F1000Research F1000Research 2046-1402 F1000 Research Limited London, UK 10.12688/f1000research.106723.2 Research Article Articles Association between the body mass index, waist circumference, and body fat percentage with erosive esophagitis in adults with obesity after sleeve gastrectomy

[version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations]

 Zevallos-Ventura Alba S. Conceptualization Data Curation Formal Analysis Investigation Methodology Project Administration Resources Software Supervision Validation Visualization Writing – Original Draft Preparation Writing – Review & Editing https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5567-9733 a 1 2 de la Cruz-Ku Gabriel Conceptualization Investigation Methodology Resources Writing – Original Draft Preparation Writing – Review & Editing 1 3 4 Runzer-Colmenares Fernando M. Investigation Methodology Validation Visualization Writing – Original Draft Preparation Writing – Review & Editing 1 2 Pinto-Elera Jesús Investigation Methodology Project Administration Validation Visualization Writing – Original Draft Preparation Writing – Review & Editing 5 Toro-Huamanchumo Carlos J. Data Curation Formal Analysis Investigation Methodology Project Administration Validation Visualization Writing – Original Draft Preparation Writing – Review & Editing 5 6 Universidad cientifica del sur, Lima, Lima, Peru CHANGE Research Working Group, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Lima, Peru General Surgery, Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, USA General Surgery, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria, Clínica Avendaño, Lima, Lima, Peru Unidad para la Generación y Síntesis de Evidencias en Salud, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Lima, Peru albitazev30@gmail.com

No competing interests were disclosed.

 1 6 2022 2022 11 214 30 5 2022 Copyright: © 2022 Zevallos-Ventura AS et al. 2022 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Background: High anthropometric indexes before sleeve gastrectomy (SG) are associated with an increased risk of erosive esophagitis (EE) in bariatric surgery candidates. Reasons that explain how these indexes influence the development of esophageal pathology after surgery remains unclear.

Objectives: To assess the association between the body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and body fat percentage (BFP) with the development of EE in adults with obesity three months after SG.

Setting: Clínica Avendaño, Lima, Peru.

Methods: Retrospective cohort using a database including adults with obesity who underwent SG during 2017-2020. All the patients included had an endoscopy before and after the surgery. Sociodemographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics were compared according to BMI, WC and BFP, as well as by the development of de novo esophagitis. The association was evaluated by crude and adjusted generalized linear models with the log-Poisson family.

Results: From a total of 106 patients, 23 (21.7%) developed EE. We did not find significant differences in sociodemographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics between patients with de novo EE compared to those who did not develop EE. After adjustment, BMI (aRR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.18-1.40), BFP (aRR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.15-1.19) and WC (aRR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.69-1.16) were not associated with the development of EE three months post SG.

Conclusions: We found no association between preoperative anthropometric indexes and the development of de novo EE; therefore, morbid obesity should not be a criterion to exclude the patients to undergo SG as primary surgery because of the risk of developing EE.

 Obesity Esophagitis Peptic Abdominal fat Body mass index Waist circumference The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Amendments from Version 1

We have added information about the weight loss in the results section: “ A higher mean of weight loss at 3 months postoperatively was observed in patients with morbid obesity (26.78 kg vs. 19.50 kg). We have added the time the anthropometric indexes were measured in the methods section: “ All three anthropometric indexes were measured on the day of surgery.”

 Introduction

Obesity is currently considered as a chronic and multifactorial metabolic-related disease, of which prevalence has been increasing along the decades, 1 and has an important impact on morbidity and mortality worldwide. 2 , 3 Surgical treatment is available and is managed with different techniques by bariatric and minimally invasive procedures. To date, sleeve gastrectomy (SG) is the most commonly used technique ( American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery). 4 , 5

There is a direct relationship between obesity and the development of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). In fact, the elevated intra-abdominal pressure and the increased transient lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxation 6 in patients with obesity has been described as a pathophysiological mechanism of GERD, and, consequently, esophageal mucosal damage 7 which leads to erosive esophagitis (EE). 8 Moreover, there are several studies that associate high values of body mass index (BMI), 9 waist circumference (WC), abdominal subcutaneous fat, and visceral fat 10 – 12 with the esophageal pathology. However, in a Swedish community-based study, Lagergren J et al. concluded that this parameter is not a sufficient indicator and would even qualify as inaccurate as a predisposing factor for EE. 13 Furthermore, a study among an Iranian population showed that the symptoms of GERD occur independently of the BMI. 14

