F1000Research F1000Research 2046-1402 F1000 Research Limited London, UK 10.12688/f1000research.142183.1 Case Report Articles Case Report: Case report: Rapidly progressing tooth wear dominated by intrinsic and extrinsic erosion

[version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations]

 Marchan Shivaughn Conceptualization Investigation Writing – Original Draft Preparation Writing – Review & Editing https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1390-8937 a 1 Ollivierra Estévan Data Curation Writing – Review & Editing 1 Diaz Alexa Data Curation Writing – Original Draft Preparation 1 Santo Rochard Conceptualization Data Curation Writing – Original Draft Preparation Writing – Review & Editing 1 The University of the West Indies at St Augustine, Saint Augustine, Tunapuna/Piarco Municipal Corporation, Trinidad and Tobago shivaughn.marchan@sta.uwi.edu

No competing interests were disclosed.

 1 12 2023 2023 12 1550 25 10 2023 Copyright: © 2023 Marchan S et al. 2023 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Tooth wear is multi-factorial presenting as a combination of abrasion, attrition, and erosion. This case report represents a case of combined tooth wear in a 46-year-old Indo-Trinidadian male, with a predominant erosive component with both the clinical signs and features of intrinsic and extrinsic erosion. This patient case is unique since the wear predominated by dental erosion has occurred rapidly evidenced by the physical clinical appearance of a lack of compensation and the upper left premolars and molars relatively unaffected by the overall effects of tooth wear. This lack of compensation, where opposing teeth have not supra-erupted to maintain inter-arch stability, and the maintenance of occlusal vertical dimension on the left due to the non-worn posterior maxillary teeth, provides the benefit of simplifying subsequent restorative management.

The medical and diet history corroborates the diagnoses of intrinsic and extrinsic erosion respectively. Complications noted with rapid tooth wear, such as dentine sensitivity and pulpal necrosis are known sequelae of tooth wear however the patient presented in this case report shows a concomitant high caries experience and poor oral hygiene. Cases such as the one presented here require not only comprehensive dental management, utilizing a restorative approach but also medical referral for confirmation of a diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Inherent to the management of this patient should be a multidisciplinary medical and dental approach, with confirmation and management of the cause of the intrinsic erosion as well as restorative dental management, together with dietary counseling to mitigate the effect of intrinsic and extrinsic sources of acid on dental hard tissue. A key lesson learned from this case is the importance of history and targeted questioning when trying to determine the cause of tooth wear dominated by intrinsic and extrinsic erosion.

 Tooth wear erosion gastroesophageal reflux disease diet None The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Introduction

Tooth wear or tooth surface loss is defined as the irreversible loss or degeneration of hard dental tissue caused by non-bacterial means. 1 20% of tooth wear is multifactorial, presenting clinically as a combination of dental erosion, attrition, and abrasion. 1 Research on a Trinidadian population attending a dental teaching hospital concluded that 72% of the studied population suffered from mild, moderate, or severe wear, with 52% exhibiting mild wear. 2 Erosive wear, which causes a softening of tooth enamel by endogenous or exogenous acids can exacerbate and accelerate wear caused by attrition and abrasion with clinical signs of chipping or fracture of incisal edges or hard tissue loss at the cervical margins of teeth respectively. 3 Age and sex are determinants in the prevalence and severity of erosive tooth wear. 4 Erosion of dental tissue can be further diagnosed as intrinsic or extrinsic erosion depending on the source of acid causing tooth wear and the clinical pattern of wear. 3 Intrinsic wear, clinically evident as cupped-out occlusal lesions or affecting the palatal surface of upper anterior teeth, is normally associated with medical conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), chronic vomiting associated with pregnancy, alcoholism, or eating disorders. 3 Conversely, extrinsic erosion affects facial or buccal surfaces and is commonly associated with exogenous acids found in the consumption of citrus fruits and a variety of beverages. 5 Additionally, a “swish and swallow” pattern of beverage consumption can exacerbate extrinsic erosion. 6

