F1000ResearchF1000Research2046-1402F1000 Research LimitedLondon, UK10.12688/f1000research.8731.1Research ArticleArticlesControl of Gene ExpressionStem Cells & RegenerationResults of an attempt to reproduce the STAP phenomenon
Shinichi Aizawa is responsible for all animal experiments. He supervised preparation of cell aggregate by Haruko Obokata and organized the chimera, FACS, RT-PCR and immunohistological analyses.
Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
In 2014, Obokata and colleagues reported their observation of a novel cell reprogramming phenomenon they named ‘stimulus-triggered acquisition of pluripotency’ (STAP). The most conclusive evidence for the pluripotency of so-called STAP cells was the purported ability of such cells to contribute to chimera formation. Here, I report the results of an attempt by Haruko Obokata to replicate the phenomenon under the supervision of the Scientific Validity Examination Team of RIKEN. In this follow-up study, putative STAP cells prepared by Haruko Obokata were injected into 1051 embryos, of which 591 were recovered. However, the injected cells made no significant contribution in any tissue in any of the embryos that developed.
STAPiPSCsESstem cellschimeraOct-GFPpluripotencyThis examination was supported by a grant for Scientific Validity Examination by RIKEN President’s office. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Introduction
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), first reported by Takahashi and Yamanaka using a combination of exogenous genetic factors, have transformed our understanding of the gene regulatory mechanisms underlying cellular pluripotency and differentiation (
Takahashi & Yamanaka, 2006). This discovery raised the possibility that cellular reprogramming may also be induced by activating endogenous pluripotency genes under certain conditions. In two reports published in
Nature by
Obokata
et al. (2014a);
Obokata
et al. (2014b), the authors claimed to have observed how “external stimuli such as a transient low-pH stressor reprogram somatic cells into pluripotent cells,” which they referred to as the STAP phenomenon; subsequently, however, after multiple problems were found with the handling and presentation of the data in a pattern indicative of research misconduct, both papers were retracted.
The present article reports the results of a study conducted by Haruko Obokata in the RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), which was designed to determine whether the STAP phenomenon was in fact reproducible. Obokata was permitted to perform this closely monitored study from July 14 to November 30, 2014 under my supervision as head of the Scientific Validity Examination Team, at the direction of the Head Office for Internal Reform organized by the RIKEN President. Unfortunately, I have been unable to contact her since the completion of the study, or to obtain her agreement to be listed as an author on this article. Nonetheless, given the extraordinary degree of attention and controversy the original STAP publications and research misconduct generated, I feel it is important to report the results of this investigation in the interests of clarifying the scientific record. In the Scientific Validity Examination Team, Hitoshi Niwa, one of the coauthors of the
Nature papers, also conducted an independent examination of whether the STAP phenomenon was reproducible; the results of his examination have been reported previously (
Niwa, 2016).
The investigation reported here consisted of two types of experiments; preliminary ones conducted without supervision, and formal ones conducted in the presence of expert witnesses. There were no significant differences in the data generated in the preliminary and formal experiments, and all are included together in this report. The experiments were conducted in a new setting, not in the laboratory that Obokata had used for the previous studies described in the retracted
Nature publications (
Obokata
et al., 2014a;
Obokata
et al., 2014b). All reagents, materials, instruments, and experimental spaces were freshly furnished. Obokata was permitted to conduct experiments only in designated rooms. She prepared cell aggregates, but did not perform any of the subsequent analyses herself, other than observations of the cell aggregates by phase and fluorescence microscopy. Other members of the team conducted chimeric, FACS, RT-PCR and immunohistochemical analyses of the cell aggregates. In this report, I refer to the studies reported in the papers retracted (
Obokata
et al., 2014a;
Obokata
et al., 2014b) as "the previous studies" for the sake of brevity. I also refer to the technical tips published by several authors of the original articles for details of the experimental procedure (
Obokata
et al., 2014c).
ResultsFrequency of GFP-positive cells from spleen of
<italic toggle="yes">Oct-GFP</italic> transgenic mice
Experiments were performed using a transgenic mouse line harboring
GFP under an
Oct4 promoter (
Ohbo
et al., 2003); the line is the same as that used in the previous studies (
Obokata
et al., 2014a;
Obokata
et al., 2014b). The mouse line has been maintained in C57BL/6 background in a homozygous state. Spleens were dissected from homozygous newborn mice (6–8 days old) obtained by crossing a homozygous transgenic female with a homozygous transgenic male, or from hemizygous newborn mice (6–8 days old) obtained by crossing a homozygous transgenic female with a wild type 129 male. Spleen cells were prepared as described previously (
Obokata
et al., 2014a;
Obokata
et al., 2014c), but enrichment of CD45-positive cells by FACS sorting was omitted. The source of the cells used in these experiments were lymphocytes collected with Lympholyte following the manufacturer’s instructions (Cedarlane Laboratories, Ontario, Canada).