There is scarce literature that explores the association between anthropometric indexes and the development of de novo EE in gastrectomized patients in a short-term period; Jan S. Burgerhart showed that esophageal acid exposure increased significantly when comparing 24-h pH measurements before and three months after sleeve gastrectomy. Jan S. Burgerhart showed that esophageal acid exposure increased significantly when comparing 24-h pH measurements before and three months after sleeve gastrectomy. 15 Furthermore, because the rate of de novo EE is higher after SG compared to gastric bypass 16 , 17 evaluating the effect of BMI, WC and body fat percentage (BFP) on the development of de novo EE might be invaluable to predict whether patients with high anthropometric indexes can undergo this type of procedure. Hence, we sought to determine the association between BMI, WC and BFP with de novo EE three months after undergoing sleeve gastrectomy.

 Methods Population and study design

We conducted a retrospective cohort study, analyzing a secondary database to which we had access between January and March 2021. The database was recorded in an Excel 2016 spreadsheet of the Clínica Avendaño that was collected between 2017 and 2020 from patient medical records. The study population consisted of 176 adults with obesity that underwent sleeve gastrectomy as primary surgery during 2017-2020 at the Clínica Avendaño, a specialized bariatric center located in Lima, Perú

The inclusion criteria were: age ≥18 years old, BMI ≥30kg/m 2, sleeve gastrectomy as primary surgery, and endoscopy performed preoperatively and three months post SG. The exclusion criteria were: esophagitis at preoperative endoscopy, diagnosis of hiatal hernia, excessive alcohol consumption (chronic and periodic alcohol consumption of more than three times per week) and heavy smoking (15 cigarettes or more per day). In addition, we excluded patients with missing data, as well as those who were lost to follow-up, which took place in the third postoperative month at Clínica Avendaño where a control endoscopy was performed. ( Figure 1).

 Variables and measurements

We considered demographic variables (age, sex), comorbidities (type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension), clinical and laboratory variables (systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), anthropometric variables (BMI, WC, percentage of BFP) and endoscopic variables (presence of Helicobacter pylori and de novo esophagitis at three months)). Blood analyses after fasting for 8 to 12 hours were performed for preoperative control in all patients at approximately 2 to 4 weeks before surgery (COBAS 60000 module C501).

Age was categorized into two groups (18-29 and 30-59 years) while the sex variable was defined as "male" or "female". The BMI was calculated as weight (in kg) /height (in meters) 2 and was categorized into non-morbid (<40.00 kg/m 2) and morbid obesity (≥40.00 kg/m 2). WC was measured between the lowest ribs and the iliac crest, and the measurements were recorded in centimeters. 18 BFP was recorded as a percentage using the ¨TANITA¨ bioelectrical impedance scale (Body Composition Analyzer TBF-310GS) with cut-off points of 25% for men and 35% for women categorized as normal and elevated. 19 All three anthropometric indexes were measured on the day of surgery. The HOMA-IR was calculated as follows: [fasting insulin (μU/ml) × fasting glucose (mg/dl)] /405. A cut-off ≥ 2.5 was considered as insulin resistance. 20

Procedures

Esophagitis was endoscopically evaluated prior to surgery and at three months after the procedure for each patient. The degree of esophagitis was classified according to the Los Angeles classification system and subsequently categorized as presence or absence of esophagitis. 21 The endoscopies were performed after preparation of the patient with a standardized technique using a flexible endoscope (OLYMPUS EXERA 180). The presence of H. pylori was considered if at least 1+ was observed in the preoperative gastric biopsy report. All surgical procedures were performed by the same physicians using a standardized technique that consists of dissection of the greater omentum until the complete visualization of the left pillar of the diaphragm, liberation of the posterior gastric wall, and dissection of the diaphragmatic crura. In case of finding hiatal hernia the correction of the hernia is performed intraoperatively, a 34F calibration bougie is used, the section is 4 cm from the pylorus until 1 cm from his angle. In all patients, reinforcement is performed with absorbable monofilament suture or with staples with polyglycolic acid reinforcement material.

