[version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations]
No competing interests were disclosed.
Graphene is the thinnest, strongest and stiffest imaginable material. The biocompatible property of graphene oxide can initiate and facilitate cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation of periodontal ligament, osteogenic and oral epithelial cells. Furthermore, the antibiofilm and anti-adhesion properties of graphene oxide in prevention of dental biofilm infections, dental caries, dental erosion as well as for implant surface modification and as anti-quorum sensing agent.
Composites are most often utilised materials for restoration in the field of dentistry due to adhesive resins' improved mechanical and cosmetic properties. To safeguard the dentin and prevent dental cavities, dentin adhesives are utilised to affix hydrophobic resin composites to hydrophilic dentin tissue. Dental adhesives have a harder time adhering to dentin because it contains more water and is less mineralized than enamel. This makes the method more sensitive. As a result, it was chosen to assess and contrast the impact of 5% Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles and 2% Graphene oxide nanoparticles, both separately and together, on the Micro tensile bond strength of 5th generation adhesive. Graphene oxide is the most versatile form of Graphite in structural and functional configuration. Graphene oxide possess extraordinary physical, chemical, optical, electrical and mechanical properties. Among the graphene family nanomaterials, the reduced form of Graphite adding the oxygenated functional group to the structure increases the surface area and therefore exhibits enviable excellent interaction ability with metal and ions as well as organic species. Graphene oxide in dentistry has provided outstanding results in antimicrobial action, regenerative dentistry, bone tissue engineering, drug delivery, physicochemical property, enhancement of dental biomaterials and oral cancer treatment.
Considering their enhanced aesthetics and increased mechanical qualities, the most used materials for restoration in dentistry is dental composite.
Before materials are marketed in dentistry, it is crucial to conduct and analyze mechanical strength tests on them. Through laboratory investigations, these evaluations are carried out in a variety of ways. Using the TBS test method, the bonding strengths of self-adhesive composite resins with various universal bonding methods were examined in this study. The TBS values increased when the adhesive system was used with universal adhesive systems. As a result, our study's null hypothesis was rejected. The fifth-generation resin adhesive's bond integrity, longevity, and contact with dentin were studied in the current study in relation to the addition of nano-HA and different nano-GO particle concentrations (0.5 wt% and 2 wt%). The Hydroxyapatite-graphene oxide nanoparticles 2% group demonstrated greater micro tensile bond strength than the Hydroxyapatite-graphene oxide nanoparticles 0.5% group, which revealed greater than the controls, according to the data. The idea that adding graphene oxide nanoparticles to the bonding agent would strengthen its binding was therefore considered. Adhesives are essential for the clinical outcome of restorations because inadequate restorative adhesive bonds have been linked to secondary caries development, dentin hypersensitivity (DH), and microleakage.
To evaluate the micro tensile bond strength of the 5
th generation bonding agent without incorporating any of the nanoparticles using a universal testing machine. To evaluate the micro tensile bond strength of a 5
th generation bonding agent incorporating 2% Graphene oxide nanoparticles in isolation using a universal testing machine. To evaluate the micro tensile bond strength of 5
th generation bonding agent incorporating 5% Hydroxy apatite nanoparticles in isolation using a universal testing machine. To compare the micro tensile bond strength of 5
th generation bonding agent incorporating 2% graphene oxide and 5% Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in combination using a universal testing machine.
Graphene oxide nanoparticles (Nano Research Lab, Jamshedpur, India) Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (Nano Research Lab, Jamshedpur, India) 5
th generation bonding agent (3M ESPE Adper Single Bond 2) Dentsplyspectrum - composite restoration
Inclusion criteria 84 Maxillary premolars Teeth devoid of restorations Exclusion criteria Teeth with previous root canal treatment. Extensively carious tooth. Abrasion, attrition, fluorosis, or other enamel defects. Teeth with developmental anomalies. Teeth with external and internal resorption.