Case presentation

A 46-year-old Indo-Trinidadian male agriculturist, of South Asian descent, presented to a clinic of a dental teaching hospital with two main complaints of pain associated with tooth 8 and his enamel wearing away on several teeth, which started only three years previously ( Figure 1). The patient’s medical history uncovered frequent consumption of citrus fruits, particularly oranges and grapefruits where the anterior teeth would be embedded into a cut face of the peeled fruit as part of his job. Specifically, he was a budder and grafter of citrus plants at a government-run nursery and often tasted citrus fruit to determine the quality and taste profile of grafted citrus fruit. The patient’s history also revealed frequent consumption of a local delicacy of fresh pickled green fruit referred to as “chow”. The patient suspected undiagnosed GERD, which he referred to as heartburn, and was currently self-medicating with various dosages of omeprazole, between 20mg and 40mg daily, on an intermittent basis when the symptoms of heartburn presented. The patient admitted to social drinking on the weekends mainly with the consumption of Pilsner beer which he believed exacerbated his heartburn. When asked about vomiting after his beer consumption, he noted this happened only occasionally. On questioning, the patient confirmed no other teeth were painful or sensitive currently, but he has suffered from generalized sensitivity in the past. Tooth 8 was tender to vertical percussion and was tender on palpation of the root apex. Clinical examination revealed a stoma on the attached mucosa at the apex of this tooth. A periapical radiograph was taken using a paralleling technique. An intra-oral X-ray tube (Carestream. Kodak) using 65KVp and 20mAs was used to expose a size 2 periapical phosphor plate sensor (Carestream, Kodak). This periapical radiograph confirmed a periradicular radiolucency consistent with a pulpal diagnosis of necrosis and chronic periradicular periodontitis.

Right buccal view of the worn teeth showing lack of occlusal compensation. Other non-tooth wear clinical findings/diagnoses

Physical clinical examination revealed teeth 19, 30, and 17 were previously extracted. Bitewing radiographs were also taken on the patient’s initial visit, using a Size 2 periapical phosphor plate sensor in a positioning device (XCP, Rinn). The X-ray beam produced by the intra-oral X-ray tube (Carestream, Kodak) was positioned through the posterior tooth contacts a 10-degree vertical angulation. Proximal caries was noted clinically and on bitewing radiographs of several teeth on both the upper and lower arches ( Figure 5). Gross deposits of generalized supra- and sub-gingival calculus were noted. Despite caries being present on both the right and left quadrants, larger carious lesions were noted on the right quadrants where the wear was more severe.

 Clinical presentation of tooth wear lesions

On physical examination at the time of initial patient presentation, the surfaces of all remaining teeth, except the upper left molars and premolars, showed moderate to severe wear involving both enamel and dentine surfaces. Cupped-out erosive lesions were noted on the occlusal surface of mandibular and maxillary molars and the premolars ( Figure 2, Figure 4). Interestingly the premolars and molars on the upper left side showed only mild occlusal cupping ( Figure 2). Additionally, the palatal surfaces of teeth 6 and 11 showed evidence of intrinsic erosion ( Figure 2). There were moderate to severe erosive lesions involving the cervical to middle thirds of the facial surfaces of teeth 5,6,7,8, and 9 ( Figure 1). Tooth 8 had the deepest facial lesion involving the entire facial surface of the tooth. These upper teeth had lost coronal tooth height with fractures of the incisal edges. Following this same pattern, milder wear was noted on the facial aspect of teeth 10 and 11 with two to three striations noted horizontally across the facial surface ( Figure 3). The rate of wear seems to have progressed quickly with no occlusal compensation and an absence of any occlusal contacts between the maxillary and mandibular teeth in the anterior sextants and right quadrants. The inter-occlusal space provided an opportunity to simplify the restorative rehabilitation of the worn teeth. Teeth 26, 27, 28, and 29 showed tooth surface loss from the cervical third of these teeth towards the middle third, with tooth 29 having the entire facial surface of the tooth involved ( Figure 1). Cupping was noted on the incisal edges of the lower incisors ( Figure 4).

