Formalin is an ideal embalming fluid used in the preservation of the human body since it acts as a biocide by coagulating the bacterial protoplasm and is a powerful germicide. It preserves tissues by making new complex molecules that are unfit for the growth of microorganisms.

Medical students who are exposed to formaldehyde (FA) during their dissection course ( Shiraishi 2006) have reported various physical symptoms, such as burning eyes, lacrimation, irritation of airways, and dermatitis. FA has attracted attention as a health hazard for students and instructors, as FA concentrations in the air of gross anatomy laboratories often exceed permissible limits. On an average, students and instructors are exposed to 5.59 ppm FA, for which the maximum permissible exposure limit, according to OSHA PEL guidelines, is 0.75 ppm—essentially more than 7 times the maximum amount—and is more than 69 times greater than the recommended levels of FA exposure in the short-term and long-term (0.08 ppm) according to the Indoor Air Quality Guidelines set by the WHO ( Zuber et al. 2022; CDC n.d.; Nielsen et al. 2017). Long-term FA exposure in indoor air has been found to be carcinogenic, potentially leading to nasopharyngeal carcinoma and leukemia ( Shiraishi 2006; Zuber et al. 2022; CDC n.d.; Nielsen et al. 2017; Matheson et al. 2023). High-quality indoor air cleaners can be utilized to reduce FA levels in the air with various types of air cleaners, such as activated carbon, negative ion and photocatalytic cleaners; however, these cleaners consume vast amount of electrical power (between 39.1 W and 79.2 W), can cause secondary FA pollution, are very expensive (between $147 and $721), and are inadequate for reducing FA concentrations to meet WHO guidelines. This makes them ineffective to use in an anatomy dissection hall ( Chen et al. 2007). Students and faculty utilize N95 masks as a precautionary method against the COVID-19 pandemic and wear them even in the anatomy dissection hall; however, N95 masks seem to be ineffectual at reducing FA levels to WHO standards, and hence, they fail to provide any additional benefit against the effects of FA ( Chan et al. 2016). Plants affect the levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in indoor environments; thus, they represent a potentially cheaper, non-electricity-consuming and greener solution for improving indoor air quality ( Shaham et al. 2003; Peterson et al. 2023). Studies of plants that reduce indoor pollution have recommended that 15 to 18 plants in 6 to 8-inch-diameter containers are required to clean the air in an average of 1,800 square foot houses. There is approximately one plant per 100 square feet of floor space ( Dela Cruz et al. 2014). Studies have indicated that the average FA absorption rate of certain plants is 674 micrograms per hour for Spathiphyllum (peace lily) and 1304 micrograms per hour for Dracaena trifasciata/Sansevieria (variegated snake plant) ( Wolverton and Wolverton 1993). The FA concentration in the atmosphere is affected by and directly proportional to the temperature and humidity of the air, the correlation coefficient between temperature and emission factors is greater than 0.83, and the correlation coefficient between relative humidity and emission factors is greater than 0.98 ( Parthasarathy et al. 2011).

Previous studies have mentioned the usage of potted ornamental plants in the reduction of FA pollution in indoor settings, and the deleterious effects of FA on individuals, especially medical students and teaching faculty in the anatomy dissection hall, no study thus far has dealt with uniting the two, by utilizing a cheap, effective and green way of reducing FA concentration in the anatomy dissection hall.

On observing Figure 2, plotted with the plants across the x-axis and concentration of FA across the y-axis and values from Table 1, the following inference could be made regarding the FA concentration measured in the storage room: 1.

When Dracaena trifasciata is present, the concentration in the room was 0.03 ppm less than when there is an absence of the plant.

Hence, according to the results obtained, Dracaena trifasciata had the greatest negative effect on FA levels and helped to reduce FA concentration, while Epipremnum aureum and Spathiphyllum had a comparatively different effect in its efficacy of reducing FA levels.

The P value for Dracaena trifasciata was 0.06, that for Epipremnum aureum was 0.02, and that for Spathiphyllum was <0.01.

The regressions of Epipremnum aureum and Spathiphyllum were calculated, and both had nonsignificant increase in formaldehyde levels in the air compared with the absence of plants in the storage room.

Hence, Dracaena trifasciata fails to reject/invalidate the null hypothesis, while Epipremnum aureum and Spathiphyllum reject/invalidate the null hypothesis but have a slight positive effect on the FA level, there was an increase in the FA levels in the storage room, which is contrary to what we were trying to establish.

Additional spatial analysis revealed subtle variations in formaldehyde concentration relative to plant placement. While plants were arranged equidistantly, micro-variations in ambient formaldehyde levels were observed, suggesting potential localized absorption effects that warrant further investigation.

