at clinical centers have had symptoms for only a few months (mean 0.4 years in one study ⁴ ). Here, we directly address this concern by providing for the first time substantial data on relevant clinical features during the first few months after symptom onset in children ultimately diagnosed with TS.

The New Tics study is a prospective, longitudinal study that enrolled 89 children ages 5–10 years whose first tic occurred in the past 9 months (median 3.6 months). ⁹ Children are assessed using multiple informants (child, parent, trained interviewer, and observation by an experienced clinician for more than an hour, including by video while the child is alone). The diagnosis in this situation is Provisional Tic Disorder (PTD), and nearly all these children (77 of 79) were diagnosed with TS (70) or a persistent tic disorder (7) when they returned at the one-year anniversary of their first tic. ¹⁰ Here we report the prevalence and timing from the New Tics sample of various features that occur commonly in FND-tic patients.

The feature list was drawn from a recent review of FND-tic, a narrative review that included all primary data publications on FND-tic known to its authors as of August, 2022. ³ The comparison data for FND-tic patients comes from 26 published reports, with pertinent data in 17 reports ^{4 , 11 – 26} describing a total of 336 patients (data file available as Underlying data ²⁷ ). For quantitative variables, the weighted mean is provided (weighted by N in each report), along with the median and range of the summary values reported in each relevant publication.

Most of these features thought to suggest FND-tic were recorded prospectively in the New Tics study, including age, sex, premonitory urges, tic suppression, coprophenomena, and family history. However, since the New Tics sample was enrolled almost entirely before the recent FND-tic upsurge, some of these clinical features were recorded indirectly. For instance, to match “severe symptoms at onset,” defined differently in various reports on FND-tic, we conservatively chose from the New Tics sample all patients with emergency department visits or disability prior to the screening visit, or a high score on the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale’s ²⁸ impairment item at screening. Details on other such choices are given in footnotes to Table 1.

Stark differences in presentation distinguish the FND-tic patients from typical PTD ( Table 1). For example, coprophenomena are reported at or shortly after symptom onset in 59% of FND-tic patients. By contrast, coprophenomena had occurred in only 1 of 89 children with PTD at an average of 3.6 months after tic onset. Similarly, the TS International Database Consortium found that only 2% of TS patients in tertiary centers retrospectively reported coprophenomena at symptom onset, and only 20% ever manifested coprophenomena by an average of 5 years after tic onset. ³⁰ Movements or vocalizations that were dramatically worse in the presence of others versus when alone occurred in 47% of FND-tic patients, but in none of the New Tics PTD sample. Symptoms dramatically and persistently disrupted intended actions in 65% of FND-tic patients, but in only 2% of PTD. The prevalence of prolonged tic attacks was 65% in FND-tic, but 0–2% in PTD. Other features that differed substantially include lack of premonitory urges (53% vs. 4%) and severe symptoms at onset (48% vs. 3–6%). Table 1 provides details on these comparisons and includes statistics on a dozen more clinical features of FND-tic that differ from the New Tics PTD sample.

Table 2 illustrates the clinical value of these comparisons, viewing each clinical feature as a “test” for FND-tic, with its associated sensitivity and specificity. We also provide the positive predictive value (PPV) for each feature thought to indicate FND-tic. The PPV represents how confident one can be of a FND-tic diagnosis given the presence of the listed feature. The PPV depends on the prior probability of the FND-tic diagnosis, or its likelihood before one knows whether a given patient has that feature. We provide PPV for each feature based on two prior probabilities, 2% and 50%. The first, 2%, represents the approximate rate before the pandemic of functional tic-like symptoms at clinical referral centers. ⁴ Clinical equipoise about a given participant’s diagnosis is represented by a prior probability of 50%, for instance if one knows that a referring clinician is ambivalent about whether the patient has PTD or FND-tic, but one has not yet read the chart nor seen the patient. Features thought to be less common in FND-tic are listed with a negative predictive value (NPV), equivalent to PPV for the absence of the given feature.

