This study used a non-experimental, cross-sectional research design to examine the relationship between anxiety-related emotional disorders, self-esteem, and obesity among children, as well as to determine the role of anxiety-related emotional disorders and self-esteem in predicting childhood obesity in China. In this study, a random sampling technique was used. Children between the ages of 6 and 12 who attend counselling facilities in Hefei City, Anhui Province, served as the basis for the sampling frame. To guarantee that every eligible child had an equal chance of being included, participants were chosen using a straightforward random sampling technique. The representativeness of the larger population should be interpreted cautiously, though, as there may be selection bias because the sample was taken from particular counselling centers.

G*Power software was used to calculate the sample size based on a multiple linear regression model. A medium effect size (f2 = 0.15), a statistical power of 0.80, and an alpha level of 0.05 were used in an a priori power analysis. Six predictors were chosen, matching the independent variables in the regression model (i.e., self-esteem and five dimensions related to anxiety). According to the analysis, a minimum sample size of 98 participants was needed. In order to guarantee adequate statistical power for identifying significant effects, the final sample size of 136 participants was deemed sufficient.

Children who met the set criterias were recruited as participants, inclusion criteria are (a) China citizen, (b) 6-12 years old, (c) currently residing in Anhui, Hefei Province, (d) the absence of any diagnosed psychiatric or neurological disorders, (e) willing to participate in this study, (f) signing the consent form by parents.

To make sure that participants are truly informed, the information letter lists the research title, research purpose, benefits and risks of participating in this research, along with the consent form, which was used to protect the rights of participants. Participants were able to give informed consent from their parents. A total of 25 minutes was allotted for the questionnaires regarding obesity, anxiety and self-esteem. Participants were informed that they would remain anonymous while answering the questionnaires and the responses were confidential as well. No incentives were offered, avoiding undue influence. The researchers declare no conflicts of interest related to this study. No external funding was received; the research was self-funded by the authors, ensuring independence in study design, data analysis, and reporting.

Obesity

The study used the “Chinese screening for overweight and obesity among school-age children and adolescents” from the “Health Industry Standards of the People’s Republic of China” to identify obesity. This standard is recommended by Dang et al. ⁸ for its prioritization in diagnosing obesity in Chinese children. It has been widely adopted in research on obesity screening for children and adolescents in China, proving its effectiveness and reliability. ⁹ According to China’s National Health Council’s standards for children aged 6-18, BMI is evaluated against age- and gender-specific thresholds: Overweight: BMI ≥ P85 threshold but < P95 threshold. Obesity: BMI ≥ P95 threshold.

Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders (SCARED)

The SCARED tool, closely related to the DSM, consists of 41 items. It effectively distinguishes between the five types of anxiety: Panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and school avoidance. ¹⁰ The Chinese version, revised in 2008, is suitable for assessing anxiety symptoms in Chinese children and adolescents aged 6-18 years in China. ¹¹ Its strong psychometric properties, including significant validity and reliability across various populations, have been well-documented in scholarly research. ¹²

The Children’s Self-esteem Scale

The CSES, developed by Wei Yunhua, was administered to primary and secondary school students in China and has an internal consistency coefficient of 0.69, indicating high reliability. ^{13, 14} It consists of 26 items scored on a 5-point Likert scale, with higher scores indicating higher self-esteem. The CSES includes reverse-scoring items and measures appearance, sports, ability, sense of achievement, discipline, and public morality/helping others. Scores are categorized into three groups: high self-esteem, middle group, and low self-esteem.

The instruments used in this study have shown satisfactory psychometric properties and have previously been validated in the Chinese context. The Children’s Self-Esteem Scale (CSES) has been reported to have acceptable internal consistency, and the Chinese version of the SCARED has demonstrated good validity and reliability in previous studies. To make sure the questionnaire items were appropriate and clear, a pilot study was also carried out with participants before the main data collection. Good internal consistency was further confirmed by reliability analysis from the current study; Cronbach’s alpha coefficients are presented in the following result section.