A total of 84 samples are used in the study divided into 4 groups, 21 in each group corresponding to the 1, 2, 3, and 4 sample sets. Group 1 – 5
th generation bonding agent Group 2-5
th generation bonding agent with graphene oxide nanoparticles. Group 3-5
th generation bonding agent with hydroxy apatite nanoparticles Group 4-5
th generation bonding agent with a combination of graphene oxide and hydroxy apatite nanoparticles.
Procedure:
The nano-HA particles will be silanized after being purchased commercially. 5% silane will be added to the 95% adhesive to help the nano-hydroxyapatite stick to it.
Solvent for silanization using acetone. To create a fifth adhesive system that contains 5 wt% nano-Hydroxyapatite particles, the nano-HA particles will be introduced to the experimental adhesive at a 5% concentration (m/m). The experimental adhesive's nano-hydroxyapatite particles will be dispersed using sonication in a centrifuge to encourage homogenization. To allow the solvent to evaporate, the synthesized adhesives will be stored in isolation for 24 hours at 37 degrees
oC. Due to their short shelf life, the adhesives will thereafter be stored at 4 degrees
oC and used for the duration of 20 days after formulation.
The graphene oxide powder will be combined with 2 mL of ethanol in a microbial and ultrasonically processed for 10 minutes at room temperature. The dentin adhesive will get this mixture. The nano-graphene oxide particles will first be combined with resin before being sonicated in an ultrasonic bath for 10 minutes so creating a uniform combination. After sonication, the mixture will be homogenized for 60 seconds at room temperature in an ultrasonic homogenizer using pulse on/off technology. Every time the mixture is used, the mix will be homogenized in an ultrasonic homogenizer to ensure that the graphene oxide will disperse uniformly after storage. Calculations will be done to determine the resin volume in milliliters and milligram weight of nanoparticles. Using the following:
The graphene oxide powder will be combined with 2 mL of ethanol in a microbiological container before being ultrasonically processed for 10 minutes at room temperature. The nano-HA particles were silanized after being purchased commercially. The 95% acetone solvent will receive an addition of 5% silane for silanization to enhance the adherence of nano-Hydroxyapatite to the adhesive. Once both the nanoparticles are made, the made solvents will be added to the 5
th generation dentin adhesive. To achieve a homogenous mixture, it will be sonicated in an ultrasonicator duration of 10 min. Post-sonication, mixture will be homogenized in ultrasonic homogenizer at pulse on/of for 60 s at room temperature. The mixture will be rehomogenized in the ultrasonic homogenizer before each and every use to ensure that graphene oxide and hydroxy apatite nanoparticles would disperse uniformly after storage. Calculations will be done to determine the resin volume in millilitres and milligrams weight of the nanoparticles. This will allow the solvent to evaporate, the synthesized adhesives will be stored in isolation for 24 hours at 37 degrees
oC. Due to their short shelf life, the adhesives will thereafter be stored at 4 degrees
oC and will be used within 20 days of the formulation.
The investigation will use extracted permanent maxillary premolars. All teeth will be kept in the storage media for a maximum of three months in distilled water. The 1, 2, 3, and 4 sample sets will be represented by the groups of the 84 premolars, which will be randomly divided into those groups. There will be Class 1 cavity preparation. The 3 M Scotchbond Universal Etchant (30 – 40% phosphoric acid) will be applied to all groups for 15 seconds. The surfaces will then be washed and dried by air. The surplus glue will then be removed using dental cotton rolls after adhesive systems have been placed for 15 seconds. The surfaces will then be exposed to light for nearly 20 seconds at an intensity of around 800 mW/cm 2 using a light-curing device. The previously polymerized adhesive layer will be covered with successive 2-mm thick layers using Dentsply Spectrum -restorative material, which will then be light cured for 20 seconds. Following treatment, all of the teeth will be further separated into resin dentin sticks using a diamond discs and water cooling in accordance with ISO/TS 11405, with an average cross-sectional area of 1 mm by 1 mm. The samples will then be kept in deionized (DI) water for 24 hours at 37 °C. Next, utilizing universal testing machine, the created samples will go through a micro-tensile bond strength test. The beams will be secured to a jig with cyanoacrylate adhesive before being put to tensile stresses at a crosshead speed of one millimeter per minute.
