Sepsis is a severe and potentially lethal organ dysfunction often produced by an inadequate host response to an infection. ¹ Neonates are a unique cohort of populations showing differences in physiology and immunology between children and adults. Even though the last decade has shown a substantial reduction in neonatal mortality globally, septicemia continues to be a significant contributor, accounting for 11 million neonatal deaths yearly. ² In neonates the onset of sepsis is often quiet with minimal unclear and nonspecific signs. An accurate and early diagnosis plays a critical role. It is for this purpose that a host of novel biomarkers are being explored. The most significant aspect is that they are markers of adaptive immunological responses that are not well established during the initial post-natal period. The gold standard for organism isolation remains to be blood culture. Nevertheless, the culture results are only available after 48 hours and, sometimes, fail to show the growth of microbes despite the clear clinical picture of sepsis. Hence, neonatal sepsis remains challenging for clinicians to ensure accurate diagnosis at the appropriate time.

Calprotectin, also known as MRP 8/14, S100A8/S100A9, is a zinc and calcium-binding protein heterodimer. It is primarily located in the cytosolic neutrophil fraction and comprises nearly 30-40% of the protein content. ³ It is released into the circulation due to exocytosis of granules from activated neutrophils. ⁴ Calprotectin intracellular roles include activation of neutrophilic NADPH oxidase and cytoskeletal regulation of phagocyte migration. ^{5 , 6} It contains apoptosis-inducing, antibacterial, proinflammatory, and oxidant-scavenging properties. ^{7 , 8} In vitro studies have demonstrated bacteriostatic, fungi-static, and resistance to enzymatic degradation. Calprotectin elevation in extracellular fluids of inflammatory disorders such as abscesses, cystic fibrosis, and rheumatoid arthritis have been reported. ^{9 – 12}

Calprotectin is secreted into circulation by innate immune system cells immediately following a host-pathogen interaction. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test can detect it. Its potential use in the diagnosis of various inflammatory diseases is being investigated. Earlier studies have shown different cut-off levels, varying sensitivity, and specificity of serum calprotectin in detecting sepsis in neonates. ^{13 – 16} The literature on its diagnostic value in newborn sepsis in the Indian context is, however, scarce.

Procalcitonin is one of the most widely studied markers in sepsis. Monocytes and hepatocytes produce procalcitonin, which rises within four hours and has a half-life between 25 and 30 hours. ¹⁷ It is thus a reliable indicator of sepsis compared to conventional markers.

According to a comprehensive review and meta-analysis by Vouloumanou et al., procalcitonin has a pooled sensitivity and specificity of 81% and 79% in identifying newborn sepsis. ¹⁸ According to a recent meta-analysis by Ruan et al., procalcitonin paired with C-reactive protein (CRP) or presepsin was more accurate in diagnosing newborn sepsis. They also stated the various cut-off levels used to define neonatal sepsis ranged from 0.5 to 2.2 ng/ml. ¹⁹ Procalcitonin levels increase physiologically in the first 24 hours of life, with elevations additionally seen in non-infectious causes such as trauma, surgery, and respiratory distress syndrome. These confounding factors limit the utility of procalcitonin in neonatal sepsis, specifically in early-onset sepsis. ¹⁵

This study aimed to estimate calprotectin levels in newborns with clinical sepsis and compare its diagnostic accuracy with other sepsis markers such as blood culture, CRP, and serum procalcitonin.