Preliminary analyses included descriptive statistics to summarize the sample characteristics and the main study variables. Pearson correlation analysis was used to explore the relationships between anxiety-related emotional disorders, self-esteem, and obesity. This analysis helped to identify the strength and direction of the associations between these variables, providing insight into how anxiety and self-esteem are related to obesity in children.

Important presumptions were examined before the regression analysis was performed. Skewness and kurtosis values were used to determine the dependent variable’s normality, and scatterplots of standardised residuals were used to determine its linearity and homoscedasticity. Variance inflation factor (VIF) and tolerance values were used to evaluate multicollinearity among predictors. The findings suggested that the regression analysis was suitable for the data since all presumptions were satisfied. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to examine the extent to which anxiety-related emotional disorders and self-esteem predicted obesity. Panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and school avoidance were entered as independent variables and BMI score was the dependent variable. Beta coefficients, significance levels, and R-squared statistics were reported to describe the relationships between variables. Significance levels were set at p < .05 for all statistical tests. The regression analysis primary focus on examining the predictive effects of anxiety-related emotional disorders and self-esteem on BMI. As a result, the final regression model contained only the main predictor variables.

The study was conducted in counseling centers in Hefei City, Anhui Province. A total of 136 questionnaires were distributed. After removing invalid and incomplete responses, 121 valid questionnaires were collected. Table 1 shows the demographic information of participants. The students had a mean age of 9.68 years (SD = 1.59), with 55.4% boys and 44.6% girls participants.

The distribution of BMI weight status and anxiety symptoms in the sample is presented in Table 2. Among the sample, there were 60 non-overweight and non-obese children (49.6%), comprising 28 boys and 32 girls. There were 25 overweight children (20.7%), with 17 boys and 8 girls. The sample included 36 obese children (29.8%), consisting of 22 boys and 14 girls. The distribution of anxiety disorders among the children was as follows: 25 children (20.7%) had panic disorder, including 12 boys and 13 girls. Generalized anxiety disorder was present in 14 children (11.6%), with 7 boys and 7 girls. Separation anxiety disorder affected 41 children (33.9%), consisting of 22 boys and 19 girls. Social anxiety disorder was found in 20 children (16.5%), including 6 boys and 14 girls. School avoidance was observed in 20 children (14.0%), with 9 boys and 8 girls. In terms of self-esteem, 20 children (16.5%) had low self-esteem, including 11 boys and 9 girls. A moderate level of self-esteem was reported in 88 children (72.7%), comprising 50 boys and 38 girls. High self-esteem was noted in 13 children (10.7%), with 6 boys and 7 girls.

Reliability analysis of the anxiety and self-esteem scales yielded the following results: The anxiety scale, comprising 41 items, had a Cronbach’s α of 0.915, with a mean of 17.56 (SD = 12.520) which indicated very good reliability. The self-esteem scale, comprising 26 items, had a Cronbach’s α of 0.835, with a mean of 71.68 (SD = 14.312) which indicated good reliability ( Table 3).

Pearson correlation coefficient analysis is conducted to examine the relationship between variables. The research objective is to examine the relationship between anxiety-related emotional disorders, self-esteem, and BMI (obesity) among children. Correspondingly, the hypothesis 1 is: there are significant relationships between anxiety-related emotional disorders, self-esteem, and BMI (obesity).

Table 4 shows the correlation analysis results of each variable. Correlation analysis reveals significant relationships between several variables. BMI shows a significant positive correlation with Panic Disorder (r=0.214*) and Separation Anxiety Disorder (r=0.223*), indicating that higher levels of these disorders are associated with higher BMI. Panic Disorder exhibits strong significant positive correlations with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (r=0.692**), Separation Anxiety Disorder (r=0.557**), Social Anxiety Disorder (r=0.399**), School Avoidance (r=0.520**), and Self-esteem (r=0.407**). These findings suggest that higher levels of one anxiety-related disorder are often accompanied by higher levels of other disorders and lower self-esteem. These correlations support Hypothesis 1 by demonstrating significant relationships between anxiety-related emotional disorders, self-esteem, and BMI scores.

