A Phase 2A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial of GM604 in patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS Protocol GALS-001) and a single compassionate patient treatment (Protocol GALS-C)

Background Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that lacks effective treatment options. Genervon has discovered and developed GM604 (GM6) as a potential ALS therapy. GM6 has been modeled upon an insulin receptor tyrosine kinase binding motoneuronotrophic factor within the developing central nervous system. Methods This was a 2-center phase 2A, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial with 12 definite ALS patients diagnosed within 2 years of disease onset. Patients received 6 doses of GM604 or placebo, administered as slow IV bolus injections (3x/week, 2 consecutive weeks). Objectives were to assess the safety and efficacy of GM604 based on ALSFRS-R, FVC and selected biomarkers (TDP-43, Tau and SOD1, pNFH). This report also includes results of compassionate treatment protocol GALS-C for an advanced ALS patient. Results Definite ALS patients were randomized to one of two treatment groups (GM604, n = 8; placebo, n = 4). 2 of 8 GM604-treated patients exhibited mild rash, but otherwise adverse event frequency was similar in treated and placebo groups. GM604 slowed functional decline (ALSFRS-R) when compared to a historical control (P = 0.005). At one study site, a statistically significant difference between treatment and control groups was found when comparing changes in respiratory function (FVC) between baseline and week 12 (P = 0.027). GM604 decreased plasma levels of key ALS biomarkers relative to the placebo group (TDP-43, P = 0.008; Tau, P = 0.037; SOD1, P = 0.009). The advanced ALS patient in compassionate treatment demonstrated improved speech, oral fluid consumption, mouth suction with GM604 treatment and biomarker improvements. Conclusions We observed favorable shifts in ALS biomarkers and improved functional measures during the Phase 2A study as well as in an advanced ALS patient. Although a larger trial is needed to confirm these findings, the present data are encouraging and support GM604 as an ALS drug candidate.


Introduction
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating disease for which no effective treatment has been discovered 1 . During the last twenty years, dozens of ALS drug candidates have been tested but have unfortunately failed during clinical trials 2 . This astounding record of uniform failure may be attributed to the fact that the classic drug development model -which aims to design single-target drugs -is simply inadequate for rapid, complex and multifactorial diseases like ALS 3 .
Genervon decided to look for and discovered endogenous regulators of the developing nervous system, and hypothesized that such regulators may have the capacity to monitor and repair neurological diseases 4,5 . Genervon's approach was to base drug design on these regulatory proteins, leading to development of GM604 (GM6) 6 . GM604 is a peptide with a sequence identical to one of the active sites of human motoneuronotrophic factor (MNTF) 7 . MNTF is an endogenous human embryonic stage neural regulatory and signaling peptide that controls the development, monitoring and correction of the human nervous system 4,5 . This activity of MNTF is replicated by GM604 to provide a potent disease-modifying drug candidate that modulates many processes including inflammation, apoptosis, and hypoxia 4,5,7 . In pre-clinical studies, we have shown that GM604 acts as a neuro-protective agent in animal models of neurological disease 7 . In these studies, GM604 was found to promote neuroprotection, neurogenesis, neural development, neuronal signaling, neural transport, and other processes [4][5][6][7] . Recently, we have demonstrated that GM604 modulates many ALS-associated genes, promoting decreased expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD1), repression of genes associated with the intrinsic apoptosis pathway, and increased expression of genes associated with mitosis and cell division 8 . This paper reports findings from a multi-center Phase 2A, doubleblind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial in 12 patients with Familial or Sporadic ALS diagnosed as definite ALS according to the El Escorial Criteria 9,10 . Objectives of the trial were to assess proof of principle; i.e., to determine whether a 2-week IV bolus treatment with GM604 can (i) be safely used and tolerated without significant adverse effects, (ii) favorably alter ALS biomarkers, and (iii) delay progression based upon key clinical indices. This report also includes results of protocol GALS-C for an advanced ALS patient who has been quadriplegic and on a ventilator since 2008 (IND number 120052).

Methods
This was a multi-center Phase 2A, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial in 12 patients with Familial or Sporadic ALS. Objectives were to test the safety, tolerability and efficacy of GM604 and to assess changes in clinical disease progression and selected ALS biomarkers. GM604 has received Orphan Drug Designation 14-4247 by the FDA Office of Orphan Products Development for treatment of ALS and Orphan Designation (EU/3/16/1662) from the European Medical Commission. Genervon received Fast Track Designation for GM604 to treat ALS (IND number 118,420) by FDA Office of Drug Evaluation I, CDER. Genervon also received Fast Track designation for GM604 to treat Ischemic Stroke (IND number 77,789). This report also includes results of protocol GALS-C for an advanced ALS patient who has been quadriplegic and on a ventilator since 2008 (IND number 120052). It is an Expanded Access Use applied by a physician to treat his/her individual patient. The physician submits a new IND request with Form 1571 to FDA including treatment protocol, CV, IRB approval, Informed Consent Form, Medical License etc. and a Letter of Authorization (LOA) signed by the sponsor to refer to the sponsor's IND for information regarding the investigational drug in Investigator's Brochure, Chemistry, Manufacturing and Controls (CMC) information, and pharmacology and toxicology. After FDA approves the Expanded Access Treatment request by the physician, an IND number 120052 is assigned for the Expanded Access Use for the GALS-C patient treatment with GM60404. GM60404 is only shipped to the physician after the physician received FDA's Study May Proceed letter. All components required by FDA are fulfilled before FDA will assign an IND number and allow the treatment to proceed. Since GALS-C is not a clinical trial, it is not registered with clinicaltrials. gov. FDA now has a simpler form for Individual Patient Expanded Access Applications (FDA Form 3926).

Randomization
Patients who qualified for the study were enrolled and assigned a unique patient number. The patient's initials and identification number were written on all source documents. Only the site number and patient's study ID number were written on CRF pages, documents sent to central readers, and CSF and blood samples sent to central lab for processing.
Patients fulfilling the eligibility criteria were assigned randomization codes, starting with number 0101, with 0100 series for Site 001 and 0200 series for Site 2. The patient number was assigned in sequential order as the patient enrolled. 6 patients were enrolled at each site. 8 patients were randomized to receive GM604 and 4 patients were randomized to receive placebo control. The statistical analysis team generated a list of randomization code and sent the list to the pharmacist of each site. The study site pharmacist retained the original treatment randomization schedule in a secure location. All activities of this study were conducted in a double-blinded, randomized, placebo controlled manner.

