Cognitive abilities such as working memory and spatial learning are fundamental to high-level intellectual pursuits, including chess performance and scientific innovation. The WWC1 gene, also known as KIBRA, has attracted considerable attention after its association with enhanced episodic memory and working memory was reported in previous genome-wide association studies ( Ahmetov et al., 2023; Papassotiropoulos et al., 2006). Carriers of the T allele at the rs17070145 polymorphism show superior performance in cognitive tasks, a finding that has been replicated across diverse populations. These cognitive advantages are thought to contribute to the remarkable achievements observed in elite chess players and scientists ( Ahmetov et al., 2023).

While the genetic association of WWC1 with cognition is well established, the biological mechanisms underlying these effects remain incompletely understood. WWC1 is a cytosolic scaffold protein that participates in the regulation of the Hippo signaling pathway through interactions with key partners such as LATS1/2 kinases, AMOT proteins, and atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) ( Höffken et al., 2021). Notably, the Uniprot database indicates that DDR1 is a homodimeric subunit capable of interacting with WWC1 via a PPxY motif and that DDR1 can form tripartite complexes with WWC1 and PRKCZ, particularly under collagen-regulated conditions ( The UniProt Consortium, 2024). WWC1 (KIBRA) was also reported to interact with DDR1 to modulate collagen-induced signaling in breast tissue ( Hilton et al., 2008), which is consistent with the formation of a complex. In addition, DDR1 engages in interactions with several other proteins (e.g., SHC1, SRC, MYH9, CDH1, PTPN11, NCK2), highlighting its role as a nexus in signaling pathways that affect cell adhesion, migration, and potentially neural plasticity ( The UniProt Consortium, 2024).

Proteins rarely act in isolation; they form complexes defining specific cellular functions. Therefore, characterizing the interaction partners of WWC1 can provide mechanistic insight into how genetic variations in the WWC1 gene might influence cognition. To address this, we combined high-throughput proteomics with an AI-based complex scoring algorithm to quantify protein complexes in plasma samples from the VIKING I cohort, part of Viking Genes. This cohort, derived from a geographically isolated population in the Shetland Isles, offers a unique genetic landscape to study subtle molecular phenotypes. Our study thus aims to bridge the gap between genetic associations and protein interaction networks, thereby validating the contribution of WWC1-involved complexes to human cognitive function.

The inferred phenotypic scores for the three WWC1-containing complexes were statistically uncorrelated with the bulk WWC1 protein phenotype itself, with all absolute correlation coefficients less than 0.05 ( P > 0.5 ). Except for the marginally significant correlation between age and DDR1-WWC1 complex ( R = − 0.15 , P = 0.034 ), no significant association between WWC1 or the three protein complexes with age or sex was detected.

After adjusting for age and sex, bulk plasma WWC1 levels were not significantly associated with cognitive g factor ( P = 0.071 ) ( Figure 1a). However, the WWC1-containing protein complexes were associated with cognitive g, with two complexes reaching significance ( P < 0.05 ) and one showing marginal associations ( P < 0.1 ) ( Figure 1b). Notably, even after adjusting for educational attainment, the DDR1-WWC1 complex remained significantly associated with cognitive g: One standard deviation (SD) change in the normalized DDR1-WWC1 complex score was associated with a 14% SD difference in cognitive g ( P = 0.024 ) ( Figure 1c). No significant interaction effects were observed between complex scores and covariates such as age, sex, or educational attainment.

We set out to validate previous genetic findings implicating the WWC1 ( KIBRA) gene in cognitive performance by exploring the proteomic architecture of WWC1-containing complexes. While earlier research has robustly linked the KIBRA T allele at rs17070145 with enhanced working memory, spatial ability, and achievements in chess and STEM ( Ahmetov et al., 2023; Papassotiropoulos et al., 2006), our work extends these findings by demonstrating that it is not the total plasma level of WWC1, but rather its participation in specific protein complexes, that is associated with cognitive g factor.