Table 5 presents the multiple linear regression analysis results, examining whether anxiety-related emotional disorders and self-esteem can significantly predict children’s obesity (BMI). The research objective is to determined the role of anxiety-related emotional disorders and self-esteem in predicting childhood obesity in China. Correspondingly, hypothesis 2 of the study is: Anxiety-related emotional disorders and self-esteem can significantly predict obesity among children. The analysis, with BMI as the dependent variable, provides valuable insights into the predictors of BMI among children. Panic Disorder emerged as a significant predictor of higher BMI (B=0.597, p<0.01), indicating that increased levels of panic disorder are associated with higher BMI scores. Similarly, Separation Anxiety Disorder significantly predicts higher BMI (B=0.463, p<0.05), implying that higher levels of separation anxiety disorder are linked to increased BMI.

Conversely, Generalized Anxiety Disorder significantly predicts a lower BMI (B=-0.460, p<0.05), suggesting that higher levels of generalized anxiety disorder are associated with lower BMI scores. Additionally, School Avoidance is a significant predictor of lower BMI (B=-0.947, p<0.05), indicating that higher levels of school avoidance are associated with lower BMI scores. However, Social Anxiety Disorder and Self-esteem do not significantly predict BMI in this model.

Hypothesis 2 is partially supported. Despite various anxiety-related emotional disorders significantly predicted childhood obesity, social anxiety disorder and self-esteem did not exhibit significant predictive effects. This suggests that although psychological factors influence obesity, their impact may vary in strength and direction. The overall regression model explains 13.7% of the variance in BMI (R Square = 0.137, Adjusted R Square = 0.091), indicating that while these emotional disorders contribute to variations in BMI, a large proportion of the variance remains unexplained.

The first aim of the current study is to examine the relationship between anxiety-related emotional disorders, self-esteem, and BMI (obesity) among children in Hefei, China. The results of the current study showed a significant relationship between anxiety-related emotional disorders, self-esteem, and BMI (obesity).

This finding is consistent with most previous studies, such as Rofey et al., ¹⁵ who found that anxiety disorders are common among obese children and that both childhood depression and anxiety are associated with increasing BMI percentiles over time. Similarly, Patalay and Hardman ¹⁶ observed that the association and interrelationship between BMI and internalized symptoms strengthen as children age. Research suggests a significant association between obesity and low self-esteem in Chinese children, with obese primary school children in China having lower self-esteem scores than their normal-weight peers. ¹⁷ This association is particularly pronounced in girls, with overweight girls showing higher scores for depression symptoms. Body dissatisfaction partially explains the association between obesity and low self-esteem in both sexes. ¹⁸ The relationship between obesity and self-esteem appears to strengthen as children progress through primary school. ¹⁹ While some studies suggest that low self-esteem may precede the development of obesity, ²⁰ others suggest that obesity is more likely to lead to low self-esteem, ²¹ highlighting the need for early intervention in the management of childhood obesity.

The current study also examined the role of anxiety-related emotional disorders and self-esteem in predicting childhood obesity in Hefei, China. Multiple regression analysis revealed that panic disorder and separation anxiety disorder significantly predicted higher BMI, indicating that children with these conditions were more likely to be obese. This is consistent with the findings of Haghighi et al., ²² who reported that children and adolescents with Panic Disorder had the highest mean BMI. Similarly, pre-adolescent Separation Anxiety symptoms are associated with increased BMI in adolescent boys, with the relationship mediated by emotional eating, hunger sensitivity, and difficulty regulating emotions. ²³ In addition, early separation anxiety and a focused attachment style are significant predictors of body dissatisfaction in women with eating disorders, which may increase the risk of developing eating disorders.