Ethics statement
The Phase 2A study was performed in compliance with the current International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) Good Clinical Practice (GCP) guidance and the current version of the Declaration of Helsinki of the World Medical Association 11 . The final protocol and informed consent form were reviewed and approved by the Columbia University Institutional Review Board (CU IRB) for Site 001 (Columbia University Medical Center) and by the Partners Human Research Committee (PHRC) for Site 002 (Massachusetts General Hospital). All patients who participated were fully informed about the study in accordance with GCP guidelines, federal regulations, HIPAA, and local requirements 12 . The trial was posted on clinicaltrials.gov on May 8, 2013. (NCT01854294) 13 . The GALS-C is not a clinical trial but an Expanded Access for compassionate treatment. IRB approval was received from Bay Area Regional IRB of Dignity Health.
ALS Protocol GALS-001 Subject Population. There are a total of two study sites: Columbia University Medical Center, New York and Massachusetts General Hospital. Definite ALS patients were randomized at each site to four GM604 treated and two placebo treated. Eligible patients met the El Escorial criteria for ALS 9,10 . At screening, symptom onset had occurred within the previous 24 months and forced vital capacity (FVC) was ≥65% of predicted capacity based upon age, height, and gender. Mean disease duration was 8.15 months, ranging from 2.7 to 16.5 months across treatment groups. Patients in the placebo group reported a slightly longer duration of disease, with a median duration of 8.90 months, compared with a median of 5.24 months for patients in the GM604 treatment group. The demographic profile of the placebo and GM604 treatment groups was matched in terms of age, with medians of 54.5 and 56.0 years in the placebo and treatment groups, respectively. The mean age of patients was 55.7 years, ranging from 45 to 68 across treatment groups. The majority of patients (66.7%; 8/12) were male. Gender distribution was slightly different in the two treatment groups, with an equal number of males and females in the placebo group (2/2) and a majority of males in the GM604 treatment group (75%; 6/8). All 4 of the females were at least 2 years post-menopausal. All 12 patients were Caucasian.
Patients were excluded if they had a bleeding disorder, allergy to local anesthetics, or medical or surgical conditions in which lumbar puncture was contraindicated, e.g., elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure. Prohibited medications included antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs such as Plavix, non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), ticlid, warfarin or coumadin. Patients may have been on a stable dose of riluzole for at least a month before screening, but riluzole was not initiated during the trial. We note that some biomarker data were missing due to hemolysis of samples, technical issues, or patients who missed clinical appointments for sample collection. These missing data were excluded from analyses.

Procedures.
Following screening, patients were randomized to receive GM604 (n=8) or placebo (n=4). Patients received 6 doses of 320 mg GM604 or placebo, administered as slow IV bolus injections on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday of weeks 1 and 2. Clinical assessments included the ALS Functional Rating Scale -Revised (ALSFRS-R) 14 , FVC 15-17 , timed up & go (TUG) 18 , and hand-held dynamometry (HHD) 19 . Assessements were conducted at screening, before the first dose (baseline), after the last (6 th ) dose at week 2, and at weeks 6 and 12. Safety and tolerability were evaluated based on the frequency of adverse events, vital signs, electrocardiography (ECG) measurements, physical and neurological examinations, safety laboratory monitoring, and hypersensitivity and injection site reactions 20 . The following visit windows were allowed: visits 1 (baseline and first dosing) to 6 (last dosing, 2 weeks): ± 1 day; visit 7 (4 weeks after last dosing, 6 weeks total): ± 7 days; visit 8 (10 weeks after last dosing, 12 weeks total): ± 14 days. We note that one patient (in the GM604 treatment group) returned to Germany where he resides and did not return for the week 12 assessment, although he did contact investigators to provide ALSFRS-R by phone. A total of 11 patients thus received all 6 doses of the study drug, with one patient receiving 5 doses of the drug.
Biomarkers. The biomarkers SOD1, phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain (pNFH) 21 , total tau, and TDP-43 were assessed at baseline, after the initial week 2 (4 th ) dose (plasma only), after the last (6 th ) dose (also in week 2) and at weeks 6 and 12. TDP-43 (TAR DNA-binding protein 43, transactive response DNA binding protein 43 kDa) is a protein encoded by the TARDBP gene. Mutations in the TARDBP gene are associated with neurodegenerative disorders including ALS 20,22-25 . We note that some biomarker data were missing due to technical issues with sample processing, or patients who missed clinical appointments for sample collection. These missing data were excluded from analyses.
Efficacy assessments. The ALSFRS-R is used to assess disability in ALS patients. It is a total score derived from sub-scores in the following categories: speech, salivation, swallowing, handwriting, cutting food, dressing and hygiene, turning in bed, walking, climbing stairs, dyspnea, orthopnea, and respiratory insufficiency. The score decreases as the disease progresses 14 .
The FVC, measured as a percentage, is used to assess respiratory function and is an indicator of disease progression. FVC also decreases with disease progression 15-17 .
TUG is used to predict falls in ALS. In this study, TUG in ambulatory participants with no assistance was measured and recorded with videotaping 18 The TUG was measured in seconds rounded to 1 decimal place, with smaller estimates indicating that a patient can walk faster. As ALS progresses, however, the walking pace may slow, or the patient may be unable to perform TUG. In the present study, TUG performed with assistance was excluded and treated as missing data.
HHD is used to measure muscle strength. HHD measures are dependent on the ability of the evaluator to overpower the subject's strength 19 . In this study, the clinician stabilized the limb segment while encouraging the patient to exert as much force as possible against an isometric HHD, and the maximum force was recorded by the HHD. Each site was tested in duplicate (triplicate if the first 2 results were more than 15% apart) and the result was measured in pounds using 1 decimal. The average of replicates for each clinical site was calculated and used in the analysis for each of the time points.
Statistical Analyses. The percentage change from baseline of each biomarker in plasma and CSF was compared between treatments using a 2-sample t-test and Wilcoxon Rank Sum test. Progressive changes in clinical endpoints were examined using mixed effects modeling (ALSFRS-R, FVC, TUG, grip strength and HHD scores). Rates of disease progression were compared between GM604and placebo-treated patients. Additionally, we made comparisons to placebo-treated patients from the Northeast ALS Consortium (NEALS) database showing stable rates of decline (https://www. alsconsortium.org/).