The stress treatment evaluated was the low-pH condition; no other conditions, such as trituration, were examined. The low-pH conditions included not only the previously reported induction by HCl (
Obokata
et al., 2014a;
Obokata
et al., 2014b;
Obokata
et al., 2014c), but also that by ATP. Although not described in the previous reports, the ATP treatment had been used most frequently by Obokata
et al., and is described in their patent application regarding the STAP process (US Patent Application no.: 14/397,080). In brief, the low-pH condition was generated by suspending the 1×10
6 cells in 494 μl HBSS (Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution), adding 6 μl 200 mM ATP, and incubating for 15 min at 37°C in CO
2 incubator. The low-pH treated-cells were cultured for 6–8 days, and cell aggregates of 50–100 μm showing green fluorescence were identified (see Materials and methods).
Table 1 gives the frequency of the cell aggregates identified by Haruko Obokata (see Materials and methods). No apparent difference was found in the frequency of green fluorescent cell aggregates under either of the low-pH conditions (HCl or ATP) or genetic background of mice (C57BL/6 or F1 between C57BL/6 and 129). The observed frequency was approximately 10 green fluorescent cell aggregates per 10
6 cells seeded; this was approximately 10-fold lower than that in the previous studies. Most green fluorescent cell aggregates also exhibited higher or lower degrees of red fluorescence (
Figure 1). No quantitative determination was made, but about one in three cell aggregates exhibited green fluorescence more intense than red fluorescence. Green fluorescent cell aggregates that exhibited no significant red fluorescence were rare.
Frequency of cell aggregates from
<italic toggle="yes">Oct-GFP</italic> transgenic spleen after low pH treatment.
Mouse strain
Treatment
Exp. No.
No. Cell aggregates/10
6 cells seeded
Average
Minimum
Maximum
C57BL/6
No treat.
9
0
0
0
ATP
14
16
4
52
HCl
11
10
3
23
F1 (C57BL/6×129)
No treat.
9
0
0
0
ATP
13
12
1
30
HCl
10
10
0
42
Examples of cell aggregates generated from
<italic toggle="yes">Oct-GFP</italic> transgenic spleen by low pH treatment.
(
A) Phase contrast views of typical five cell aggregates, (
B) their green fluorescence and (
C) their red fluorescence.
Chimeric potency of ‘STAP’ cell aggregate
Chimera production was performed with spleens of a transgenic mouse line harboring
GFP under a
CAG promoter (
Okabe
et al., 1997) which were also maintained homozygously in C57BL/6 background; this line is different from the one previously used (
Obokata
et al., 2014a;
Obokata
et al., 2014b). Cell aggregates of 50–100 μm were selected by their cluster morphology by Obokata and subjected to the chimeric assay. Chimeras were made by members of the Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, CDB, with expertise in chimera production with ES cells (
http://www2.clst.riken.jp/arg/APDBN.html,
http://www2.clst.riken.jp/arg/mutant_mice_generated_in_CDB.html)(present affiliation: Animal Resource Development Unit, Biosystem Dynamics Group, Division of Bio-Function Dynamics Imaging, Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST)). The previous report indicated that the generation of chimeras using STAP cells involved a distinct technical approach (
Obokata
et al., 2014a): “Single cell dispersion by trypsinization, as it is done in the chimera production with ES cells, caused low chimaerism. STAP spherical colonies were cut into small pieces using a microknife under the microscope. Small clusters of the cells are then injected into blastocysts.” In the present study, cell aggregates were one cut into small pieces by either glass capillary, laser beam (XY Clone: Nikko Hansen & Co., Osaka, Japan) or microsurgical knife (K-5310: FEATHER Safety Razor Co., Osaka, Japan) and were injected into a host embryo, either E2.5 8-cell stage or E3.5 blastocyst stage embryos of random-bred ICR (Charles River, Tokyo, Japan). Injected embryos were transplanted into the uterus of pseudopregnant females of the ICR strain, and recovered at E9.5 or E8.5 to judge the contribution of injected cells in each tissue by GFP-green fluorescence (