In contrast, generalized anxiety disorder and school avoidance significantly predict lower BMI, meaning that children may be underweight, probably due to reduced appetite or avoidance behaviors that affect eating patterns. One study shows that Generalized Anxiety Disorder is the most common among school-aged children in China. ²⁴

Notably, social anxiety disorder and self-esteem did not significantly predict BMI in this study, which is inconsistent from certain prior findings, possibly due to their complex or indirect effects not captured by the analysis. Despite the extensive argument in the prior literature that low self-esteem and increased social anxiety are risk factors for obesity, ²⁵ results of the current study challenge this assumption. It is important to note that similar findings have been reported elsewhere, suggesting that social anxiety and self-esteem may not consistently predict BMI or obesity among children. For instance, Wang et al. ²⁶ found that childhood obesity predicts lower self-esteem, whereas self-esteem does not predict obesity. Besides, Wang et al. ²⁷ argued that obesity was negatively impact children’s self-esteem; however, self-esteem does not influence obesity or academic performance among children. In terms of social anxiety disorder, Ozkan et al. ²⁸ discovered that there is no correlation between BMI and depression/social anxiety scores in obese children suggesting that the influence of social anxiety on obesity may be contingent upon contextual factors or moderated by additional variables, including peer relationships or social support systems. Besides, Anderson et al. ²⁹ indicated that adolescent obesity in males did not show a significant correlation with a higher likelihood of developing major depressive disorder or anxiety disorder. Hence, findings of the study indicated that social anxiety and self-esteem were not significant predictors of obesity, contradicting the widely held belief that higher anxiety and lower self-esteem contributes to weight gain through emotional eating and decreased physical activity.

Other literature suggesting that social appearance anxiety is negatively correlated with self-esteem, with BMI acting as a mediating factor. ³⁰ Kornapalli et al. ²⁵ found that body image concerns were negatively correlated with self-esteem and positively correlated with social anxiety, with significant BMI-related differences. Furthermore, Horenstein et al. ³¹ argued that Social Anxiety moderates the relationship between BMI and exercise avoidance motivation, particularly for those with higher BMIs. Interestingly, Ternouth et al. ³² found that childhood emotional difficulties were predictive of weight gain in women but did not have the same effect in men, while low childhood self-esteem predicted weight gain in both men and women, with a stronger effect in women. In contrast, Roberts and Duong ³³ found that anxiety disorders may increase risk of obesity in adolescent males, but not females. While these studies demonstrate associations between social anxiety, self-esteem, and BMI, they do not definitively establish the specific predictive value of social anxiety and self-esteem for BMI.

Furthermore, Sheinbein et al. ³⁴ mention in their study that the pathology of eating disorders in children is significantly correlated with anxiety symptoms in children. Children with obesity or eating disorders often have difficulty controlling their eating behavior, which leads to weight gain and associated negative emotions such as shame, guilt, and anxiety. In addition, T. Wang et al. ³⁵ emphasized the importance of healthy weight status for the development of young children, particularly in terms of cognitive function. Moss et al. ³⁶ mentioned that obesity may impair the activation of neurophysiological components that are essential for cognitive function, thus affecting children’s cognitive function. These studies again highlight the link between cognitive development in obese children and emotional problems such as anxiety and low self-esteem. For this matter, numerous studies have demonstrated that physical activity interventions have the potential to enhance psychological outcomes in obese youth, including improved body image, increased self-esteem, and reduced depression. ^{37, 38} In addition, early intervention is critical, with overweight/obese youth receiving targeted mental health screening in early adolescence for depressive and adjustment disorders, and in early childhood for anxiety disorders. ³⁹ Consequently, it is imperative to incorporate psychological interventions that address mental health issues into obesity prevention and treatment programs for children and adolescents, focusing on both physical and psychological well-being to effectively improve health outcomes.