Earlier studies conducted by multiple authors such as Teiri et al. (2018), Dela Cruz et al. (2014), Kim et al. (2008) and Wolverton and Wolverton (1993) have shown that potted ornamental plants seem to have a significant negative correlation with the FA levels. Spathiphyllum and Dracaena trifasciata in question have been shown to reduce FA significantly ( Wolverton and Wolverton 1993); however, these same results were not reciprocated in this particular study. We did find a decrease in FA levels when Dracaena trifasciata was kept in the storage room; however, this change was not the same for the other 2 species of plants. While the efficacy of the Epipremnum aureum has not been particularly accurately described or reviewed in the literature, it is expected to reduce FA as well. All 3 plants failed to bring the average FA concentration in the storage room to levels deemed safe by WHO standards. However, the average FA levels in the storage room, whether there were any of the 3 plants or no plants at all, satisfied the OSHA standards. A similar result was also observed in previous studies ( Gahukar et al. 2014). The weak positive correlation observed might be attributed to complex environmental interactions. Factors such as room temperature (ranging from 26.3-33.4°C), humidity variations (67-85%), and specific room configuration could significantly influence plant performance in formaldehyde absorption.

Temperature and humidity have a positive correlation with FA concentration, as observed in earlier literature ( Parthasarathy et al. 2011), which indicates a similar positive correlation. The efficacy of the indoor plants Spathiphyllum, Dracaena trifasciata and Epipremnum aureum in reducing FA levels in ambient air contradicts the findings of earlier studies and can be explained on the basis of the following hypothesis. In previous studies ( Teiri et al. 2018; Dela Cruz et al. 2014; Kim et al. 2008; Wolverton and Wolverton 1993), a constant amount of FA was pumped into a chamber; however, in the present study the FA present in the storage room in the anatomy dissection hall was evaluated and we wanted to determine the true efficacy of using potted plants in a real-time scenario. Humidity and temperature are clearly positively correlated with FA concentration, both in this study and in earlier studies ( Parthasarathy et al. 2011). However, the effects of these compounds on plant FA absorption and metabolism have not been determined. During the study period, conducted in the summer season, temperature ranged between 26.3-33.4°C with humidity levels of 67-85%. Movement within the storage room was strictly controlled, maximum 2-3 personnel entries per day, entry duration limited to 5 minutes were the protocols implemented to minimize air disturbance and maintain experimental integrity.

These controlled conditions aim to minimize external variables that might influence formaldehyde concentration and plant absorption capabilities. Future studies could explore how varying environmental parameters impact plant-mediated formaldehyde reduction. Previous studies ( Dela Cruz et al. 2014) have indicated the use of 1 plant per 100 sq. feet, which is the rationale behind putting 7 plants in the 700 sq. feet storage room, the conditions in the earlier study (controlled environment with known, constant quantities of FA) and this particular study (a real-time environment) differed, and a greater number of plants could impact the results of the study in a radically different way. While utilizing indoor plants for air purification, we should acknowledge potential health risks associated with certain species. Epipremnum aureum and Spathiphyllum contain calcium oxalate, which can cause mild toxicity if ingested. To mitigate risks plants should be positioned away from direct human contact areas and warning signs should be placed near plant locations on the inhibition of ingestion along with regular monitoring ensuring minimal risk to students and faculty.

Studies conducted for longer duration could yield different results, as potted ornamental plants become sensitized to FA and hence metabolize and remove more FA over time if they are constantly exposed to it ( Wolverton and Wolverton 1993).

Considering the ill effects which long term exposure to FA could lead to as an occupational hazard ( Onyeka et al. 2018); causing decreased pulmonary functions in faculty and medical students exposed to FA during anatomy dissection ( Homwutthiwong and Ongwandee 2017) we hope to bring about a change in the working environment naturally. We plan to continue this study bearing the confounding factors in mind, scaling up the number of potted plants and hope that we could get an ideal environment where FA concentrations would not affect our health and learning would continue as usual. Researchers can explore the potential beneficial effects of indoor plants on reducing atmospheric pollutants, namely, FA, by such cost-effective methods. By delving deeper into this field and obtaining an ideal number and variety of plants for economically improving the air quality, especially in places with maximum exposure to FA, we hope to bring a positive change to those exposed to FA.

The efficacy of using indoor plants for reducing FA levels needs to be further explored since studies conducted in ambient air are rare, unlike prior studies conducted in controlled environments. While our initial study used a 14-day exposure period, future research should explore longer-term plant interactions with formaldehyde to comprehensively understand their air purification potential as well as increase the number of potted plants utilized. Future studies with expanded plant varieties, and implementing longer exposure periods (3-6 months) as well as investigating environmental variable impacts on plant air purification efficiency would enhance indoor air management.

The protocol was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC 343/2022) Kasturba Medical College and Kasturba Hospitals, Manipal on July 14, 2022. Though the study did not involve cadavers directly, however the specimen storage room was utilized and written informed consent was given by the body donors for teaching and research when they were alive.