Table 2). Notably, the previous study describes that small clusters of 'STAP' cells were injected into ‘E4.5 blastocysts’, and the next day, the chimeric blastocysts were transferred into pseudopregnant females (
Obokata
et al., 2014a). Five hundred and sixty four embryos (210 morula and 354 blastocyst) were injected with cell aggregates cut into pieces by glass capillaries, and 294 embryos were recovered at E9.5. Ninety-two embryos (48 morula and 44 blastocyst) were injected with cell aggregates cut into pieces by laser beam, and 58 embryos were recovered at E9.5. Three hundred and ninety five embryos (193 morula and 202 blastocyst) were injected with cell aggregates cut into pieces by microknife, and 239 embryos were recovered. Seven hundred and sixty seven embryos were injected with cell aggregates derived from C57BL/6 spleen, and 284 embryos with aggregates from F1 spleen between C57BL/6 and 129. Cell aggregates cut into pieces were injected into 451 morula- and 600 blastocyst-stage embryos. In total, 1,051 embryos injected with cell aggregates cut into pieces were transplanted into a foster uterus, and 591 embryos were recovered. The contribution of injected cells was judged by GFP green fluorescence in embryos (see Materials and methods). No significant contribution of the injected cells was observed in any of the 591 embryos examined. Pluripotency was not examined by injecting putative STAP cells into tetraploid embryos.
Chimera analysis of pluripotency.
Cell aggregates injected
No. host embryos
3)
Chimera analysis
No. chimeric
embryos or mice
Genetic
background
1)
Specifications
2)
morula
blastocyst
stage
No. developed
C57BL/6
glass capillary
156
ー
E9.5
107
0
ー
226
E9.5
117
0
ー
66
4)
E9.5
27
0
F1(C57BL/6x129)
54
ー
E9.5
25
0
ー
46
E9.5
7
0
ー
16
4)
E9.5
11
0
C57BL/6
laser beam
30
ー
E9.5
10
0
ー
35
E9.5
26
0
F1(C57BL/6x129)
18
ー
E9.5
13
0
ー
9
E9.5
9
0
C57BL/6
microknife
31
ー
E8.5
23
0
ー
46
E8.5
22
0
89
ー
E9.5
65
0
ー
88
E9.5
59
0
F1(C57BL/6x129)
47
ー
E8.5
35
0
ー
40
E8.5
17
0
26
ー
E9.5
2
0
ー
28
E9.5
16
0
Total
451
600
TotaL
591
0
1051
1) Genetic background of
CAG-GFP mice from which spleen was isolated.
2) How cell aggregates were cut into small pieces.
3) No. embryos injected with cell aggregates and transplanted into uterus of foster mothers.
4) Embryos were transplanted into foster mothers on the next day after the injection of cell aggregates.
Discussion
One of the central claims in the original reports was that the purported STAP cells had the ability to differentiate into multiple lineages, including germ cells, when placed in a normal developmental environment. The present study focused on assessing pluripotency by chimera production using cell aggregates prepared by Obokata; however, no evidence of pluripotency was observed using this assay. In the original reports, the STAP cells were prepared by Haruko Obokata, while the chimera production and the establishment of ES (embryonic stem)-like STAP-SCs and TS (trophectoderm stem)-like FI-SCs were made by Teruhiko Wakayama.
I encourage readers to recognize a number of limitations in the studies, which were conducted under strict time constraints and in the face of considerable, often adversarial, media scrutiny. Unfortunately, it was not possible to receive technical advice from Teruhiko Wakayama in the chimera production reported here, and it is unclear whether or to what extent the techniques for chimera production in the present study correspond to those used in the previous studies. Previous studies also examined the pluripotency of purported STAP cells by their potency to generate teratomas in immune-deficient mice. However, more than 10
5 cells are required to form teratoma subcutaneously in the flank of an immune-deficient mouse using ES or EC (embryo carcinoma) cells, and the process takes about one month. No teratoma formation was examined in the present study, since the frequency of green fluorescent cell aggregates was low and time was limited. Teratoma formation under the kidney capsule, which also takes about two months using blastocyst embryos, was also not examined.