Safety.
Of 12 patients enrolled in the study, 9 reported at least one adverse event. Overall, in the GM604 treatment group, 5 of 8 patients experienced at least one treatment emergent adverse event (TEAE) and 4 of 4 patients in the placebo group experienced at least 1 TEAE. No unexpected findings were observed. Consistent with protocol-defined expected adverse reactions, the most frequently reported AEs by GM604-treated patients in the present study were falls (4 patients, 50%), puncture site pain (3 patients, 37.5%), rash (2 patients) and headache (2 patients, 25%). Of these most commonly reported TEAEs in GM604-treated patients, falls (1 patient, 25%), puncture site pain (1 patient, 25%) and headache (2 patients, 50%) were reported in placebo-treated patients.
Adverse events in the 'general disorders and administration site conditions' system organ class (SOC) were the most frequently experienced adverse events (7 patients and 61 total events in both the GM604 and placebo-treated groups). A serious adverse event that required inpatient hospitalization, shortness of breath 24 days after the first dose of GM604 (12 days after the last dose), was experienced by one patient in the GM604 treatment group. This patient received the full 6 doses of GM604 treatment and then left the study site and flew back to Germany. There was no additional GM604 administered to this patient during the hospital stay in Germany that could have affected the outcome of the results.
It was determined by investigators that this serious adverse event was most likely due to the natural progression of ALS and was thus unrelated to the investigational product. No deaths or withdrawals due to adverse events occurred.
There were no clinically meaningful differences noted between patients who received GM604 and those who received placebo for changes over time in clinical laboratory tests, hematology parameters, or urinalysis results. There were no clinically meaningful differences noted between patients who received GM604 and those who received placebo for changes over time in ECGs, vital signs, physical findings, neurological examination, or other observations related to safety.
Grade 1 hypersensitivity reactions were reported by one patient receiving placebo (visit 2 during week 1) and one patient receiving GM604 (visit 5 during week 2). All other patients reported an absence of hypersensitivity (Grade 0) reactions. There was no indication of QT prolongation as no patient receiving GM604 had a QT or QTcB (QT corrected using Bazett's formula) result above 450 msec.

Biomarker findings.
Previous clinical studies in patients with ALS have suggested that biomarker concentrations in plasma, serum, and CSF can be predictive of disease progression 26-33 . Therefore, a primary endpoint of the present study was to examine the percentage change of each biomarker between baseline and week 12.
In plasma samples, percentage change in plasma SOD1 at visit 6 (end of week 2) was lower than at baseline (p=0.0550, two sample t-test) following GM604 treatment compared with placebo which did not lower SOD1 (Table 1, Figure 1, Dataset 1 34 and Dataset 13 35 ). Percentage change in plasma total tau was significantly decreased, approximately -28% below baseline (p=0.0369 95% CI, Wilcoxon Rank Sum test) at week 6 (visit 7) after active GM604 treatment compared to placebo (Table 1, Figure 3, Dataset 2 36 and Dataset 14 37 ). Percentage change in slope by treatment interaction in plasma TDP-43 from baseline (visit 1) through to week 12 (visit 8) was -34% in the GM604 treated group and +6% in the placebo group (p=00078 95% CI). The p-value of 0.0078 indicates a significant difference in slopes between GM604 and placebo up to week 12 (Table 1, Figure 2, Dataset 3 38 and Dataset 15 39 ).
We observed suggestive trends but no statistically significant changes in CSF biomarker levels ( Table 1). SOD1 levels decreased at week 6 (visit 7) following treatment with GM604 but increased following placebo treatment 30 . Total CSF tau was decreased after end of week 2 (visit 6, final dose) of active treatment with GM604, whereas tau increased following placebo treatment 26 . Cystatin C was increased after end of week 2 (visit 6, final dose) and week 12 (visit 8) following treatment with GM604, and was decreased following placebo treatment 27,28 . Figure 1 compares CSF and plasma SOD1 levels at baseline (visit 1) and at the end of week 2 (visit 6, final dose) in the GM604 treated and placebo group. In Figure 1A and 1B, each point represents a single ALS patient, such that patients below the diagonal exhibit decreased SOD1 at visit 6 compared to visit 1. There was a trend towards decreased SOD1 in the CSF, but it was not statistically significant (p=0.123; one-tailed t-test; Figure 1A, Dataset 1 34 , Dataset 4 40 ). For plasma measurements, however, SOD1 abundance was significantly lower at visit 6 compared to visit 1 (p=0.009, paired one-tailed t-test; Figure 1B) Figure 2 shows the percentage change in slope by treatment interaction of plasma TDP-43 over time, from baseline (visit 1) through to week 12 (visit 8). The mean change in slope for the GM604 treated group was -3.513 pg/ml, which represents a 34% decrease, while the mean change in slope for the placebo group was 0.493 pg/ml, which represents a 6% increase (p=0.0078 for the difference between the slopes, -34% vs 6%, GM604 vs. placebo). To analyze disease progression, the results of the biomarker assays were analyzed using a mixed model repeated measures analysis. Commensurate with the design of the study, a mixed effects model was used to examine differences in the percentage change from baseline over time for each of the biomarkers. The covariance structure was used to model the intra-subject correlation. Since the percentage change from baseline is zero for all subjects at baseline, the y-intercept was removed from the model which forces the y-intercept to be 0. The explanatory variables that were added to the model include the week (2, 6, 12) as a numerical variable, treatment (GM604, placebo) and the treatment by week interaction. The model was run using all results through to week 6 and then again using all results through to week 12 separately. The p-value indicates a significant difference in slopes between GM604 and placebo up to week 12 (Dataset 15 39 ). Table 1. GALS-001 biomarker results. For Plasma SOD1 and Plasma Total tau: 1 The P-value was obtained from a twosample t-test for the difference in the change from baseline values between placebo and GM604. 2 The P-value was obtained from a Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test for the difference in the change from baseline values between placebo and GM604. For Plasma TDP-43: Results were obtained from a mixed model repeated measures analysis for the change from baseline as the response variable with explanatory variables for week and the week by treatment interaction. The y-intercept was taken out of the model and forced to be 0 as the percentage change from baseline at baseline must be 0. The unstructured covariance structure was used to model the intra-subject correlation. 3 The P-value indicates the significance of the difference in slopes between GM604 and Placebo. Higher pNFH is an indicator of higher disease progression rate.