 Statistical analysis

We calculated the statistical power with Epidat v4.2 according to the studies of Tai et al 22 and Matar et al. 23 For all scenarios the statistical power exceeded 90%.

Stata version 16.0 (StataCorp, TX, US) was used for data processing. Numerical variables were presented as mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile range. Categorical variables were presented as frequencies and percentages. The chi-square test was used to compare frequencies between groups; if more than 20% of the expected values were ≤5, the Fisher exact test was used instead.

We performed a first bivariate analysis using the Student’s t-test or Mann Whitney U test to evaluate the presence of significant differences between the anthropometric indexes and categorical variables depending on the normal and abnormal distribution of the variable, respectively. Moreover, Spearman correlation was used for assessing the relation between the anthropometric indexes and numerical variables. In addition, a second bivariate analysis was performed between numerical and categorical variables according to the presence of EE.

Finally, in order to assess the association between each index and de novo EE, individual generalized linear models (GLM) with the Poisson family, logarithmic link function, and robust variances were used. The WC variable was modeled by adding a quadratic term. Nonparametric bias-corrected and accelerated bootstrap estimation of confidence intervals with 1000 replications were performed for all the models. Crude relative risks (cRR) and adjusted relative risks (aRR) were calculated for the bivariate and multivariable analyses. In addition, these models were adjusted by age and sex. All models were presented with their respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), and a p-value <0.05 was considered significant.

 Ethical considerations

The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidad Científica del Sur on December 1 st, 2020 (N°405-2020-PRE15). We downloaded deidentified information from the database and used codes for each patient, maintaining the confidentiality of the patients.

 Results

A total of 106 patients were included in our study ( Figure 1), of which 74 (69.8%) were women, 76 (71.7%) were between 30 and 59 years of age and 32 (30.2%) had morbid obesity. A higher mean of weight loss at 3 months postoperatively was observed in patients with morbid obesity (26.78 kg vs. 19.50 kg). A higher mean of BMI was observed in males (40.28 kg/m 2 vs. 36.85 kg/m 2; p < 0.001) and patients with insulin resistance (38.7 kg/m 2 vs. 33.87 kg/m 2; p < 0.001). Regarding BMI, a negative monotonic correlation was found with HDL (r= -0.35; p < 0.001); on the other hand, a positive monotonic correlation was found with insulin (r= +0.59; p<0.001), and HOMA-IR (r= +0.61; p<0.001). Regarding the BFP, males presented a higher median value compared to females (50% vs. 43%; p<0.001), as well as a positive correlation with SBP (r= +0.36; p<0.001), insulin (r= +0.47; p<0.001) and HOMA-IR (r= +0.48; p<0.001). Regarding WC, we found higher median values in male patients compared to females (126cm vs. 104cm; p<0.001), and in patients with T2DM (134.33cm vs. 111.51cm; p<0.001), presence of H. pylori (119.61cm vs. 109.29cm; p<0.001) and insulin resistance (115.31cm vs. 100.52cm; p<0.001). In addition, there was a negative monotonic correlation with HDL (r= -0.44; p<0.001), and a positive monotonic correlation with glucose levels (r= +0.31; p < 0.001), insulin (r= +0.58; p < 0.001) and HOMA-IR (r= +0.61; p<0.001) ( Table 1 and 2).

