Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease affecting nearly 330 million people worldwide ¹ . Children, whose immune system is yet to mature, are among the most susceptible to asthma. Indoor, as well as outdoor stimuli (e.g., allergens, air pollutants matter, and microbial exposures), can contribute to childhood asthma ^{2– 4} . Indoor allergens frequently linked to childhood asthma include pests (dust mites, cockroaches, and mice), microbial contaminants (bacteria and fungi), and anthropogenic indoor air pollution ^{3, 5– 8} . Outdoor allergens include traffic-related pollutants, fungal and pollen airborne allergens ^{9, 10} . In recent years, food allergies have increased and, as a consequence, they can contribute to the prevalence of childhood asthma ¹¹ . Allergy-induced childhood asthma is a growing public health concern, not only from increasing trends but also from heterogenous repeated exposure to stimuli.

The interplay of sociodemographic factors contributes to the incidence of childhood asthma. Ethnic, neighborhood and other sociodemographic differences have been linked to various exposure to indoor and outdoor allergens and pollutants. These differences have been associated with childhood asthma health disparities ^{12– 15} . Nevertheless, few studies have addressed the relationship between food allergens and sociodemographic factors in childhood asthma morbidity. In this study, we re-analyzed a publicly available dataset ¹⁶ employed in a study published by Hill et al. ¹⁷ , in which they used provider-based data to find relationships between food allergens and respiratory allergy.

To determine the prevalent food allergens among races and ethnicities in the dataset from Hill et al. ^{16, 17} , proportions of reactivity were plotted ( Figure 1). The highest food allergen reactivities were among Non-Hispanic (15%) and White (8%) individuals, and the lowest among Asian/Pacific Islander (7%) and Hispanic (0.5%) individuals. The most common reactivities were to peanut, shellfish, egg, milk, fish, and soy; except for Black individuals (highest to shellfish) the most reactive food allergen was peanut. Shellfish was the second most prevalent food allergen, except for Black (peanut) and White (milk) individuals, and Other Races (milk). These results suggest that race and ethnicity contribute to different food allergen reactivities.

Hill et al. ¹⁷ have reported an association between the development of childhood asthma and food allergies. To follow the race and ethnic prevalence of food allergies and to expand Hill et al’s. previous findings, we evaluated associations of race (Black, White, Asian/Pacific Islander, Others) and ethnicity (Hispanic vs. Non-Hispanic) with the development of childhood asthma ( Table 1). Although Hispanic individuals had five times higher odds ratio (OR = 1.31) than non-Hispanic individuals (OR = 0.23), after adjusting for race, ethnicity, and top three most prevalent food allergens (peanut, shellfish, and milk), the OR was comparable (Hispanic: OR = 3.62; Non-Hispanic: OR = 3.51). Among races, Black individuals had the highest odds ratio (OR = 1.90) and White individuals the lowest (OR = 0.21) When considering race after adjusting for the top three prevalent allergens, Black individuals (OR = 5.14) had the highest OR compared to White individuals (OR = 3.47), Asian/Pacific Islander individuals (OR = 4.24), and Others/Unknown (OR = 4.45). In summary, Hispanic and Black individuals and other races had the highest ORs compared to White and Asian/Pacific Islander individuals, but the risk increased for all ethnicities and races after considering the three most prevalent food allergens.

In this study, re-analysis of published and publicly available data ¹⁶ was employed to expand the findings by Hill et al. ¹⁷ on the association of food allergens and sociodemographic factors with the development of childhood asthma. For this purpose, logistic regressions were employed to evaluate the association of race and ethnicity in the development of asthma.

Differences in development of childhood asthma, as adjusted by food allergens, were detected not only by ethnicity but also by race. Health disparities, as determined by race and ethnicity, are well established, and our results align with previous findings ^{15, 18– 20} . In these studies, Black and Hispanic individuals have been reported to have a higher prevalence of childhood asthma. Similarly, food allergens and their association with asthma have been extensively documented ^{21, 22} . In the current study, Hispanic and Black individuals were also the groups with the highest asthma prevalence. Furthermore, food allergens modified the effect of sociodemographic factors in asthma development.

As reported by Hill et al. ¹⁷ , the dataset was a retrospective examination of health records at only one health institution, and diseases relied on diagnosis codes: the latter is often reported as a possible contributor to bias in how data is collected. Hill et al. ¹⁷ addressed this limitation by carrying out a comparison of diagnosis codes with accepted diseases parameters. All other limitations and approaches to address previously published by Hill et al. apply to the current study as we used their publicly available dataset ¹⁶ .

In conclusion, food allergens modified the effect of sociodemographic factors in the development of childhood asthma. Development and implementation of asthma interventions should consider the possible confounding interaction of nutritional allergens with race and ethnicity factors.

The dataset used in this study is available from http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.44529 ¹⁶ .

The R script used in this analysis can be found in Supplementary File 1.