The more critical question is whether and to what extent the STAP cell aggregates prepared by Obokata in this trial under new experimental conditions recapitulated the STAP cell aggregates reported in the previous study. The frequency of green fluorescent cell aggregates from low pH-treated,
Oct-GFP transgenic spleen cells was 10-fold less than that in previous studies. Moreover, green fluorescence due to GFP expression cannot be distinguished from that due to autofluorescence, nor can GFP expression by reprogramming be distinguished from that due to non-specific gene expression in dying cells. The cell aggregates were not characterized
in vitro in detail, but the following features were observed:
(1) Preliminary FACS analysis of low pH-treated,
Oct-GFP transgenic spleen cells suggested that the frequency of green fluorescent cells was very low and that the majority of surviving cells were CD45-positive after one week in culture under the conditions used in the present study. In the previous study, CD45
+ cells were rare and a significant number of green fluorescent cells were observed (Figure 1c in
Obokata
et al., 2014a).
(2) Preliminary RT-PCR analysis suggested that the majority of the cell aggregates generated in the present study did not express pluripotency markers, in contrast to the report of pluripotency marker expression in the previous study (Figure 2b in
Obokata
et al., 2014a), although there were cell aggregates at a low frequency that expressed one or multiple pluripotent markers.
(3) Preliminary immunochemical analysis suggested that most of the cell aggregates in the present study did not express pluripotency markers. In contrast to the data shown in Figure 2a of the previous study, they did not express OCT4, SSEA1, NANOG and E-CADHERIN, (
Obokata
et al., 2014a).
The possibility cannot be excluded that the experimental conditions used in the present study in some way differed from the previously established optimum conditions for STAP induction. It is my view that it was beyond the scope of this examination to reassign each condition; a definitive answer to the question of whether the previously used conditions for inducing the STAP phenomenon can be indeed established or not must await further study. Nevertheless, I consider it is important to report that Haruko Obokata herself failed to reproduce the reported phenomenon, in that the putative STAP cells described here were unable to contribute to any tissues in a normal developmental environment.
Another reported feature of the STAP phenomenon was that while STAP cells themselves do not proliferate, two types of stem cells could be established from them: ES (embryonic stem)-like STAP-SCs and TS (trophectoderm stem)-like FI-SCs. However, as Obokata had no experience with these stem cell culture, she did not undertake the establishment of the secondary stem cell types in the present study.
Materials and methodsAnimals
C57BL/6NJcl and 129X1/SvJJmsSlc mice were purchased from CLEA Japan and Japan SLC, respectively. A transgenic mouse line harboring GFP under an
Oct4 promoter (GOF-Tg;
Ohbo
et al., 2003) was provided by RIKEN BioResource Center (BRC) to CDB, and has been maintained in homozygous state under C57BL/6 background in CDB animal facility. A transgenic mouse line harboring GFP under a CAG promoter (CAG-GFP Tg;
Okabe
et al., 1997) was provided to CDB by Masaru Okabe at Osaka University, and has been maintained in homozygous state under C57BL/6 background in CDB animal facility. Animals were housed in environmentally controlled rooms, and animal experiments were conducted under the institutional guidelines for Animal and Recombinant DNA Experiments that are consistent with ARRIVE guidelines. The experiments were approved by Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of RIKEN Kobe Branch (Permit No., AH26-01).
Preparation of cell aggregates
Newborn male mice of 6–8 days old were euthanized using carbon dioxide and then sterilized with 70% ethanol. Two spleens were placed in a 15 ml conical tube, minced by scissors into paste, added with 5.5 ml HBSS (GIBCO 14170), mechanically dissociated using a Pasteur pipette and strained through a cell strainer (mesh size 40 μm, FALCON 352340) into another conical tube. Five ml of Lympholyte-M (Cedarlane CL5031) was added to the bottom of the tube beneath the cell suspension, and the tube was centrifuged at 1,500 g for 20 min. The middle lymphocyte layer was transferred into another tube and centrifuged at 800 g for 10 min. The pelleted cells were suspended in 500 μl HBSS, of which 6 μl was subjected to the counting of cell number; in exchange 6 μl 200 mM ATP (SIGMA 3377) or diluted HCl (10 μl 35% HCl to 590 μl HBSS) was added to the cell suspension. The cell suspension was incubated at 37°C for 15 min in 5% CO
2 incubator, and then centrifuged at 1,500 rpm for 15 min at room temperature. After the supernatant was removed, B27 medium (DMEM/F-12 (GIBCO 11330) supplemented with 1,000 U LIF (ESGRO 1107), 2% B-27 (GIBCO 17504) and 1 μg/ml bFGF (WAKO 060-04543) was added to the cell pellets to obtain 1×10
6 cells/ml suspension; one ml of the suspension was plated in each well of a 24 well plate (FALCON 353047) and cultured at 37°C in 5% CO2 incubator for seven days to develop cell aggregates. Cell aggregates of 50–100 μm were examined for green and red fluorescence with an Olympus Fluorescent Microscope IX51 (mirror units: Olympus U-MNIBA2 to detect green fluorescence and Olympus U-MWIG2 to detect red fluorescence), and the number of candidate aggregates were counted by Haruko Obokata. Images were taken with an Olympus DP70 camera coupled with Olympus DP Controller software (version 1.2.1.108).