In a patient with recent onset of tics, coprophenomena at onset, or any one of the other features named above, raises the probability of a non-TS diagnosis from 50% (as when the clinician is ambivalent about the diagnosis prior to considering this feature) to over 90% ( Table 2). Other features differ significantly but are less useful diagnostically. For instance, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is more than three times less common in FND-tic than in PTD (p<.0001) , but its absence only raises the probability of FND-tic from 50% to 57%.

We demonstrate conclusively that patients with functional tic-like symptoms differ notably from typical tic patients at the same stage of the disorder, namely in the first few months after symptom onset. Previous reports have compared FND-tic to TS, ^{3 , 31} but not to a large PTD sample. We also provide for the first time quantitative estimates of the diagnostic significance of individual clinical features previously suggested to indicate FND-tic. This approach addresses a current debate ^{5 , 32} by showing that some features are significantly more common in patients diagnosed with FND-tic, yet individually do not substantially raise the likelihood of an FND-tic diagnosis.

The primary concern with the validity of these conclusions arises from the different potential sources of ascertainment bias in the two groups. Fortunately, these differences may not be as problematic as one might suppose. The FND-tic group is older, and if one’s information were limited to this study alone, one might posit that the natural history of tic disorder included different early symptoms at different ages of tic onset. However, the literature includes decades of previous clinical information on typical tic disorders. Retrospective studies of TS and a prospective study of PTD in siblings of TS probands all found peak tic onset before age 10 years old; adult onset of tics is quite uncommon. ^{7 , 8 , 33} The PTD cases were volunteers willing to participate in a rather intensive research study, and were ascertained by a variety of methods (advertising and referrals from clinicians being the most common) rather than by clinical care-seeking. However, at the screening visit for the study, over 60% of them had sought clinical care for the tics or were planning to. The two FND-tic reports from Calgary, Alberta (child and young adult) were from a prospective registry of all patients seen for tics at their center, which is the only specialty center in their region. FND-tic cases were defined by “rapid onset of complex tic-like behaviors, with escalation to peak severity within hours to days.” In other words, these reports are selected only for being seen at a specialty center for tic-like phenomena. Yet their clinical features are similar to those of the FND-tic literature overall (or even more different from the PTD group). For instance, 95% of the Calgary FND-tic child patients were of female sex, only 25% had ADHD, and only 5% had OCD. We can conclude that potential bias from selecting more interesting, severe or classic cases for published case series does not substantially alter our results. Perhaps most importantly, there are no larger published sources for data about FND-tic nor about PTD. Nevertheless, ideally the results presented here should be confirmed in a new, independent sample.

We note that 22% of the patients reported in the FND-tic papers in fact had a prior history of typical tics, and many of them exhibited both tics and functional tic-like symptoms at the time they presented due to the latter. We have structured our results around whether FND-tic can be diagnosed, not whether PTD can also be diagnosed. In other words, when a patient presents with a typical history for TS but also new symptoms, the features above would allow more confidence in diagnosing FND-tic in addition to TS.

Other features in addition to those studied here may also be important for diagnosis. For instance, exposure to tic-like symptoms on social media was a common feature discussed in the papers discussing FND-tic in the past few years. ³ Unfortunately, we have no prospectively collected data from the PTD group on exposure to others with similar symptoms.

The data presented here do not prove the etiology of the tic-like symptoms diagnosed in the cited reports; hence the limited claim that these symptoms represent a different illness than PTD/TS. However, the marked difference in presentation these data demonstrate is an important argument adduced in the cited reports to support the diagnosis of functional neurological symptom disorder. Diagnosing FND-tic is important, since to the extent of our current knowledge, its prognosis and optimal treatment differ from those of TS. ³

In conclusion, these new clinical data about the first few months after tic onset prior to diagnosis of TS provide strong evidence supporting the diagnostic validity of functional tic-like symptoms as distinct from PTD and TS.