Of the 83 neonates included, 63% (52/83) were male, 79.5% (66/83) were inborn babies, and 54% (45/83) were delivered by cesarean section. The median gestational age was 37.4 (IQR 34.9-39.14) weeks. The median birth weight was 2,100 (IQR: 1,600–2,800) grams. There were 47 term babies (term AGA: 32, Term SGA: 15) and 36 preterm babies (Preterm AGA: 13, Preterm SGA: 21, and Preterm LGA: 2). Sepsis was early onset (<72 hours) in 36 and late-onset (>72 hours) in 49 babies. The predominant risk factor for sepsis was preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) in 15, prolonged rupture of membranes (PROM) in 6, and maternal urinary tract infections (UTI) in 3 cases. The median length of stay in the NICU was 6 (IQR: 5–11) days. The median values of CRP, TLC, serum calprotectin, and serum procalcitonin are presented in Table 1. ²²

Among the clinical criteria for suspecting clinical sepsis in neonates ( Figure 2), respiratory instability was present in 68% (56/83), cardiovascular and gastrointestinal instability in 59% (49/83) and 51% (42/83) cases, respectively. While petechial rash or sclerema was visible in 16% (26/83) of newborns, temperature instability (hypo/hyperthermia) was identified in 19% (29/83) of cases.

Increased oxygen requirement, tachypnea, and apnea were found in 41% (34/83), 36.1% (30/83), and 16.8% (14/83) cases, respectively. Impaired peripheral perfusion was seen in 45% (37/83) of neonates and was the most common clinical sign of sepsis noted in this study. Tachycardia, hypotension, and skin mottling were seen in 21.6% (18/83), 9.6% (8/83), and 20.4% (17/83) neonates, respectively. Poor feeding was the most common gastrointestinal presentation noted in 28.9% (24/83) neonates, followed by feed intolerance and abdominal distension in 22.8% (19/83) and 9.6% (8/83) cases, respectively. The median (IQR) serum calprotectin levels in neonates with the presence and absence of GI symptoms were 0.9 (0.68-1.24) and 0.95(0.67-1.33), respectively, the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.58).

Blood culture was positive in 36.1% (30/83) of newborns. Among the 30 culture-positive cases, we found bacterial growth in 76% (23/30) and fungal sepsis (Candida species) in 24% (7/30) of newborns. Among the bacterial sepsis, Klebsiella and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were isolated in six cases each, followed by Acinetobacter in four patients. Further, we documented Citrobacter and Pseudomonas growth in three cases each and Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus in one case.

The median (IQR) serum calprotectin levels in term and preterm neonates were 1(0.67-1.33) and 0.85(0.67-1.23), respectively, and this was not statistically significant (p=0.49). Similarly, we found no significant difference in the response of serum calprotectin levels between SGA versus AGA neonates and in bacterial versus fungal sepsis.

Table 2 compares the median serum calprotectin, procalcitonin levels, and conventional markers of sepsis among the blood culture-positive and culture-negative cases. The differences in the median values of serum calprotectin, procalcitonin, TLC, and I/T ratio between blood culture-positive and culture-negative groups were not statistically significant.

The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.39 (S.E. 0.06, p=0.1, CI=0.27 to 0.51) when serum calprotectin was compared to blood culture using a ROC curve ( Figure 3). We determined the sensitivity and specificity to be 50% and 44%, respectively, at a cut-off level of 0.83 ng/ml. The serum calprotectin ROC curve exhibited an AUC of 0.536 (S.E. 0.08, p=0.69, CI=0.37 to 0.70) compared to CRP ( Figure 4). We discovered the sensitivity and specificity to be 57% and 67%, respectively, at a cut-off level of 0.89 ng/ml of calprotectin.

Figure 5 displays the ROC curve contrasting serum calprotectin levels and procalcitonin. The AUC was 0.627 (S.E. 0.09, p=0.20, CI=0.45 to 0.80). We determined the sensitivity and specificity to be 60% and 73% at a 1.2 ng/ml cut-off level of serum calprotectin.

Calprotectin is an innate immune marker; thus, we investigated its significance as a biological marker for the early diagnosis of newborn septicemia. We conducted the study in a district tertiary maternity hospital that provides medical facilities to in and around the Dakshina Kannada district. Many deliveries occur daily with a high probability of developing drug-resistant strains in the hospital environment. The study population primarily comprised SGA babies (term SGA: 15 and preterm SGA: 21). We found the median serum calprotectin levels in clinically septic neonates to be 0.93 ng/ml (IQR 0.67–1.3). Earlier studies documented the median or mean serum calprotectin levels in septic, non-septic, and control neonates. ^{13 – 16 , 23} The varied broad range of reported values may be because of the differences in the kit employed for estimation.