Flowchart of the study population. Body mass index, body fat percentage and waist circumference according to sociodemographic, comorbidities, presence of <italic toggle="yes">Helicobacter pylori</italic>, insulin resistance and <italic toggle="yes">de novo</italic> esophagitis (n=106).
Variables BMI p Body fat mass P Waist circumference p
Age 0.621 †† 0.641 †† 0.104 †
18-29 36 [34-41] 43 [36-5] 108.43 ± 14.33
30-59 38 [33-41] 46 [37-52] 114.52 ± 18.19
Sex <0.001 † <0.001 †† <0.001 ††
Male 40.28 ± 5.51 50 [44-58] 126 [115-134]
Female 36.85 ± 5.40 43 [36-50]   104 [96-115]
Arterial hypertension 0.041 †† 0.019 †† 0.009 ††
No 37 [33-41] 44 [36-51] 108 [98-120]
Yes 39 [37-41] 48 [43-58] 117 [111-132]
Diabetes mellitus 0.021 †† 0.015 †† <0.001 †
No 37 [33-41] 45 [37-52] 111.51 ± 16.76
Yes 41 [40-41] 59 [46-82] 134.33 ± 12.61
Helicobacter pylori 0.019 †† 0.201 †† <0.001 †
No 36 [33-40] 44 [36-53] 109.29 ± 17.16
Yes 39 [35-41] 47 [41-56] 119.61 ± 15.79
Insulin resistance <0.001 † 0.024 †† <0.001 †
No 33.87 ± 3.06 38 [36-47] 100.52 ± 9,17
Yes 38.70 ± 5.70 46 [38-56] 115.31 ± 17.58
de novo esophagitis 0.264 †† 0.186 †† 0.119 ††
No 38 [34-41] 46 [37-55] 113 [100-123]
Yes 36 [33-39] 44 [35-48] 107 [95-116]

BMI body mass index

Student's t-test

Mann Whitney U

 Body mass index, body fat percentage and waist circumference according to clinic and laboratory characteristics (n=106).
Variables BMI p Body fat mass P Waist circumference p
Clinic and laboratory characteristics
SBP 0.25 0.010 ‡ 0.36 <0.001 ‡ 0.27 0.006 ‡
DBP 0.2 0.039 ‡ 0.26 0.006 ‡ 0.2 0.038 ‡
Glucose 0.23 0.019 ‡ 0.16 0.100 ‡ 0.31 <0.001 ‡
Cholesterol -0.15 0.114 ‡ -0.1 0.300 ‡ -0.12 0.205 ‡
HDL -0.35 <0.001 ‡ -0.27 0.005 ‡ -0.44 <0.001 ‡
LDL -0.06 0.532 ‡ -0.06 0.557 ‡ -0.01 0.956 ‡
VLDL 0.09 0.351 ‡ 0.17 0.089 ‡ 0.16 0.106 ‡
Triglycerides 0.09 0.321 ‡ 0.18 0.069 ‡ 0.17 0.077 ‡
Insulin 0.59 <0.001 ‡ 0.47 <0.001 ‡ 0.58 <0.001 ‡
HOMA-IR 0.61 <0.001 ‡ 0.48 <0.001 ‡ 0.61 <0.001 ‡

BMI body mass index, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein, HOMA-IR homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance

Spearman's correlation coefficient

We found that 23 patients (21.7%) developed esophagitis (grade A: 14, grade B: 9, grade C:0, grade D:0). There were no significant differences for the sociodemographic, clinic and laboratory characteristics according to the development of EE after SG. In spite of these results, the group which did not develop EE had a higher median BMI (38 kg/m 2 vs. 36 kg/m 2, p=0.26), WC (113cm vs. 107cm, p=0.12), and BFP (46% vs. 44%, p=0.18) compared to the group who developed EE ( Table 3).

<italic toggle="yes">De novo</italic> esophagitis according to sociodemographic,clinic and laboratory characteristics, comorbidities, presence of <italic toggle="yes">Helicobacter pylori</italic> and anthropometric characteristics (n=106).
Variables de novo esophagitis
Yes (n=23) No (n=83) p
Age n(%) 0.500 ǂ
18-29 6 (20.0) 24 (80.0)
30-59 17 (22.4) 59 (77.6)
Sex 0.500 ǂ
Male 8 (25.0) 24 (75.0)
Female 15 (20.3) 59 (79.7)
Arterial hypertension 0.500 ǂǂ
No 19 (22.4) 66 (77.6)
Yes 4 (19.1) 17 (80.9)
Diabetes Mellitus 0.600 ǂǂ
No 22(22.0) 78 (78.0)
Yes 1 (16.7) 5 (83.3)
Insulin resistance 0.500 ǂǂ
No 4(22.2) 14 (77.8)
Yes 19 (21.6) 69(79.4)
Helicobacter pylori 0.600 ǂ
No 16 (22.9) 54 (77.1)
Yes 7 (19.4) 29 (80.6)
Anthropometric characteristics
BMI 36 [33-39] 38 [34-41] 0.260 ††
Abdominal circumference 107 [95-116] 113 [100-123] 0.120 ††
Body fat percentage 44 [35-48] 46 [37-55] 0.180 ††
Clinical and laboratorial characteristics    
SBP 124.82 ± 15.85 120.2 ± 14.3 0.190 †
DBP 79.82 ± 8.9 77.54 ± 10.02 0.330 †
Glucose 85 [81-92] 89 [81-95] 0.380 ††
Cholesterol 202 [172-228] 189 [164-227] 0.310 ††
HDL 45 [36-54] 46 [37-55] 0.820 ††
LDL 117 [109-132] 112 [91-136] 0.330 ††
VLDL 26 [19-37] 29 [21-37] 0.960 ††
Triglycerides 129 [96-185] 146 [104-185] 0.890 ††
Insulin 18 [14-28] 19 [14-39] 0.460 ††
HOMA-IR 4 [3-6] 4 [3-8] 0.450 ††