Primary Variable - Microtensile bond strength
Sample size formula for difference between two means:
Where;
Zα = level of significance at 5% i.e., 95%
Confidence interval
Zβ is the power of test
δ1
δ2
Pooled std. dev.= (3.81+3.60)/2 =3.71
n
Total sample size is 60
Study Reference: [
It is expected that among the material used in the study, the 5 th generation bonding agent with graphene oxide and nano hydroxyapatite crystals in combination may give better results as compared to the 5 th generation bonding agent with or without incorporation of graphene oxide and nano hydroxyapatite crystals in isolation in routine practice due to its ability of anti-microbial properties, optimal biocompatibility, and increased bond strength.
The focus of our study is to evaluate increase in the micro tensile bond strength of the 5 th generation adhesive system after the incorporation of the graphene oxide and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. Adhesion of the nanoparticles at the dentin interface leading to widespread surface area may further contribute to the increased bond strength, enhancing the mechanical properties.
Not started yet.
Ethical approval received from Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Sawangi, Wardha
IEC reference number- DMIHER (DU)/IEC/2023/584
No data are associated with this article.
I would like to thank my institute, my Guide, HOD and my colleagues.
1- Proof reading is required, inappropriate use of grammar, punctuation in some sentences
2- Where are the micro tensile bond strength data? there must be some graphs from the universal tensile machine software.
3- I appreciate that this is a method development study. However, since the authors have conducted statistics, I expect the data and the stats available in the main text. I cant find them anywhere! any explanation please ?
Is the study design appropriate for the research question?
Yes
Is the rationale for, and objectives of, the study clearly described?
Yes
Are sufficient details of the methods provided to allow replication by others?
Partly
Are the datasets clearly presented in a useable and accessible format?
Partly
Reviewer Expertise:
Dental Implantology, Nano coatings, Nano Dentistry, Dental Biomaterials, Antibacterial Biomaterials, Oral Surgery
I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above.
Proofreading is required, inappropriate use of grammar, and punctuation in some sentences Where are the micro tensile bond strength data? there must be some graphs from the universal tensile machine software. I appreciate that this is a method development study. However, since the authors have conducted statistics, I expect the data and the stats available in the main text. I can't find them anywhere! any explanation, please?
Answer for the first query - The grammar correction and the proofreading have been done. According to the Grammarly app, the version 2 has more than 95% accuracy.
Answer for the second query- This is the protocol and the method of testing microtensile bond strength designed for the study to be conducted further and so the data and graphs related to same will be posted once the study is performed according to this protocol adopted.
Answer for the third query- As this is a research protocol the statistics mentioned here are for sample size calculation which will be used further for original research, the details of which will be published in the original article.
Thank you for your valuable response.
Proofreading is required, inappropriate use of grammar, and punctuation in some sentences Where are the micro tensile bond strength data? there must be some graphs from the universal tensile machine software. I appreciate that this is a method development study. However, since the authors have conducted statistics, I expect the data and the stats available in the main text. I can't find them anywhere! any explanation, please?
Answer for the first query - The grammar correction and the proofreading have been done. According to the Grammarly app, the version 2 has more than 95% accuracy.
Answer for the second query- This is the protocol and the method of testing microtensile bond strength designed for the study to be conducted further and so the data and graphs related to same will be posted once the study is performed according to this protocol adopted.
Answer for the third query- As this is a research protocol the statistics mentioned here are for sample size calculation which will be used further for original research, the details of which will be published in the original article.
Thank you for your valuable response.
Accepted