Figure 1. SOD1 protein in CSF and plasma of GM6-and placebo control-treated patients (GALS-001)
. SOD1 was measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma at baseline (visit 1) and following 6 doses of GM6 over 2 weeks (visit 6). In (A) and (B) estimated SOD1 levels (pg/ml) are plotted (log 10 -transformed scale), with each point representing a single ALS patient. Patients below the diagonal showed decreased SOD1 post-treatment. P-values (lower right) were generated from the comparison of SOD1 measurements between visits 1 and 6 (p=0.009 one-tailed paired t-test performed using log10-transformed SOD1 estimates). The mean change in slope for plasma TDP-43 from baseline to week 12 in the GM6 treated groups was -3.513 pg/ml, which represents a decrease of 34%, while in the placebo group the mean change in slope was 0.493 pg/ml, which represents an increase of 6% from baseline. (p=0.0078, test for the significance of difference between the slopes, GM604 vs. placebo.) (To analyze disease progression, the results of the biomarker assays were analyzed using a mixed model repeated measures analysis. Commensurate with the design of the study, a mixed effects model was used to examine differences in the percentage change from baseline over time for each of the biomarkers. The unstructured covariance structure was used to model the intra-subject correlation. Since the percentage change from baseline at baseline is zero for all subjects, the y-intercept was removed from the model which will force the y-intercept to be 0. The explanatory variables that were added to the model include the week (2, 6, 12) as a numerical variable, treatment (GM604, placebo) and the treatment by week interaction. The model was run using all results through to week 6 and then again using all results through to week 12. The p-value indicates the significance of the difference in slopes between GM604 and placebo (Dataset 15 39 ) up to week 12. Figure 3 shows percentage change in plasma total tau over time, from baseline (visit 1) through to week 6 (visit 7). The mean percentage change from baseline for plasma total tau in GM604 treated patients was -27.69%, while the mean percentage change from baseline for the placebo group was 13.23% (p = 0.0369, -27.69% vs 13.23%, Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test. Dataset 14 37 ).

Efficacy assessments TUG, grip strength and HHD scores.
For weeks 2, 6 and 12, no significant treatment difference was observed between placebo and GM604 treatment groups with respect to TUG, grip strength and HHD scores 18,19 .