BMI body mass index, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein, HOMA-IR homeostatic model assessment- insulin resistance

Student's t-test

Mann Whitney U

Chí 2 test

Fisher's exact test

On the multivariable analyses, after adjusting for age and sex, we found that a BMI ≥ 40 kg/m 2 (aRR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.18-1.40), an elevated BFP (aRR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.15-1.19) and the WC (aRR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.69-1.16) were not associated with a higher risk of developing EE at three months after sleeve gastrectomy. Conversely, these high anthropometric indexes seemed to reduce the risk of de novo EE, but these results were not significant ( Table 4).

Association between the body mass index, waist circumference, body fat mass and the development of esophagitis.
Crude model ** Adjusted model **
Variables cRR 95% CI aRR † 95% CI
Body mass index
< 40 kg/m 2 Ref. Ref.
≥ 40 kg/m 2 0.64 0.20-1.46 0.59 0.18-1.40
Body fat mass (%)
Normal Ref. Ref.
Elevated 0.50 0.23-1.27 0.41 0.15-1.19
Waist circumference (cm) * 0.94 0.75-1.33 0.91 0.69-1.16

RR: relative risk CI: 95% Confidence Interval

It was modeled by adding a quadratic variable.

Non-parametric bias-corrected and accelerated bootstrap confidence interval estimation with 1000 replications for generalized linear models with Poisson link-log family and robust standard errors.

Adjusted by age and sex

 Discussion

In this study, we assessed the association between BMI, WC, and BFP and the development of de novo EE in adults with obesity three months after undergoing sleeve gastrectomy. Although none of the variables showed significant differences according to the development of de novo EE, we found that the female patients more frequently developed EE and patients without EE had higher anthropometric indexes. We did not find any association in crude and adjusted models between BMI, WC and BFP with the development of de novo EE.

Our study showed that male patients presented a higher BMI, WC, and BFP compared to women, results that are similar to previous literature. 24 – 26 The BMI represents the overall body mass that includes visceral and subcutaneous fat, muscle, bone, and major organs, among others. Due to genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors men tend to have a greater fat amount and distribution. 27 In addition, the sexual hormonal responses lead to obesogenic changes 28 and sexual dimorphism with a high impact in the WC. 27 , 29 However, Lihua Hu et al. found that women present a greater proportion of visceral fat than men, being the only anthropometric measurement that prevails between the two sexes, and this tends to increase over time. 30 High adiposity values in the abdominal circumference stimulates the release of fatty acids, thereby increasing the availability of glucose and hyperinsulinism 31 , 32 and favoring the development of T2DM due to low sensitivity of the glucose transporter receptors of the organs to insulin, 33 which may explain and correlate with the results described in our study.

Currently, there are several parameters for measuring obesity, and among these, the measurement of visceral body fat percentage by computed tomography is considered one of the best predictors of GERD. 34 However, the BMI, WC and the percentage of BFP are more accessible and less costly parameters to obtain. Several studies reported that an elevation of these anthropometric indexes was associated with the development of EE in bariatric surgery candidates. 7 , 9 , 35 , 36 In fact, previous studies have shown that men with higher obesity values 37 and the presence of hiatal hernia 38 are more likely to develop EE. However, in our study, firstly we excluded the patients with preoperative hiatal hernia in order to avoid this as a confounder, and regarding the anthropometric indexes, we did not find a significant association with de novo esophagitis, which could be explained by the fact that the EE group was composed of a higher proportion of women with lower-than-expected anthropometric indexes.