Maxillary view showing pronounced occlusal cupping on the right quadrants. Anterior view of the worn teeth showing facial notching. Mandibular view showing pronounced occlusal cupping on all remaining teeth and carious lesions on the lower right. Bitewing radiographs confirming proximal caries. Discussion

The patient exhibited wear of multifactorial etiology with clinical signs of attrition, abrasion, and erosion with a predominant erosive component. Of particular concern was a clinical pattern of tooth surface loss that indicated both intrinsic and extrinsic erosion occurring at an accelerated rate evidenced by a lack of compensation and necrosis of the pulp of tooth 8. The proposed mechanism of tooth loss from the incisal edges of the upper anterior teeth occurred because of tooth-to-tooth contact on incisal edges which may have been already thinned because of both facial and palatal wear. Tooth brushing of softened dental enamel continuously subjected to both endogenous and exogenous acids could result in abrasive-erosive type lesions noted on the buccal surfaces of the right side.

Caries is not a normal or prominent feature in the clinical presentation of tooth surface loss of a predominant erosive wear. 7 However, loss or slipping of proximal contacts, noted with rapid tooth wear could predispose patients to food packing, plaque trapping, and eventual caries formation. 8 This is the working hypothesis in this case where concomitant wear and caries were noted. Alternatively, a change in the composition and properties of the saliva could account for both the rapid erosive tooth wear noted and the concomitant caries experience. 9 The poor oral hygiene evidenced by the gross deposits of calculus could have been caused by long periods of dentine sensitivity. 3 Chronic dentine sensitivity may lead to less than optimum tooth brushing to prevent an exacerbation of sensitivity.

Presentation of severe clinical tooth surface loss together with the gleaned medical history must signal to the dental clinician a need for multi-disciplinary management of the patient. This patient requires investigation and management by a gastroenterologist since the severity of intrinsic erosion is directly related to contact time with endogenous gastric acid. 10 Medical practitioners may deduce the frequency and duration of GERD by assessing tooth surface loss. 10 Such investigation is warranted since a recent systematic review concluded there was a constant correlation between dental erosion and GERD. 11 Physicians, when suspecting GERD as a differential diagnosis must examine the condition of a patient’s dentition for the signs of dental erosion. 12

The patient also requires dietary counseling to reduce the frequency and peculiar habit of citrus consumption. Such counseling can be effective if a relationship between the patient’s presenting complaint of tooth wear and the clinical appearance and pattern of the wear is linked to the type of fruit consumed as well as the peculiar habit of consumption. 5 Citrus consumption is positively related to the development of erosive lesions. 5 , 13 In linking the clinical appearance of the worn teeth, in part, to the dietary consumption of citrus, counseling can be patient-specific and more likely to be adopted as a preventive strategy in curtailing further tooth surface loss. 13

Dental management

Following medical referral and the start of medical and dietary intervention, dental management would include basic periodontal therapy including scaling of teeth and stabilization of active carious teeth, and initiation of root canal treatment on tooth 8. Directly placed composite restorations are planned for the severely worn teeth conforming to the patient’s occlusion. 14 This restorative strategy can be used given the general maintenance of the patient’s occlusal vertical dimension and lack of compensation providing interocclusal space for sufficient bulk of restorative material while conforming to the existing occlusal scheme. 3 Regular reviews including radiographic, visual, and photographic assessments, following dental management, are important to monitor dentition for any further signs of wear and to facilitate ongoing assessment of restorations for repair or replacement. 3 , 15 Given that this patient presented with several active carious lesions, review at 4-6 monthly intervals is recommended at which time the dentition can be monitored for further signs of tooth wear.

 Ethics and consent

Written informed consent for publication of their clinical details and clinical images and radiographs was obtained from the patient.

 Data availability

There are no data associated with this article.