ALSFRS-R.
Rates of change in ALSFRS-R are usually linear for any one individual patient (without any intervention), but are highly variable among different patients, ranging from rapid (1 year) to slow (>10 years) 41 . Thus, to be able to measure any change in disease progression before and after treatment, ALSFRS-R was analyzed using mixed model analysis. The model allowed for differences in slopes before and after treatment in an attempt to observe disease modification. The slope for ALSFRS-R for the placebo group changed minimally before and after treatment, going from 0.037/day to -0.034/day. The slope for the GM604 group changed noticeably but not significantly before and after treatment, going from -0.046/day before treatment to -0.032/day after treatment. It appeared that the GM604 group had slowing of disease progression compared to pre-treatment (Dataset 16 42 ). At week 12, there was no statistically significant difference in ALSFRS-R between GM604and placebo-treated groups (Dataset 10 43 ).
Outcomes were also compared to baseline features of placebotreated definite ALS patients from recent clinical trials by NEALS 29,30 . In our GM604-treated patients, the monthly rate of decline per 30 days was -1.047 (I. The rate of decline per 30 days Forced vital capacity (FVC). At week 12, the total number of placebo-and GM604-treated patients was 4 and 7, respectively (one patient was excluded from week 12 assessments, see above). There was no statistically significant difference in the change of FVC from baseline between subjects who received placebo and those who received GM604 at week 12 (Table 2, -11.5 vs -4.7, p=0.5393, two sample t-test, Dataset 11 45 ).
There were two sites included in this study (Table 3). The screening visit and baseline assessment were separated by approximately 2 weeks. Intra-site variability was quite small for the placebo group at Site 001 and at both sites for the GM604 group (ranging from 0.3 to 3.0) and not statistically significant. While some variability between visits is expected, the drop of 15 points between screening visit and baseline assessment at Site 002 for the placebo group appeared very different than what was seen at the other site (Table 3).
Only at Site 001 was there a statistically significant difference between placebo and GM604 treated group when using FVC data from baseline to week 12 (Table 4, -28 vs -4.8, p=0.0268, two sample t-test ). ALS Protocol GALS-C The GALS-001 trial was under the restrictive inclusion criteria of definite ALS onset within 24 months and FVC >65%. As a follow-on study to investigate how an advanced ALS patient would respond to GM604, a single compassionate patient case study under protocol GALS-C outside of the restrictive inclusion criteria was initiated.
The patient was a 46-year old male diagnosed 10 years previously, quadriplegic for over eight years and on a ventilator. The patient received GM604 treatment in an identical dosing regimen as in GALS-001. The patient was too advanced to perform any of the clinical endpoint assessments such as ALSFRS-R, FVC etc. as in GALS-001, but personal clinical observations were recorded according to the patient's condition.
Clinical observations revealed small but beneficial improvements from baseline to week 12. At week 2, the patient showed clearer articulation compared to the baseline assessment. At week 4, the patient's swallow volume had increased by 150%-200%. Oral fluid consumption reported by the patient was improved, measuring 250cc total without leakage. Mouth suction, as measured by water column height, increased from 5-8 cm to 10-15 cm with both 1/8 and 1/4 inch drinking straws. Speech, swallowing, and suction were used as primary metrics, based upon the rationale that the relatively short motor neurons in the tongue and lips would show improvements first.
In this advanced patient, CSF biomarkers SOD1, Cystatin C and total tau were all below the normal range at baseline. After 2 weeks of treatment with GM604 in this advance patient, all 3 biomarkers were upregulated towards their normal range (SOD1: 50-200 ng/ml; Cystatin C: 3.0-8.0 μg/ml; total tau: 100-350 pg/ml; see Table 5).
In contrast, patients treated in this Phase 2A GALS-001 trial, diagnosed within 2 years of disease onset, had CSF biomarkers SOD1 and total tau at the high end of the normal range at the start of the trial, and at week 2, both of these biomarkers were downregulated towards their normal range. Cystatin C showed values that were at the low end of the normal range at the start of the trial and were up regulated towards their normal range by week 2. Table 5 represents a compilation summary of biomarker changes in patients after GM604 treatment in the GALS-001 and GALS-C trials.   Sample-ID Con.ng/ml Con.ng/ml Con.ng/ml Conc.µg/ml Conc.µg/ml Conc.µg/ml Con.pg/ml Con.pg/ml Con.pg/ml  Our findings show that GM604 is safe and tolerable at the doses administered in this study (i.e., 320 mg by IV bolus injection 3X/week for two consecutive weeks). Ad hoc analysis revealed that the GM604-treated group demonstrated improvements in disease outcomes, achieving statistical significance in FVC clinical data at week 12 at Site 001. GM604 also changed the expression levels of three ALS plasma biomarkers (SOD1, total tau, and TDP-43). The GM604-treated group exhibited a trend towards slower disease progression compared to placebo-treated patients.
Although ALSFRS-R at week 12 did not show a statistically significant difference between the GM604-treated group and placebo patients, in ad hoc analysis there were trends for improvements.
Previous clinical studies in patients with ALS have suggested that biomarker concentrations in plasma, serum, and CSF can be predictive of disease progression 32,33 . Therefore, a primary endpoint of the present study was to examine the percentage change of each biomarker between baseline and week 12. Although changes in CSF biomarker levels were observed over time, from baseline through to week 12, no statistically significant changes were observed in CSF biomarkers SOD1, total tau, Cystatin C, and pNFH 15-19,26-28 . Plasma biomarkers, in contrast, showed stronger differences between GM604-treated and placebo-treated patients. For example, plasma TDP-43 was reduced significantly by 34% below baseline at week 12 ( Figure 2). Consistent with this, the slope in plasma TDP-43 from baseline to week 12 in GM604 treated patients (-3.513 pg/mL/wk which represent a change of -34%) was lower than that in placebo patients (0.493 pg/mL/wk which represent a change of 6%) (p = 0.0078, -34% vs 6%, mixed model; Figure 2). Plasma SOD1 in the GM604-treated group also showed a significant reduction at week 2 when compared with the placebo group (p = 0.009; one tailed t-test Figure 1B). Finally, plasma total tau reduction achieved statistical significance in percentage change at week 6 between the treated and placebo patients (p = 0.0369, -27.69% vs 13.23%, Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test, Dataset 14, Figure 3).
The biomarker results in GALS-001 suggests that GM6 modulates ALS disease through multiple pathways. Our findings suggest a tentative mechanism of action (MOA) by which GM6 could prolong motor neuron survival in ALS patients. We propose a "tripartite mechanism" 8 . First, by reducing SOD1 expression, GM6 may block accumulation of pathologic SOD1 aggregates in motor neurons. Second, by reducing mitochondrial gene expression and potentially mitochondrial abundance (decreasing total tau), GM6 may disrupt the mitochondrial (intrinsic) apoptotic pathway. Third, GM6 appears to activate developmental/mitotic pathways (Cystatin C), which may promote cellular repair, axonogenesis, and neuron projection.
We did not observe significant changes with respect to some clinical efficacy measures (HHD, TUG, grip strength). Early changes in muscle strength are difficult to measure accurately by HHD because the accuracy of HHD decreases with higher muscle strength 19 . Grip strength and HHD assessments had great variability due to the different handedness of the patients along with the disease potentially affecting one side of the body in a slightly different manner than the other side. TUG may also not be an ideal clinical measurement for ALS trials because as ALS progresses, many patients with ALS are unable to perform TUG. In this trial, 50% of the patients receiving placebo treatment were not able to perform TUG at Week 12.

ALS Protocol GALS-C
The GALS-C patient is an unusual case, having survived 10 years when the average life expectancy is 2 to 5 years (http://www.alsa. org/about-als/facts-you-should-know.html). The GALS-C patient's SOD1 and total tau biomarkers were below the normal range and GM604 upregulated them towards the normal range; whereas SOD1 and total tau biomarkers of GALS-001 trial patients were above normal range and GM604 downregulated them towards normal range. While it is difficult to establish strong conclusions from a single patient, these results suggest that GM604 may have homeostatic effects on biomarker abundance (i.e., decreasing biomarkers when abnormally elevated and increasing biomarkers when abnormally repressed). In this respect, GM604 may not strictly act as an agonist or antagonist, but may instead have more complex and patient-specific effects depending on baseline status. Further studies and analyses of larger patient cohorts will be needed to address this possibility.
For some analyses, patients in the present study were compared to placebo-treated patients from a clinical study designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ceftriaxone treatment in definite ALS patients (Dataset 17 44 ) 46,47 . The use of historical placebo data may increase the clinical relevance of efficacy and safety information that can be gleaned from the current trial 21,48 . This may reduce type I error and improve statistical power for evaluating outcomes and endpoints in a small study 49 . However, when comparing these groups there are inherent variables between study populations that may lead to potential differences. For example, diagnostic criteria, the population with the disease, and concomitant standards of care can all lead to potential differences. The comparison with historical placebo data therefore needs to be interpreted with caution.
All data reported here have been submitted to the FDA. FDA has since encouraged Genervon to conduct a Phase 3 study under special protocol assessment process. Genervon is planning for the phase 3 clinical trial in 2017.

Consent
Written informed consent for participation in the trial and publication of patient information was obtained from each patient. Author contributions DK designed the study. MK prepared the first draft of the manuscript. PL, RMWC and TS contributed to manuscript preparation. All authors were involved in the revision of the draft manuscript and have agreed to the final content.