However, some limitations of the study should be noted. First of all, the cross-sectional, non-experimental design of the study makes it difficult to establish causal relationships between self-esteem, anxiety-related emotional disorders, and obesity. The observed associations may have been influenced by other factors, such as parental influence, lifestyle habits, and environmental conditions, as the data were collected at a single point in time. In order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the direction of these relationships, future research should consider experimental designs that enable controlled interventions as well as longitudinal studies that monitor changes over time.

Secondly, the study depended exclusively on self-reported measures, which may be influenced by biases such as social desirability and inaccurate recall. Participants’ symptoms may have been underreported or overestimated, compromising the reliability of the findings. For this matter, future studies should use more objective assessment tools, such as clinical evaluations, behavioural observations, or physiological markers, alongside self-report questionnaires, to gain a more comprehensive and in-depth understanding of psychological and physical health outcomes.

Thirdly, the sample size is relatively small, and the focus on a single province limits the findings’ generalisability. Psychological health and obesity-related factors can vary by region in China, particularly between urban and rural areas with different socioeconomic and educational resources. Hence, expanding the sample to include multiple provinces or a nationally representative cohort would result in more robust and generalisable findings.

Lastly, although this study identifies significant correlations between anxiety-related disorders, self-esteem, and obesity, it does not thoroughly investigate the mechanisms underlying these associations. In order to better understand how these variables interact, future research should look into potential mediators and moderators, such as coping strategies, family dynamics, and peer influences. Furthermore, studies of interventions that assess the efficacy of behavioural or psychological programs may offer useful information about methods for enhancing children’s mental health and weight-related outcomes.

The study’s findings have important implications for school and community, public health policymakers, mental health and healthcare professionals, as well as future researchers.

Schools and community organisations should provide structured psychological support and health education to assist children in developing better coping mechanisms and healthier habits. Specifically, early intervention programs for children should be designed to boost self-esteem, reduce anxiety, and promote healthy lifestyle habits. Besides, workshops and parental guidance sessions can provide families with the resources to tackle both emotional well-being and physical health in their children.

For public health policymakers, it should be a priority to integrate mental health initiatives with obesity prevention strategies. The resources necessary for children to maintain both their physical health and emotional resilience can be provided by policies that support school-based mental health services, accessible counselling programs, and community-based health promotion campaigns. Moreover, policymakers should strive to reduce the barriers to mental health care by increasing the availability of affordable psychological services.

Mental health and healthcare professionals should adopt a multidisciplinary approach that integrates mental health counselling with lifestyle interventions. In this regard, educational institutions, paediatricians, and mental health practitioners have to cooperate to develop intervention programs that tackle psychological issues and maladaptive behaviours, thereby ensuring an effective treatment strategy.

Lastly, this study has provided future researchers with scientific information regarding the impact of anxiety-related emotional disorders and self-esteem on obesity in children. This information will enable them to conduct further longitudinal studies and experimental designs in order to elucidate the causal pathways between anxiety, self-esteem, and obesity. In addition, future research should investigate mediators including familial influence, peer relationships, and socioeconomic variables to formulate targeted interventions that more effectively address the psychological and physical health needs of children.

This study highlights significant relationships between anxiety-related emotional disorders, self-esteem, and obesity among children in Hefei City, Anhui Province. Findings indicates that specific anxiety-related emotional disorders—particularly panic disorder and separation anxiety disorder—significantly predicted higher BMI in Chinese children, while generalized anxiety disorder and school avoidance were associated with lower BMI. Self-esteem, contrary to expectations, did not significantly predict obesity. The results highlight the need for early psychological screening and intervention as part of obesity prevention programs, particularly targeting anxiety symptoms in school-aged children. Despite the study’s limitations, it provides a valuable foundation for future research and offers insights for clinical practice, educational settings, and public health policies. Continued efforts to understand and address the interplay between mental health and obesity are crucial for promoting children’s overall well-being.