 References Smith B Knight J : A comparison of patterns of tooth wear with aetiological factors. Br. Dent. J. 157:16–19. Unit 2. 6588978 10.1038/sj.bdj.4805401 Rafeek R Marchan S Eder A : Tooth surface loss in adult subjects attending a university dental clinic in Trinidad. Int. Dent. J. 2006;56(4):181–186. 10.1111/j.1875-595X.2006.tb00092.x Eder A Faigenblum M : Tooth Wear: An Authoritative Reference For Dental Professionals and Students: Springer. Nature. 2022. 10.1007/978-3-030-86110-0 Stangvaltaite-Mouhat L Pūrienė A Stankeviciene I : Erosive tooth wear among adults in Lithuania: a cross-sectional National Oral Health Study. Caries Res. 2020;54(3):283–291. 32937621 10.1159/000509872 Bamise CT Dinyain VE Kolawole KA : Dental erosion due to lime consumption; review of literature and case report. East Afr. J. Public Health. 2009;6(2):141–143. 10.4314/eajph.v6i2.51733 Fusain KS : Erosive potential of drinks consumed in Dubai (Doctoral Dissertation). 2019. Tschammler C Simon A Brockmann K : Erosive tooth wear and caries experience in children and adolescents with obesity. J. Dent. 2019;83:77–86. 30825568 10.1016/j.jdent.2019.02.005 Kaidonis JA : Tooth wear: the view of the anthropologist. Clin. Oral Investig. 2008;12(Suppl 1):21–26. 17938977 10.1007/s00784-007-0154-8 PMC2563149 Buzalaf MAR Hannas AR Kato MT : Saliva and dental erosion. J. Appl. Oral Sci. 2012;20:493–502. 23138733 10.1590/S1678-77572012000500001 PMC3881791 Daley TD Armstrong JE : Oral manifestations of gastrointestinal diseases. Can. J. Gastroenterol. 2007;21(4):241–244. 17431513 10.1155/2007/952673 PMC2657699 Picos A Badea ME Dumitrascu DL : Dental erosion in gastroesophageal reflux disease. A systematic review. Clujul Medical. 2018;91(4):387–390. 30564013 10.15386/cjmed-1017 PMC6296724 Lee RJ Aminian A Brunton P : Dental complications of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: guidance for physicians. Intern. Med. J. 2017;47(6):619–623. 27604164 10.1111/imj.13249 Chan AS Tran TTK Hsu YH : A systematic review of dietary acids and habits on dental erosion in adolescents. Int. J. Paediatr. Dent. 2020;30(6):713–733. 32246790 10.1111/ipd.12643 Milosevic A : Clinical guidance and an evidence-based approach for restoration of the worn dentition by direct composite resin. Br. Dent. J. 2018;224(5):301–310. 29495026 10.1038/sj.bdj.2018.168 Boitelle P : Contemporary management of minimal invasive aesthetic treatment of dentition affected by erosion: case report. BMC Oral Health. 2019;19(1):123. 31226976 10.1186/s12903-019-0807-4 PMC6587272 10.5256/f1000research.155693.r232109 Reviewer response for version 1 Eder Andrew 1 Referee University College London, London, England, UK

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

 2 2 2024 Copyright: © 2024 Eder A 2024 This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. recommendation approve

This middle-aged Trinidadian patient presented with generalised tooth wear, referred to in some parts of the article as tooth surface loss. Although the tooth wear was reported as being severe for some teeth, the patient had only become aware of the problem over the previous three years. The diagnoses included missing teeth, carious teeth an abscessed upper front tooth and worn teeth with primary erosive and secondary attritive and abrasive aetiologies. Sources for the erosive component were a high work-related fruit intake combined with linking a local fruit delicacy. Compounding this was regular acid intake in the form of beer and also stomach acid reflux, highlighted by 'heartburn' and possibly made worse by the beer. The understanding of the need for a comprehensive assessment and a holistic approach together with the supporting bibliography is what makes this an excellent case presentation. I would, however, suggest that restorative options be expanded in the section on dental management as well as how the preferred option was delivered and then followed up and maintained. As we live longer and keep our teeth for longer, tooth wear is on the increase and this case presentation highlights the breadth of the challenges.

Are enough details provided of any physical examination and diagnostic tests, treatment given and outcomes?

Yes

Is the case presented with sufficient detail to be useful for other practitioners?

Yes

Is sufficient discussion included of the importance of the findings and their relevance to future understanding of disease processes, diagnosis or treatment?

Yes

Is the background of the case’s history and progression described in sufficient detail?

Yes

Reviewer Expertise:

Restorative Dentistry and Prosthodontics - with a focus on managing patients with tooth wear.