Competing interests
Dorothy Ko is an executive of the company and has ownership interest in Genervon Biopharmaceuticals, LLC, the sponsor of this trial.

Grant information
This study was funded by Genervon Biopharmaceuticals, LLC. This article describes that the GM604 is a peptide with a sequence identical to one of the active motoneuronotrophic factor. This peptide modulates many ALS-associated genes, promoting decreased expression of SOD1, repression of genes associated with the intrinsic apoptosis pathway, and increased expression of genes associated with mitosis and cell division. It is a very interesting peptide that may be investigated in this neurologic disorder as well as in other neurodegenerative and neurovascular disorder including Ischemic Stroke.
GM604 according to this papers it is a safe drug, therefore I consider has to be applied in larger number ALS patients since this trial includes only 12 ALS patients treated with this peptide and 4 placebo treated patients This article is described as multi-center phase 2A, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial, however in the abstract is reported a 2-center trial ALS diagnosed as definite ALS was performed according to the El Escorial Criteria. However, it is not described whether clinical and neurophysiologic criteria including Awaji criteria were used.
The procedures used for patient evaluation in this trial were performed with scientific rigor, However: a)There is a small number of ALS patients (8 in treatment and 4 in placebo group) b) In this paper the authors describe objective measurements including ALSFRS-R Time Up and Go and Hand-Held Dynamometry and FVC, although most of these objective measurements are not very sensitive to follow up in research drug trial, however I consider these measurements have to be performed every 4 weeks at least during 24 weeks mostly the ALSFRS-R The authors did not describe in the methods section the type of CSF analysis performed. However, they described in the section of statistical analysis that biomarker in plasma and CSF was compared between treatment groups The biomarkers in blood and CSF are not considered as objective measurement of clinical 5.
The biomarkers in blood and CSF are not considered as objective measurement of clinical outcome, probably some biomarkers may be used as possible effect of experimental drugs or dell therapy into the motor neuronal environment. The biomarkers so far reported in the literature are considered as some potential candidates for diagnosis or prognosis in ALS patients including Cystatin C, SOD1, pNfH, Neurofilament Heavy Chain Tau/tau ratio, and CSF Cytokine Pathway reported recently for our research group A table reporting adverse events between ALS treated patients and controls has to be integrated in the paper.
This is a research article that involves treated and control ALS subjects therefore I believe that historical controls are not needed The authors did not report in the methods, type of CSF analysis were done in treated and control ALS patients. However, in the statistical analysis they compared biomarker results in blood and CSF between treatments All patients included in this research are in an early state of ALS. There is a short time between clinical onset and inclusion to the trial (8.9 and 5.2 months in treated patients and placebo group respectively). I believe that these patients could be followed at least for 6 months after inclusion to this research protocol It was previously reported that the average decline in the ALSFRS-R score in ALS patients is -1.1 points per month and -13.32 points per year. Therefore, in this trial a comparison has to be done between treated ALS patients and those in the placebo group.
Merit Cudkowicz describe a decline in ALSFRS-R score of 3.6 point for placebo group and -2.2 in patients using dexpramipexole dose after three-months period follow-up. Since the observation period in this research trial (12 weeks) is similar than Cudkowicz report, a comparison of ALSFRS-R score among them is worthwhile Recently in ALS patients, slow and fast progressors have been identified using a probabilistic model with the ALSFRS-R score over 12 months follow up in ALS patients under placebo treatment. I judge this analysis may be useful in this research protocol as well as in a future trial with GM 604 In this research article objective measurements were performed including ALSFRS-R, Time Up and Go and Hand-Held Dynamometry at screening, baseline, 2, 6 and 12 weeks as well as safety and tolerability that only was applied in eleven patients. However, in TUG, Grip Strength and HHD scores, no significant treatment differences were observed between placebo and treatment groups. No statistically significant changes were found in the FVC among ALS treated and placebo. The slope for ALSFRS-R for the placebo group changed minimally before and after treatment and in those patients treated with GM 604 had no statistically significant changes at 12 weeks. I believe this no representative changes among treated and placebo group is due to a) small number of patients and controls included in this trial 2) short period of follow up and 3) the objective measurements used in this trial need to be strengthened The objective measurements in this trial could be: The Tractography including measuring of the Anisotropic Fraction of the pyramidal tract that is mostly originated in upper motor neurons of the frontal motor strip and the Motor Evoked Potential at baseline and 3 to 6 months after inclusion.

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frontal motor strip and the Motor Evoked Potential at baseline and 3 to 6 months after inclusion. Although these objective measurements may be more useful to objectively determine the potential protective effect of this peptide to motor neurons.
Finally, I consider that the authors presented an interesting paper to be published as a short communication including some modification I have described above that include in future trials a higher number of patients as well as improve the objective measurement about safety and efficacy. To combine results obtained in this trial with some other (advanced ALS in compassionate treatment) it is no suggested since they already reported that results in other report.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly

If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly

Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes
No competing interests were disclosed.