Chimeric assay for pluripotency
Cell aggregates prepared by Haruko Obokata were subjected to chimera production. Cell aggregates were cut into small pieces by either glass capillary, laser beam (XY Clone: Nikko Hansen & Co., Osaka, Japan) or microsurgical knife (K-5310: FEATHER Safety Razor Co., Osaka, Japan). The pieces were injected into host embryos of either E2.5 8-cell stage or E3.5 blastocyst stage embryos of random-bred ICR (Charles River, Tokyo, Japan). Injected embryos were transplanted into the uterus of pseudopregnant females of the ICR strain. Injection of cell aggregates and transplantation of the embryos into pseudopregnant females were performed as routinely done with ES cells (
http://www2.clst.riken.jp/arg/Methods.html). Embryos were recovered at E9.5 or E8.5 and examined for the contribution of injected cells in each organ by detecting the presence of GFP-green fluorescence with LEICA fluorescence stereomicroscope M165FC (filter sets 10447407 and 10447408). E9.5 or E8.5 embryos of the
CAG-GFP transgenic line used for the preparation of cell aggregates served as positive control and wild type ICR embryos as negative control for the green fluorescence detection.
See
Niwa (2016) for QPCR, immunostaining and FACS analysis.
Data availability
Open Science Framework: Dataset: Results of an attempt to reproduce the STAP phenomenon, doi10.17605/OSF.IO/48f2z (
Aizawa, 2016).
Acknowledgements
I would like to acknowledge Ms. Haruko Obokata’s participation and efforts in this study. I am indebted to Dr. Hiroshi Kiyonari and Mr. Kenichi Inoue for chimera production and animal breeding, Laboratory of Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering for animal housing, Dr. Mariko Yamane for RT-PCR analysis and a member of Scientific Validity Examination Team for immunochemical and FACS analyses. I am also grateful to Ms. Kana Bando-Kadowaki, Dr. Go Shioi, Dr. Takaya Abe, Mr. Atsushi Katayama, Mr. Shigekazu Saitou, Mr. Akira Kimura, Mr. Naohiko Oba and Mr. Masahito Hatanaka, for their support to this examination. I deeply thank two senior witnesses outside of RIKEN and seven witnesses from BioResource Center, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences and Brain Science Institute, RIKEN. I thank Mr. Douglas Sipp for critical comments on and copyediting of this report.
AizawaS:
Dataset: Results of an attempt to reproduce the STAP phenomenon.Open Science Framework.2016.
Data SourceNiwaH:
Investigation of the cellular reprogramming phenomenon referred to as stimulus-triggered acquisition of pluripotency (STAP).Scientific Reports in press.
bioRxiv.2016.
10.1101/027730ObokataHWakayamaTSasaiY:
Stimulus-triggered fate conversion of somatic cells into pluripotency.Nature.2014a;505(7485):641–647. Retracted.
2447688710.1038/nature12968ObokataHSasaiYNiwaH:
Bidirectional developmental potential in reprogrammed cells with acquired pluripotency.Nature.2014b;505(7485):676–680. Retracted.
2447689110.1038/nature12969ObokataHSasaiYNiwaH:
Essential technical tips for STAP cell conversion culture from somatic cells.Protocol Exchange.2014c.
10.1038/protex.2014.008OhboKYoshidaSOhmuraM:
Identification and characterization of stem cells in prepubertal spermatogenesis in mice.Dev Biol.2003;258(1):209–225.
1278169410.1016/S0012-1606(03)00111-8OkabeMIkawaMKominamiK:
'Green mice' as a source of ubiquitous green cells.FEBS Lett.1997;407(3):313–9.
917587510.1016/S0014-5793(97)00313-XTakahashiKYamanakaS:
Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors.Cell.2006;126(4):663–676.
