Europe PMC is a comprehensive database of life science literature. It contains abstracts from PubMed and Agricola, full text articles from PubMed Central and content from 35 life science relevant preprint servers including bioRxiv and medRxiv. The database contains a total of over 45 million articles, and the full text of the article is searchable for 10 million of those. Literature in Europe PMC is enriched by over 2 billion text-mined annotations. Annotations are references to biomedical entities or concepts such as gene/protein names and diseases, extracted from the literature using a variety of methods. In total there are 43 different categories of annotation. These entities are normalised to an entry in a database. For example, species names are normalised to the NCBI taxonomy. These annotations are made available via a public REST API. ³

A number of tools to assist biocurators have been developed. PubTator permits users to search based on six types of text mined ‘bioentities’–genes, diseases, chemicals, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), species and cell lines–against the PubMed and PubMed Central databases. ⁴ Users are further able to search based on 12 types of text mined interactions between bio entities; for example drug interactions between two chemicals or causation between a SNP and a disease. It also allows users to gather articles into user defined ‘collections’.

LitSuggest uses machine learning (ML) to suggest similar articles to those selected by the user. ⁵ Articles identified by the trained model can then be marked as relevant or irrelevant to further refine the model. In the context of curation, this permits biocurators to submit a list of articles they have already curated and ideally find further ‘curatable’ articles.

Tools using large language models (LLMs) to search and summarise literature have also emerged, ⁶ however, these tools have yet to be comprehensively assessed in the context of biocuration. Given the impact of LLMs like ChatGPT on the wider technology landscape it seems inevitable that biocurators will use LLM based tools. However, their propensity for factual errors remains an open problem, and presents a challenge to deploying them on biocuration tasks, where statements must be reliably attributed. ⁷

Development of LitSieve began with the goal of providing an interface to Europe PMC with improved utility for biocurators. The initial concept being that curators may prefer not to use certain ML-based suggestion or recommendation systems, due to their ‘black box’ nature. ⁸ An internal survey of biocurators was conducted to understand their usage of literature search tools and the types of literature they were interested in. Possible features were discussed, and curators were observed while completing tasks. As development progressed, feedback from biocurators was incorporated into the prerelease versions at each stage.

The LitSieve system is based upon retrieval using a user-specified search query, the results of which are filtered as chosen by the user. This concept prioritises the explainability of the results, since it is clear to users exactly why a particular article has been included or excluded from their search results: Only search results which are retrieved by their boolean search term are included and, of those, only those that match all the filters are displayed in the search results. Therefore, the reason for the inclusion or exclusion of a particular article is always transparent (see Figure 1c for an illustration of a matching search result).

Although ML is used to identify many of the text mined annotations used to filter, this approach reduces the scope of the ‘black box’ area of the retrieval system, it is smaller and more comprehensible. This modular, filter-based concept also enables additional filters to be developed and added, fitting within the same architecture.

IntAct is a molecular interaction database. ¹¹ It is essentially a graph of interacting molecules, with the vertices being biologically active molecules like proteins, and the edges denoting some kind of interaction between a pair of them. IntAct is manually curated; every interaction has been captured by a biocurator. This is a time intensive process, and given the available resources, prioritisation is necessary because not every possible interaction published can be incorporated into the database. As a strategic goal, IntAct has prioritised adding new molecules to the database (increasing the number of vertices) over adding edges between molecules already in the database, prioritising coverage over increasing the number of evidences for known relationships. Therefore, it is desirable to find literature that discusses protein–protein interactions where at least one of the proteins is not yet listed in IntAct.

LitSieve enables the IntAct biocurators to filter out articles that will not add new molecules to the database. After performing a literature search, an ‘ignore’ filter that lists UniProt identifiers for all proteins already present in IntAct can be applied. This will filter out any article that does NOT mention at least one protein not in the list specified by the user. That is, only articles mentioning proteins new to IntAct will be shown in the result list. While this does not guarantee that the article will discuss a curatable protein interaction, it will filter out articles which certainly do not increase the number of proteins covered by IntAct. In this way, LitSieve enables IntAct curators to perform literature searches constructed using their experience while benefiting from the text-mined annotations in Europe PMC to speed up their triage of the results. A step by step illustration of this workflow is available at 10.5281/zenodo.15682791.

UniProt is a data resource for protein sequence and functional information. One component of UniProt is the SwissProt subset of the UniProt knowledgebase (UniProtKB/SwissProt). This is a curated resource summarising experimental and computationally predicted functional information selected and reviewed by an expert biocurator. In order to carry out this work, UniProt biocurators search for, and read, literature related to the proteins which they are tasked with creating and updating records for.

LitSieve has been used to curate proteins related to antimicrobial resistance into UniProt. The ability to filter search results based on species is beneficial during triage to sift out articles not related to the entry being curated. Since a single species may be referred to by multiple different names (for example, mouse, mice, M. musculus, Mus musculus), filtering based on concept rather than exact text matches can save time and effort during the triage process.