Competing Interests:
I have read this submission. I believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Genervon discovered an endogenous embryonic stage regulator of the human nervous system named Motoneuronotrophic Factor (MNTF). GM604 is a peptide with a sequence identical to one of the active sites of human motoneuronotrophic factor (MNTF)7. MNTF is an endogenous human embryonic stage neural regulatory and signaling peptide that controls the development, monitoring and correction of the 1,2 1 2 neural regulatory and signaling peptide that controls the development, monitoring and correction of the human nervous system. Genervon has taken advantage of these functional attributes of MNTF peptide, termed GM604, in this paper as a potential therapy for ALS. GM6 has been modeled upon an insulin receptor tyrosine kinase binding motoneuronotrophic factor within the developing central nervous system. GM604 modulates many ALS-associated genes, promoting decreased expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD1), repression of genes associated with the intrinsic apoptosis pathway, and increased expression of genes associated with mitosis and cell division.
This study relates to a 2-center phase 2A, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial with 12 definite ALS patients who were diagnosed within 2 years of disease onset. During the trial, patients received 6 doses of GM604 or placebo, administered as slow IV bolus injections (3x/week, 2 consecutive weeks). The main objectives of this Phase 2A trial were to assess the safety and efficacy of GM604 based on ALSFRS-R, FVC and selected biomarkers (TDP-43, Tau and SOD1, pNFH). In addition, this clinical trial was also extended to a compassionate inclusion and treatment protocol GALS-C for an advanced ALS patient. Thus, this protocol includes patients with early onset of ALS and 1 advanced ALS patient.
In this study, definite ALS patients were randomized to one of two treatment groups (GM604, n = 8; placebo, n = 4). During the trial, 2 of 8 GM604-treated patients exhibited mild rash, but otherwise adverse event frequency was similar in treated and placebo groups. GM604 slowed functional decline (ALSFRS-R) when compared to a historical control (P = 0.005). At one study site, a statistically significant difference between treatment and control groups was found when comparing changes in respiratory function (FVC) between baseline and week 12 (P = 0.027). GM604 decreased plasma levels of key ALS biomarkers relative to the placebo group (TDP-43, P = 0.008; Tau, P = 0.037; SOD1, P = 0.009). SOD-1 showed considerable reduction in plasma, with increased levels in placebo arm. Percentage change in plasma total tau was significantly decreased, approximately -28% below baseline (p=0.0369 95% at week 6 (visit 7) after active GM604 treatment compared to placebo. Percentage change in slope by treatment interaction in plasma TDP-43 from baseline (visit 1) through to week 12 (visit 8) was -34% in the GM604 treated group and +6% in the placebo group (p=00078 95% CI). The p-value of 0.0078 indicates a significant difference in slopes between GM604 and placebo up to week 12. The advanced ALS patient in compassionate treatment demonstrated improved speech, oral fluid consumption, mouth suction with GM604 treatment and biomarker improvements.
: First, although the trial was small in nature with the inclusion of only 12 patients (8 in the Comments treatment arm, and 4 in the placebo arm), it clearly demonstrates that the drug GM604 is completely safe to use, with only minor adverse events that could be clinically managed. The trial has been very well managed, scrutinized, clinically and experimentally planned/executed, along with thorough experimentation for the analysis of biomarkers. The statistical analysis within the realm of the study is to-the-point, and the statistical assessments of plasma and CSF-derived biomarker data between baseline and treatment time points is rigorous. Overall, there is also a considerable experimental rigor in the study, and provides an unbiased view point of safety, coupled with the modulation of gene expression in response to the drug. The procedures for measuring ALSFRS efficacy measurements that include FVC, TUG, HHD, etc. have been performed with clinical rigor.
Second, the trial also clearly demonstrates that the genes involved in ALS, and the biomarkers of the disease (TDP-43, Tau, SOD-1) showed favourable expression shift upon treatment with GM604, suggesting the genes being its possible targets. This also shows the evidence that the GM604 was able to alter the expression of certain ALS genes and its biomarkers in the positive direction, an evidence not shown before with any drug in the market for ALS treatment.
Although improved functional measurements during the Phase 2A study and in advanced ALS patient were observed, they failed to meet statistical significance. A larger trial is needed in the light of these findings. It is also understandable from the authors point of view that the clinical improvement measures in ALS are highly variable and difficult to achieve with a drug that is mechanistically different, acting on gene modulation. In addition, most drug trialled for ALS encounter the same problem, and the drug GM604 not only concurs with other drugs, but also is in line with the natural progression and history of the disease. One significant advantage GM604 offers is the multi-target effect, which none of the ALS drugs have achieved. Thus, it is likely that with repeated use of GM604, which modulates gene expression, patients will start showing improvement once the function of the impaired genes, involved in ALS, is restored to their normal function.
In the CSF, there were suggestive trends with no statistically significant changes in CSF biomarker levels. SOD1 levels decreased at week 6 (visit 7) following treatment with GM604, but increased following placebo treatment. Total CSF tau was decreased after end of week 2 (visit 6, nal dose) of active treatment with GM604. Tau increased following placebo treatment. Cystatin C increased after end of week 2 (visit 6, nal dose) and week 12 (visit 8) following treatment with GM604, and was decreased following placebo treatment. These are positive and very interesting indications at the gene expression of these highly ALS-related biomarkers. What other genes authors encountered alongside these biomarkers? This is key in unravelling functionally-related genes.
At the level of gene analysis, I believe authors have done an excellent job with the key ALS genes in plasma and CSF compartments but more functional analysis of genes is needed that can guide us towards the genes that are mechanistically related to the ones authors have analysed, and the genes that fit in the bigger schema of neurodegeneration.
: It is a tightly controlled study with logical set of clinical and experimental parameters.

Overall comments
Interesting to note is the multi-target nature of GM604, which has not been shown by any other drug for ALS. Mechanistically, the drug is tentative but larger clinical trials can evaluate a more precise mechanism. The way it stands currently, it is clear that this neuromodulator acts on a large number of genes that are involved in neurodegeneration, therefore a clear definition of genes and pathways is needed to address its precise mechanism. It also appears likely its utility in other neurodegenerative diseases.
The clinical improvement scores were minimal and transitory, but this is expected and is in line with clinical history of patients, duration of the study (12 weeks), and the nature of ALS disease as such. As the drug works on gene expression, more time is needed for improvement in clinical scores, along with repeated use.
Overall, authors have provided an excellent discussion in relation to previously published studies and this study is unique and exhaustive in terms of assessments of various clinical and experimental parameters. All in all, a bigger study is warranted to conclude on statistical improvement in clinical parameters, in addition to involving more exhaustive panoply of genes that can critically demonstrate the relationship with biomarkers SOD-1, Tau, TDP-43 and Cystatin, etc. This is critical! Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes

If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes GM604 is a potentially an interesting molecule for the treatment of ALS. Therefore, the results of this Phase IIa trial need to be carefully reviewed. There have been many similar Phase IIa trials of potentially interesting drugs for ALS, which have subsequently failed in large Phase III trials for 3 main reasons: too small numbers; the variability of ALS leads to cohort effects [better patients entering one arm of the study will make the treatment in that arm appear more favorable]; over-enthusiastic interpretation of results of a preliminary Phase II trial.
I am very surprised that clinical investigators from the 2 trial sites are not included in the authorship of the paper. At the least, I would like to see a reason, and letters from the heads of those clinical sections that did the study, Drs. Cudkowicz and Mitsumoto, stating that they have read the paper and support its contents and conclusions. Without this, the current paper is a sponsor-derived report.
to the drug. They should also provide more information about the rash in one patient -type, distribution, severity, response to treatment, and any resultant change in the trial.
Regarding efficacy: The trial showed no significant change in the clinical parameters studied. This is not surprising since the trial only lasted 12 weeks. The differences between FVC values in the 2 sites is probably related to variability of the disease, not to treatment effect. Since the study had a placebo arm, there is no reason to include reference to historical controls, and that section of the results should be deleted. The authors comment that "to be able to measure any change in disease progression before and after treatment, the ALSFRS-R was analyzed using mixed model analysis." However, since they had pre-screening values on only 3 of their 12 subjects, no statistical model can provide such an assessment. Therefore, I do not support the assertion that they were able to examine pre-treatment progression, and recommend deletion of the statement in the Abstract that [we] "observed .... improved functional measures." Regarding biomarkers: Most of this paper is devoted to changes in potential biomarkers. Though the changes are interesting and worthy of report, the editors and the readers should understand that these changes do not prove efficacy. The gold standard remains demonstrating efficacy in clinically relevant measures of disease.
Regarding the compassionate use patient: Since no significant clinical effect was seen in the 8 patients receiving active treatment and followed for 12 weeks, it is difficult to treat as reliable the unblinded clinical observations reported. This case is of interest to the sponsors of the study, but should not be included in a scientific report of this Phase IIa trial.

If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes

Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly
No competing interests were disclosed.

Competing Interests:
Referee Expertise: ALS, clinical trials, biomarkers, neurology I have read this submission. I believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above.
pre-screening data were taken from the subject's clinical record before study start as a guide for the PI to consider recruiting the patient, although pre-screening data were reported in Dataset 10. As you can see in Dataset 10, the pre-screening dates were two to three months before study start in August: Subject 102 had pre-screening on 6/24/2013, Subject 201 pre-screening was on 5/16/2013, Subject 202 has pre-screening on 6/4/2013. Therefore, there were data from all twelve subjects (not three) from to baseline to be used in the mixed model analysis for screening pre-treatment progression.
Inclusion of data from the compassionate use patient: The compassionate use patient had ALS for 10 years and is quadriplegic and is on ventilator full time. His ALS disease has progressed much more than any of the subjects in the trial. GM6 was discovered as an endogenous multi-target regulator based on our innovative hypothesis and paradigm. Based on many pre-clinical studies, Genervon has confidence in efficacy of GM6 and was willing to treat even very advance ALS patients under expanded access IND. Reporting the findings of the very advance ALS patient functional responses and his biomarkers response to GM604 is of interest as a footnote because most clinical trials would not have included patients at such advanced state.
We hope this addresses the concerns.
No competing interests were disclosed. Competing Interests:

Mark Kindy
We thank the investigator for his thoughtful comments. Genervon embraced a system biology approach in finding a cure for the highly complex heterogeneous neurodegenerative and neurological diseases and disorders. Genervon looked for and discovered an embryonic stage regulator that appears to control the development of the human nervous system by differentiation, monitoring and correction of the defective genes through various pathways.
The GM604 clinical trial Phase 2A data showed favorable shifts in ALS biomarkers and improved clinical and functional measures in ALSFRS-R and FVC during the Phase 2A clinical trial as well as in an advanced ALS patient. The biomarker results in GALS-001 suggest that GM6 may modulate ALS through multiple pathways. Our findings suggest a tentative tripartate mechanism of action (MOA) by which GM6 could prolong motor neuron survival in ALS patients. GM6 is not a cocktail of different molecules. It is an endogenous multi-target embryonic stage tyrosine kinase motoneuronotrophic factor regulator. GM6 binds to the insulin receptors, IGF1 receptors, and IGF2 receptors of the human nervous system.
Our Investigator recommended that to see the efficacy effect of GM604 after only six doses in two weeks, we should choose patients with fast progression of ALS who are definite ALS patients per El Escorial Criteria (EEC) with disease onset within two years. Our Investigator queried ALS experts as to what the rate of decline is on average with sd for patients who are diagnosed already with definite ALS EEC at study entry. We used this written reply as an independent historical control in order to look at comparison for entry. We used this written reply as an independent historical control in order to look at comparison for Genervon's small study. The written information provided to us from the Ceftriaxone study was that monthly changes in ALSFRS-R was -1.97 +/-0.057 (for definite ALS patients). We have no knowledge that this written reply may be incorrect.
In our GM604-treated definite ALS patients with fast disease progression, the monthly rate of decline was -1.047. The rate of decline per month among historical controls was significantly greater, (-1.97 per month; p = 0.0047 95% C -1.047/mo vs -1.97/mo, mixed model, Data-set 1744), indicating improvement in GM604-treated patients compared to an independent historical control cohort.
We agree that larger trials are needed to confirm these findings, although the present data are encouraging and suggest that GM604 might be an ALS drug candidate. Genervon is planning a Phase 3 ALS trial in 2017 in the US. Enrollment detail will be announced later.
Thank you.
No competing interests were disclosed.

Competing Interests:
Reader Comment 13 Apr 2017 , Massachusetts General Hospital, USA

David Schoenfeld
We are ALS researchers and we were concerned that this paper may be used as evidence that GM604 had been proved to be effective and that patients should begin to use it. We had available ALSFRS-R data from 10 different trials, and we analyzed them in the same manner as the authors of this study. None of the trials had a drop in ALSFRS-R of 1.87 per month as was reported by the authors as being the drop found in a recent study. The average drops varied from 0.56 per month to 1.21 units per month and the data on GM604 sat more or less in the middle. Thus there is no indication that GM604 is any more effective than any of the agents or placebo's in these trials, none of which were considered to be positive. The drop in ALSFRS-R found in the GM604 is completely in line with the natural history of the disease.
Eight patients is two few to determine efficacy of an ALS treatment. In a trial of eight patients all you can ascertain is that a treatment doesn't have any common serious side effects.
I am a biostatistician and I have often consulted for companies that test ALS drugs. Competing Interests: I am also know some of the investigators for this study although I did not consult for this company.