There are different pathophysiological mechanisms to explain how obesity can cause GERD. Previous studies have indicated that obesity may cause EE by mechanical factors such as high intra-abdominal and intragastric pressure, 39 an increased LES relaxation, a high gastroesophageal pressure gradient 40 ; as well as physiological factors such as increased bile and pepsin composition of gastric contents 41 and high leptin levels. 42 Sleeve gastrectomy is currently leading up to 80% of weight loss in a long-term setting. 43 A recent study demonstrated that a substantial reduction in BMI is required to induce the resolution of esophagitis, especially in individuals with obesity. Moreover, a study reported that the resolution rate was twice as high in subjects who achieved a BMI reduction of more than 2 kg/m 2. 44 Nevertheless, in our study, we found that higher anthropometric indexes were not associated with the development of EE after sleeve gastrectomy. This could be explained by the fact that patients with higher levels of obesity tend to have a greater and more rapid weight loss compared to those with a lower BMI who tend to achieve a more sustained weight loss. Indeed, this suggests that a controlled reduction of the BMI by sleeve gastrectomy may constitute an effective measure to prevent the development of esophagitis by the alleviation and control of the pathophysiologic factors involved in this outcome.

To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that having a higher obesity index is not a risk factor for the development of de novo EE at three months post sleeve gastrectomy. However, the present study has some limitations. First, external validity is limited because the results come from a single center and are limited to adult patients with obesity. Second, the patients were followed for only three months, and thus, long-term results were not available. Third we could not include the assessment of proton bump inhibitor (PPI) use within the period of evaluation, however, according to clinic protocol, lansoprazole 30 mg is indicated for the first postoperative month and omeprazole 20 mg for the following two months, and depending on the reflux symptoms after three months of treatment, the use of PPIs can be postponed. Finally, in spite of the usage of the bioelectrical impedance scale for the measurement of BFP, a computed tomography would have been better to measure the visceral BFP as it has been reported to be more accurate as a predictor of EE according to the literature.

 Conclusion

In conclusion, there were no significant differences between anthropometric indexes and the development of de novo EE esophagitis at three months post sleeve gastrectomy. Based on these results, we consider that morbid obesity should not be an excluding factor for undergoing sleeve gastrectomy as the surgery of choice for weight loss because of the risk of developing EE. Nonetheless, further studies are needed to evaluate this association in gastrectomized patients over a longer follow-up period.

 Data availability statement Undelying data

Harvard Database: Association between the body mass index, waist circumference, and body fat percentage with erosive esophagitis in adults with obesity after sleeve gastrectomy. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/ZBVTY4

This project contains the following files:

Association between the body mass index, waist circumference, and body fat percentage with erosive esophagitis in adults with obesity after sleeve gastrectomy.tab (raw data file)

README_Association between the body mass index, waist circumference, and body fat percentage with erosive esophagitis in adults with obesity after sleeve gastrectomy.txt (data key)

Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero "No rights reserved" data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication).

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Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2018 Apr;12(4):319–329. 10.1080/17474124.2018.1441711 El-Serag HB Tran T Richardson P : Anthropometric correlates of intragastric pressure. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 2006 Aug;41(8):887–891. 10.1080/00365520500535402 Wu JC-Y Mui L-M Cheung CM-Y : Obesity is associated with increased transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. Gastroenterology. 2007 Mar;132(3):883–889. 17324403 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.12.032 Anand G Katz PO : Gastroesophageal reflux disease and obesity. Gastroenterol. Clin. N. Am. 2010 Mar;39(1):39–46. 10.1016/j.gtc.2009.12.002 Abdelkader NA Montasser IF Bioumy EE : Impact of anthropometric measures and serum leptin on severity of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Dis Esophagus Off J Int Soc Dis Esophagus. 2015 Oct;28(7):691–698. 25168182 10.1111/dote.12271 Kheirvari M Dadkhah Nikroo N Jaafarinejad H : The advantages and disadvantages of sleeve gastrectomy; clinical laboratory to bedside review. Heliyon. 2020 Feb;6(2):e03496. 32154399 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03496 Bang KB Park JH : Weight Loss as a Nonpharmacologic Strategy for Erosive Esophagitis: A 5-Year Follow-up Study. Gut Liver. 2018 Nov 15;12(6):633–640. 30037170 10.5009/gnl18148 10.5256/f1000research.134543.r150289 Reviewer response for version 2 Apolaya-Segura Moisés 1 Referee https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5650-9998 Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Chiclayo, Peru