1690417410.1016/j.cell.2006.07.02410.5256/f1000research.9395.r15460Reviewer response for version 1de LazaroIrene1Referee
Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
Two 2014
Nature papers authored by Obokata
et al. described a novel protocol for the generation of pluripotent cells from somatic cells, based on their exposure to stress-triggering conditions such as mechanical disruption or acid treatment. Such process was named as stimulus-triggered acquisition of pluripotency (STAP), but the studies were soon retracted on the grounds of several confirmed experimental errors and indications of research misconduct. The present work by Dr. Aizawa describes a systematic study aiming to clarify whether STAP putative pluripotent cells – generated by Obokata under the supervision of RIKEN’s Scientific Validity Examination Team – contribute to the development of the mouse embryo and hence can be considered
bona fide pluripotent cells.
The conclusions reached in this study – that the claims for STAP cells functional pluripotency are not reproducible – are clearly supported by the data provided, since STAP cell contribution was not observed in any of the recovered embryos. The number of embryos injected with STAP cells to investigate their contribution to different tissues are satisfactorily high. In addition, the design of the study is very systematic and accounts for several potential sources of variability in the chimerism outcome (i.e. source of stress stimulus, technique utilised to cut the cell clusters before microinjection, stage of the embryos at injection and recovery time). Nevertheless, please find below a few suggestions and clarifications that in my opinion could enrich the study by Dr Aizawa.
Experimental design:
In the retracted studies by Obokata
et al., CD45
+ spleen cells were selected by FACS as the source for STAP cells generation. In the present study, sorting for CD45 was omitted, and the commercial product Lympholyte that reportedly allows specific isolation of lymphocytes was used instead. Being this an alteration of the original protocol under investigation, which may introduce differences in the nature of the starting cell population, it would be beneficial if the author could explain any reason behind this change.
It is mentioned that the CAG-GFP transgenic mouse line utilized for chimerism experiments was different to that used by Obokata
et al. in the previous, now retracted, studies. Was there a reason to select a different line?
In the original Obokata
et al. studies, clusters of STAP cells were injected into E4.5 embryos. However, in the present study the injection was performed into embryos at the E2.5 or E3.5 stage. Was this parameter changed to attempt a higher degree of chimerism? An explanation for this change in the experimental setup would also be desirable for clarity.
Presentation, treatment and discussion of data:
Frequency of cell aggregates from Oct-GFP transgenic spleen after low pH treatment (Table 1): although it is stated in the text that “no apparent difference was found in the frequency of green fluorescence signal under either of the low-pH conditions (HCl or ATP) or genetic background of mice” this statement would be stronger if it was supported by an statistical test. Did the author conduct statistical analysis on these data?
Green and red fluorescence of cell aggregates: the author seems to imply that the detected signal was a result of autofluorescence, which has been in fact pointed out by other researchers attempting to reproduce the work (Tang
et al. 2014; De los Angeles
et al. 2015; see last comment below). However, this is not clearly stated in the text. In addition, doubts concerning green autofluorescence could be easily vanished by using an anti-GFP antibody or by measuring the levels of GFP mRNA by qPCR or GFP protein by Western Blot. I strongly encourage the author to perform such studies if samples are still available since they would definitely clarify the issue. The inclusion in the study of cell aggregates derived from a wild-type mouse line would have also avoided this ambiguity.
Genetic background of mice to generate STAP cells for chimerism studies: It is first stated in the text that the CAG-GFP mice involved in chimerism studies were bred on a C57BL/6 homozygous background. However, it is later highlighted in the text, as well as in Table 2, that both C57BL/6 abnd F1(C57BL/6x129) were included. Since those were also the backgrounds selected to maintain Oct-GFP transgenics for the cell aggregates assay, this is confusing needs clarification from the author.
Results included in Niwa, 2016: the author refers several times to the results reported by Niwa (Niwa, 2016), who also investigated the reproducibility of the STAP phenomenon for the Scientific Validity Examination Team in RIKEN . It is however not clearly specified whether Niwa’s studies were conducted on the same STAP cells produced by Obokata under strict supervision. Such clarification is important, since qPCR, immunostaining and FACS data are discussed, but not shown, and the reader is directed to Niwa’s work.
At least two other independent studies, carried out at institutions outside RIKEN, have aimed to clarify the STAP controversy (Tang
et al. 2014, De los Angeles
et al. 2015) and reached similar conclusions to those presented in this article. In particular, the issues on autofluorescence have been extensively scrutinized in De los Angeles
et al. I believe that a brief discussion of the observations compiled in such studies would strengthen the present manuscript.
Typographical error: “in the intestests of clarifying the scientific record” (page 2 of 8).
Reviewer Expertise:
NA
I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.