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

 10.5256/f1000research.155693.r232110 Reviewer response for version 1 Milosevic Alex 1 Referee https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6812-2301 Restorative Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, England, UK

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

 23 12 2023 Copyright: © 2023 Milosevic A 2023 This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. recommendation approve-with-reservations

The authors should state that they followed the CARE guidelines as published by Gagnier JJ et al. 2013 [Ref-1]. The 13-item checklist improves reporting of case reports.

Introduction

‘Research on a Trinidadian population attending a dental teaching hospital concluded that 72% of the studied population suffered from mild, moderate, or severe wear, with 52% exhibiting mild wear.’ Use of population in this context is incorrect as a sample of the population attended the hospital. Better to just say ‘a Trinidadian patient sample’……………….’72% of the sample suffered…’

‘Conversely, extrinsic erosion affects facial or buccal surfaces and is commonly associated with exogenous acids found in the consumption of citrus…….’ It is still not universally accepted that intrinsic erosion leads to palatal surface loss and extrinsic leads to labial/facial/buccal tooth surface loss. Extrinsic acid in the form of drinks can result in palatal erosion.

Case presentation

‘complaints of pain associated with tooth 8’ Which tooth is this? Please use FDI notation or describe in full as lower or mandibular right third molar. American & European tooth notation differs & so the authors should use & state FDI which is widely used & recognized.

'patient’s medical history uncovered'.  Advise substitute uncovered with included.

‘a stoma on the attached mucosa at the apex of this tooth’, stoma may be the local term but sinus or fistula is generally more acceptable

‘Physical clinical examination revealed teeth 19, 30, and 17 were previously extracted’. Again please use FDI

‘larger carious lesions were noted on the right quadrants where the wear was more severe. Quadrant not plural

Clinical presentation of tooth wear lesions.

‘the palatal surfaces of teeth 6 and 11 showed evidence of intrinsic erosion (Figure 2). There were moderate to severe erosive lesions involving the cervical to middle thirds of the facial surfaces of teeth 5,6,7,8, and 9 (Figure 1). Tooth 8 had….’  FDI please.

There is no mention of the mandibular tori as shown in Fig 4. This is of interest as tori have been linked with bruxism and occlusal wear (Steele J., et al.,1991 [Ref-2]).

Are enough details provided of any physical examination and diagnostic tests, treatment given and outcomes?

Yes

Is the case presented with sufficient detail to be useful for other practitioners?

Partly

Is sufficient discussion included of the importance of the findings and their relevance to future understanding of disease processes, diagnosis or treatment?

Yes

Is the background of the case’s history and progression described in sufficient detail?

Partly

Reviewer Expertise:

Dental epidemiology & tooth wear research

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above.

References : The CARE Guidelines: Consensus-based Clinical Case Reporting Guideline Development. Glob Adv Health Med .2013;2(5) : 10.7453/gahmj.2013.008 38-43 24416692 10.7453/gahmj.2013.008 : Occlusal abnormalities, pericranial muscle and joint tenderness and tooth wear in a group of migraine patients. J Oral Rehabil .1991;18(5) : 10.1111/j.1365-2842.1991.tb01690.x 453-8 1800695 10.1111/j.1365-2842.1991.tb01690.x Shivaughn Shivaughn The University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

 26 2 2024

Thank you for your time in reviewing this submitted case report. I have addressed all concerns sequentially and itemized below

(1) The manuscript was prepared according to the CARE guidelines. This has been clearly stated in the manuscript and the corresponding citation added to the narrative text and the reference list.

(2) In the Introduction section, I have clarified that the prevalence of wear note was related to a "Trinidadian patient sample" and not a "Trinidadian population" as previously described.

(3) In the Introduction Section I have added a sentence to clarify palatal wear could also be caused by beverage consumption.

(4) I have changed to the FDI system of tooth numbering throughout the manuscript.

(5) In the Case Presentation Section "The patient's medical history uncovered" has been changed to "The patient's medical history included"

(6) Stoma has been changed to fistula

(7) Quadrants has been changed to quadrant

(8) The presence of the mandibular tori has been included in the section on "Other Clinical Findings". The implications of the presence of tori on a possible bruxism habit which can contribute to tooth wear has been included together with the suggested reference. The implications of wear related to attrition means I have added post-operative splint therapy to the overall management strategy.

(9) All references and the reference list has been updated to include these two new references.