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

 5 10 2022 Copyright: © 2022 Apolaya-Segura M 2022 This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. recommendation approve-with-reservations

The research allows evaluating the main biophysical variables and their association with the incidence of erosive esophagitis in an obese population after sleeve gastrectomy; it uses adequate selection criteria, being the preoperative evaluation a strength. However, it is necessary to add in the discussion aspects related to the short follow-up time carried out in the present study, with respect to other studies that have a longer follow-up time, and to discuss the postoperative treatment received, such as proton pump inhibitors, because perhaps these drugs can explain the results found (non-association), since in the limitations it is understood that the patients received as protocol the use of proton pump inhibitors is used for 2 to 3 months after surgery. Therefore, the conclusion should be conservative, until studies are developed with a longer follow-up time and consider the postoperative treatment received.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes

If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Yes

Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Partly

Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes

Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Partly

Reviewer Expertise:

epidemiology and public health physician

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above.

 10.5256/f1000research.117659.r135643 Reviewer response for version 1 Nakajima Kei 1 Referee School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health and Social Services, Kanagawa University of Human Services, Yokosuka, Japan

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

 25 4 2022 Copyright: © 2022 Nakajima K 2022 This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. recommendation approve-with-reservations

This study aims to assess the association between the body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and body fat percentage (BFP) with the development of EE in adults with obesity three months after SG in a retrospective cohort of 106 obese patients. In conclusion, the authors found no association between preoperative anthropometric indexes and the development of de novo EE. This article is well written and of clinical interest. However, I have some concerns.

Major comments:

It is unclear why the authors selected the time point of three months after the surgery. I wonder if gastric function does not reach full recovery at the time point.

The primary purpose of sleeve gastrectomy is for weight loss. However, such data is not provided in this study. It may be interesting if weight loss is associated (inversely?) with the incidence of erosive esophagitis.

I suggest that the reference of BMI should be less than 30 or 35 in the regression model. In addition, I would like to know whether a dose effect association exists after classification into three or four groups, for instance, <30, 30-35, 35-40, > 40 BMI.

It may be better to include helicobacter pylori infection as a confounding factor in the logistic regression model.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

No

If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Partly

Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

No

Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes

Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Partly

Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

No

Reviewer Expertise:

Obesity, diabetes, nutrition, cardiovascular risk factors

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above.

Zevallos Alba Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Peru

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

 27 5 2022

Thank you for the review of our manuscript. We would like to express our gratitude for your time invested in reading the paper. We are also thankful for the comments. Please, find our point-by-point response to the comments provided below. All changes made are included in the new version of the manuscript.

R2C1: It is unclear why the authors selected the time point of three months after the surgery. I wonder if gastric function does not reach full recovery at the time point.

AR1: Thank you so much for the comment. We would have liked to evaluate a longer follow-up; however, we have limited data to perform this analysis. Furthermore, we considered evaluating erosive esophagitis at three months cause the study by Jan.S Burgerhart showed an increase in acid exposure time at 3 months post sleeve gastrectomy measured by manometry, which is why we consider that there could be endoscopic signs of erosive esophagitis as early as 3 months post sleeve gastrectomy. We have added this information in the introduction: “ Jan S. Burgerhart showed that esophageal acid exposure increased significantly when comparing 24-h pH measurements before and 3 months after sleeve gastrectomy. [15] ”

R2C2: The primary purpose of sleeve gastrectomy is for weight loss. However, such data is not provided in this study. It may be interesting if weight loss is associated (inversely?) with the incidence of erosive esophagitis.