These findings align with and extend the current understanding of WWC1 (KIBRA), a known regulator of the Hippo pathway implicated in both cell proliferation and neural plasticity. Indeed, common genetic variants in WWC1 have been strongly associated with human memory performance, suggesting a pivotal role for KIBRA in cognition ( Papassotiropoulos et al., 2006). By demonstrating that WWC1 interacted with DDR1 and PRKCZ, we confirm and expand on prior research indicating that KIBRA operates within multiprotein networks to modulate cognitive pathways. In cellular models, KIBRA binds DDR1, and together with PKC ζ (the product of PRKCZ), forms a complex that governs downstream signaling ( Hilton et al., 2008). This convergence of our findings with earlier studies underscores the importance of WWC1’s protein-protein interactions in shaping brain-related phenotypes and corroborates existing literature on KIBRA’s role in cognitive function.

Importantly, our protein-protein interaction analyses uncover associations that might be missed by single-protein approaches. Neither DDR1 nor PRKCZ protein has emerged as a strong individual contributor to cognition in previous genomic studies, yet their interaction via the WWC1 protein significantly correlates with cognitive performance. This highlights the value of examining protein complexes or pathways rather than isolated genes when exploring the genetic architecture of complex traits. The DDR1-WWC1 complex, in particular, emerged as a significant predictor of cognitive performance even after controlling for sex, age, and educational attainment. The formation of a DDR1-PRKCZ-WWC1 tripartite complex has been suggested to occur predominantly in the absence of collagen, further supporting a dynamic regulation of WWC1 function ( The UniProt Consortium, 2024). Our finding that the DDR1-WWC1 complex score was associated with cognitive g provided an important molecular link between previously observed genetic associations and protein-level interactions.

The significance of protein complexes in mediating cognitive traits is underscored by the fact that individual proteins often exert their function within larger multiprotein assemblies ( Höffken et al., 2021). In our analysis, the AI-based algorithm enabled the quantification of thousands of protein complexes from high-throughput proteomic data, illustrating the power of combining modern proteomic techniques with machine learning to unravel complex biological networks.

Our results align with the established role of WWC1 in the regulation of the Hippo pathway, which has been implicated in both cell proliferation and neural plasticity ( Höffken et al., 2021). Moreover, the finding that WWC1’s involvement in cognition is mediated by its specific protein-protein interactions resonates with that scaffolding proteins serve as crucial nodes for signal transduction and cellular regulation ( Papassotiropoulos et al., 2006).

Several limitations of this study should be noted. The observational design does not confirm causality, and unmeasured confounding or population stratification may influence our findings. Although we attempted to mitigate such factors by adjusting for sex, age, and education, further research is needed to establish a causal link between the complexes and cognition. Additionally, the moderate sample size and the inherent challenges in translating plasma protein levels to central nervous system processes. Nevertheless, the distinct association of the DDR1-WWC1 complex with cognitive performance supports the utility of the protein complex as a complementary biomarker to genetic studies. Although our study provides promising initial evidence linking e.g., the DDR1-WWC1 protein complex with cognitive performance, another limitation is the lack of replication. Future studies in other Scottish cohorts, possibly with larger sample sizes and extended cognitive phenotyping, are planned to validate these associations.

In conclusion, this study not only validates the link between the WWC1 gene and cognitive ability but also highlights the importance of studying its interaction partners rather than merely the bulk protein levels. These provide insights for future research to explore the mechanistic pathways linking protein complexes to cognitive phenotypes and may contribute to the development of novel biomarkers for cognitive performance and related neurological conditions.

All participants gave informed consent, and the study was approved by the Southeast Scotland Research Ethics Committee, NHS Lothian (Date: 23 Oct 2019; Reference: 12/SS/0151). The authors confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained in written forms, that the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients, or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals.

The R software used for data analysis is available from: https://www.r-project.org/.