We observed that the serum calprotectin levels did not show statistically significant difference between culture-positive and negative groups, calprotectin being marginally higher in blood culture-positive group. In contrast, previous studies found higher calprotectin levels in blood culture positive groups compared to negative groups, ^{14 – 16 , 23 with statistically significant differences. 13 , 23 Contrary to previous research, we were unable to determine the precise reason why our study cohort had lower median serum calprotectin levels. Possible explanations included earlier studies that evaluated serum calprotectin in particular neonatal groups, namely very low birth weight 13 and late-onset sepsis. 23 The current study, however, comprised a broad sample of newborns with early and late-onset sepsis and a range of birth weights, offering a unique perspective that calls for further subgroup research. Furthermore, the kits used in various studies were different.}

Respiratory instability was the most common manifestation seen in more than two thirds of cases (68%) in our study and was similar to the survey by Attia et al. ¹⁵ In the current study, calprotectin levels did not significantly differ between males and females, which is consistent with other research. ^{15 , 23}

Blood culture-positive cases contributed to 36.5% of the neonates in our research and are in line with the expected culture-positivity rates of 10 to 30% in neonatal sepsis. ²⁴ Previous studies have documented blood culture-positive cases in 19.5% ¹⁴ , 16.6% ²³ and 75% ¹⁵ cases. The most common isolates in the present study were Klebsiella and MRSA and were concurrent with the published literature. ^{14 , 15}

It is indeed surprising to note the type of bacterial isolates without antibiotic exposure. Similar to our study, Terrin et al. ¹³ documented 52 culture-positive proven sepsis in neonates, with six neonates showing growth of candida. These rare Acinetobacter, Citrobacter, and Candida growths were predominantly present in preterm SGA neonates and a single-term SGA baby. We found risk factors such as preterm SGA babies, birth weight less than 1500 grams, intravascular/umbilical catheterization, and NICU stay greater than seven days were prone to have culture-proven sepsis in our study, similar to previous research by Shete et al., ²⁵ and Arora et al. ²⁶

The literature search does not document the serum calprotectin responses in SGA versus AGA neonates or term versus preterm babies. An earlier article by Bartakova et al., ²⁷ demonstrated the serum concentration of calprotectin to be higher in bacterial sepsis when compared to viral infections; however, limited literature is available on serum calprotectin responses between bacterial versus fungal sepsis.

When compared with CRP, blood culture, and serum procalcitonin levels, the ROC curves generated sensitivity and specificity levels with cut-off values of serum calprotectin to detect neonatal sepsis. In the current study, serum calprotectin had a sensitivity of 60% and specificity of 73% compared to serum procalcitonin in identifying newborn sepsis at a 1.2 ng/ml cut-off. There is limited literature that compares serum calprotectin with serum procalcitonin levels in neonates.

Our study showed poor sensitivity and specificity concerning the gold standard blood culture. The correlation of serum calprotectin with blood culture was not documented in previous studies. ^{13 – 16 , 23}

Serum calprotectin had sensitivity between 42.5–92% and specificity between 70–96% with cut-off levels between 1.4 to 38.3 μg/ml, as per earlier studies. ^{13 – 16 , 23}

This study’s limitations were the lack of a control group for comparison, the relatively smaller sample size, and the sensitivity and detection range of the ELISA kit used to estimate serum calprotectin. Further multicenter studies involving a larger population of neonates are warranted given broad ranges of mean/median values of serum calprotectin, varied ranges of sensitivity and specificity with different cut-off values, and due to varying usages of kits in various studies.

Serum calprotectin is not superior to existing sepsis markers. Serum calprotectin levels equal to and above 1.2 ng/ml had a sensitivity of 60% and specificity of 73% compared to serum procalcitonin in detecting sepsis in our neonatal population.