AR2: Thank you very much for the comment. We have added information about the weight loss in the results section: “ A higher mean of weight loss at 3 months postoperatively was observed in morbidly obese patients (26.78 kg vs. 19.50 kg).” We agree that it would be interesting to evaluate whether weight loss is associated with the development of erosive esophagitis, however, that is beyond the scope of our study.

R2C3: I suggest that the reference of BMI should be less than 30 or 35 in the regression model. In addition, I would like to know whether a dose effect association exists after classification into three or four groups, for instance, <30, 30-35, 35-40, > 40 BMI.

AR3: Thank you very much for your suggestion, we will consider the new cut-off point for BMI for future studies. On the other hand, we believe that polytomizing the BMI variable would result in a loss of statistical power since the number of patients enrolled is not very large.

R2C4: It may be better to include helicobacter pylori infection as a confounding factor in the logistic regression model.

AR4: Thank you for the suggestion. According to our DAG (directed acyclic graph), the H. pylori infection was not considered as a confounder. We do believe that H. pylori is associated with obesity; however, it is important to mention that all our study participants had obesity. In addition, we had to mention that, since we only had 23 events, adding one more variable to our regression model could have generated overfitting.

 10.5256/f1000research.117659.r124758 Reviewer response for version 1 Goicochea-Lugo Sergio 1 Referee https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0487-5547 EsSalud, Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación, Lima, Peru

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

 11 3 2022 Copyright: © 2022 Goicochea-Lugo S 2022 This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. recommendation approve

Congratulations for the article, it is important to be able to identify potential risk factors associated with erosive esophagitis, even more so, using a design that can estimate relative risks.

I would also like to make the following comments that I hope will be useful.

Regarding the methods section:

I would recommend specifying the moment in which the data of the body mass index, waist circumference, and body fat percentage were obtained since it was not clear to me if these values ​​were obtained before performing the gastrectomy (and at what time) or were obtained after performing the gastrectomy (and at what time).

This seemed important to clarify the discussion since you mention that not finding statistical differences could be due to the fact that the patients have a rapid and progressive weight loss. If it is possible to show the data of these variables three months after surgery in a table or as a narrative part, it would support this hypothesis.

Regarding the statistical analyses:

In the bivariate analyses, you found statistical differences between men and women. Have you raised the possibility that sex is an effect modifier rather than a confounder? It could be important to carry out an analysis with the regression model for men and women separately, taking into account the statistical and biological basis that you comment on in the discussion.

Other than that, I found the limitations mentioned and how they were dealt with to be correct.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes

If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Partly

Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes

Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes

Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes

Reviewer Expertise:

evidence based medicine

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

Zevallos Alba Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Peru

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

 27 5 2022

Thank you for the review of our manuscript. We would like to express our gratitude for your time invested in reading the paper. We are also thankful for the comments. Please, find our point-by-point response to the comments provided below. All changes made are included in the new version of the manuscript.

R1C1: I would recommend specifying the moment in which the data of the body mass index, waist circumference, and body fat percentage were obtained since it was not clear to me if these values ​​were obtained before performing the gastrectomy (and at what time) or were obtained after performing the gastrectomy (and at what time). This seemed important to clarify the discussion since you mention that not finding statistical differences could be due to the fact that the patients have a rapid and progressive weight loss. If it is possible to show the data of these variables three months after surgery in a table or as a narrative part, it would support this hypothesis.

AR1: Thank you very much for the comment. We have added the time the anthropometric indexes were measured in the methods section: “ All three anthropometric indexes were measured on the day of surgery.” Moreover, added information about the weight loss in the results section: “A higher mean of weight loss at 3 months postoperatively was observed in patients with morbid obesity (26.78 kg vs 19.50 kg).”

R1C2: In the bivariate analyses, you found statistical differences between men and women. Have you raised the possibility that sex is an effect modifier rather than a confounder? It could be important to carry out an analysis with the regression model for men and women separately, taking into account the statistical and biological basis that you comment on in the discussion.

AR2: Thank you for your comment. We agree that a sex-stratified analysis would have been interesting. Unfortunately, due to our limited sample size, we consider that this would have affected our estimates (and our confidence intervals). However, we hope to consider these analyses in further studies.