References:
Transient acid treatment cannot induce neonatal somatic cells to become pluripotent stem cells.F1000Res.2014;3:
10.12688/f1000research.4092.11022507530310.12688/f1000research.4092.1:
Failure to replicate the STAP cell phenomenon.
Nature.2015;525(7570) :
10.1038/nature15513E6-E910.1038/nature15513:
Investigation of the cellular reprogramming phenomenon referred to as stimulus-triggered acquisition of pluripotency (STAP).Sci Rep.2016;6:
10.1038/srep28003280032729222410.1038/srep28003AizawaShinichiRIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Japan
Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
2492016
Dear Dr. Irene de Lazaro,
I thank you for your comments. The manuscript was revised incorporating your suggestions. My responses are as follows:
There was no FACS cell sorter in the laboratory in which Obokata performed the set of supervised experiments reported here. She had previously obtained “STAP” cells using splenocytes prepared using Lympholyte-M, so we sought to determine whether she was able to repeat this in the present study. If she had succeeded, our plan was next to generate STAP cells using CD45+ cells sorted by FACS.
The origin of the
cag-gfp transgenic mouse line used in the retracted
Nature papers is unclear, and was not reported in the papers. Dr. Wakayama informed us that he generated the
cag-gfp mouse line himself while at the University of Hawaii, but we did not make a formal investigation into this. The mouse line was no longer maintained in the animal facility of CDB and was not available to us. Alternatively, the
cag-gfp mouse line may have been actually an
Acr/cag-gfp mouse line (Nakanishi
et al., Genomics 80, 564-574 (2002)) as suggested in the report by Konno
et al (Konno
et al., Nature 525,E4-5 (2015). However, we only became aware of this possibility at the time of that report, which was after the start of Obokata’s replication attempt. In any case, the
cag-gfp mouse line reportedly used in the original STAP reports is different from the
cag-gfp mouse line (Okabe
et al., 1997) we used in the present study. It is nonetheless difficult to conceive how the difference in
cag-gfp transgene might affect the efficiency of “STAP cell” production and chimera generation.
In Fig. 4a of the retracted
Nature article, the embryo being injected with “STAP” cells clearly has a zona pellucida. However, E4.5 embryos typically no longer have this structure. In the absence of zona pellucida, injection is practically impossible. We note that E0 is generally defined as 0:00 am of the day when the plug is identified, and suggest that E4.5 may be a typographic error for E3.5. Alternatively, Dr. Wakayama may have artificially delayed the development of the embryo; however, this was not reported in the retracted
Nature paper.
We have now included a statistical analysis (t-test), which indicates that the efficiency of cell aggregate formation is significantly different between ATP treatment and HCl treatment in the C57BL/6 background. However, the difference is slight. We have revised the manuscript accordingly (Table 1 and page 5 in the text).
This study focused on the multipotency of cell aggregates generated by Obokata using a chimeric assay as this was the central feature of the reported “STAP” phenomena. Given the time constraints of this study, other data were necessarily limited, as noted in the Discussion. As it was not the focus of the present study, I cannot state definitively that the red fluorescence observed was autofluorescence, although I feel that this is highly likely. RT-PCR analysis for GFP expression showed significant expression in several aggregates, but not in others that showed green fluorescence; however, these data were preliminary at best and are not presented.
The effects on both cell aggregate formation and chimeric potency of the spleens’ genetic background were examined in the C57BL/6 and F1(C57BL6 x 129) background. It is well known that ES culture is strongly influenced by genetic background. Both of these backgrounds were used in the retracted
Nature papers. I have now revised the manuscript (page 4 and page 6) to clarify this point.
The cell aggregates in Niwa’s report were prepared by Niwa, not by Obokata.
The two reports are now cited and briefly discussed (page 8–9). These works did not examine multipotency by chimeric assay, and the most important issue of the present report is that cell aggregates prepared by Obokata herself did not exhibit multipotency in chimeric assays.
Best regards,
Shin Aizawa
10.5256/f1000research.9395.r14102Reviewer response for version 1SmithAustin1Referee
Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Competing interests: I was formerly Chair of the Advisory Council of RIKEN CDB.
In this paper Dr Aizawa reports the outcome of attempts to reproduce the claim that exposure to low pH can convert splenocytes into pluripotent cells, so-called STAP cells, that are capable of colonising the mouse embryo. Although the two STAP papers have now been retracted acknowledging multiple errors and misconduct, the retraction notice does not state that the results are irreproducible but only says “we are unable to say without doubt whether the STAP-SC phenomenon is real”. This study is therefore a valuable service to the community. It is unfortunate that Ms Obokata cannot be contacted. It would be desirable if she confirmed her agreement with the findings. However, I do not think there is any requirement for her to be a co-author because she carried out the work under the explicit direction and supervision of Dr Aizawa.
The study design, results and interpretation are clearly presented. Putative STAP cell aggregates, as defined by Ms Obokata on the basis of fluorescence and/or morphology, were obtained. In a comprehensive series of micro-injections these cells were introduced into morulae or early blastocysts then transferred to recipient mice. No contribution was detected in 591 recovered embryos inspected for expression of a constitutive GFP reporter. Therefore the findings reported in the STAP papers cannot be reproduced using “STAP” cells generated by Ms Obokata in supervised conditions. This is a helpful clarification for the field.
I have a few minor suggestions and questions that could improve the clarity of the manuscript:
In Table 1 the heading Exp No should be changed to No. of Expts and the heading No. Cell Aggregates should be No. Fluorescent Cell Aggregates.
It is not clear from the Table or text what proportion of aggregates showed fluorescence or whether they all did. This should be stated.
It is stated that the source of fluorescence could not be confirmed. Were no aggregates generated from wildtype splenocytes without a reporter? How intense is the green fluorescence in aggregates compared with the Oct4-GFP level in embryos or ES cells? The text should explain that red fluorescence is autofluorescence.
For the chimaera experiments it is stated that “cell aggregates of 50-100mM were selected by their cluster morphology by Obokata”. Can “cluster morphology” be described more precisely?
Typographical error: “cell aggregates were
one cut into small pieces”.
Were any injected embryos examined for donor cell survival/integration prior to uterine transfer?
Could the author comment on the limit of detection (number of cells) for chimaera contribution at the stages examined using this reporter? The method “Embryos were ….. examined for the contribution of injected cells in each organ”. I assume this was in whole mount rather than dissected organs, but this should be declared.
Reviewer Expertise:
NA
I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.
AizawaShinichiRIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Japan
Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
2492016
Dear Dr. Austin Smith,
I thank you for your comments. The manuscript was revised incorporating your suggestions. My responses are as follows:
The headings in Table 1 have been changed as suggested.
All
oct-gfp cell aggregates exhibited fluorescence to some degrees.
No cell aggregates were generated from wild-type splenocytes. No direct comparison was made of the intensities of green fluorescence of cell aggregates with those in
oct-gfp embryos or ES cells. I cannot state with certainty whether the green and red fluorescence was autofluorescence. RT-PCR analysis for GFP expression showed significant expression in several aggregates, but not in others that had green fluorescence; these data were very preliminary and thus are not shown. This examination focused on the multipotency of cell aggregates generated by Obokata using a chimeric assay, since this was the central feature of the STAP phenomena. Other data were only preliminary given the time constraints under which these experiments were performed, as described in Discussion.
To make chimeras, cell aggregates were prepared with
cag-gfp splenocytes, thus GFP expression or green fluorescence cannot be used as a measure for the selection of cell aggregates. For this reason, they could only be selected by cell cluster morphology. In the present study, the selection was dependent entirely on Obokata’s judgment. If she had succeeded, our plan was next to ask her to describe “cell cluster morphology” precisely.
Many embryos injected with
cag-gfp cell aggregates at 8-cell stage and cultured for one day to the blastocyst stage were examined for the presence of green-fluorescent cells, and such cells were found to be present.
Chimeric extent was examined at E9.5 or E8.5 in whole mount. The retracted
Nature papers show extensive colonization of the cells (Fig. 4 in the Article and Fig. 1 and Extended Data Fig. 1 in the Letter). The article reported eight chimeric embryos, showing more then 50% coat color contribution, of 48 chimeras obtained; these animals yielded “STAP”-derived offspring. This was the central finding in the now-retracted STAP reports. However, in the present study, no chimera equivalent to those in Fig. 4 in the article and Fig. 1 and Extended Data Fig. 1 in the Letter was obtained, nor were any chimeras obtained showing more than 50% contribution to coat pigmentation. Indeed, no chimera showing more than 1% contribution was obtained. I have now revised the text accordingly. We have not examined the limit of detection (minimum number of cells) with the
cag-gfp mouse line used, since this was not the point of the present study. However, I believe it to be the case that if dozens of cells had been present together in any tissue, they would have been detectable in whole mount at E9.5 or E8.5.