REPORT Case Report : Anesthetic management for Cesarean section in a parturient with unspecified inherited bleeding disorder

Neuraxial anesthesia, as the standard of care for Cesarean deliveries, is associated with decreased blood loss. However, parturients with inherited bleeding disorders are at increased risk for epidural hematomas. A small retrospective study has shown that parturients with known factor deficiencies can safely undergo neuraxial anesthesia once the specific factors are replenished. We present a patient who had a considerably increased risk of peripartum bleeding from an unspecified inherited bleeding disorder and was provided a successful neuraxial anesthetic without complications. We discuss the multidisciplinary approach among the surgeons, anesthesiologists, hematologist, and nursing staff to maximize patient safety and comfort.


Introduction
Neuraxial anesthesia, which encompasses both spinal and epidural anesthesia, has been established as a safe and effective regional anesthetic technique for the obstetric patient. Although considered the standard of care for Cesarean deliveries (CDs), this technique carries a small but potentially devastating risk of neuraxial bleeding complications (e.g. spinal epidural hematomas (SEH)) that may result in significant neurological injury or compromise. The risk of SEH in obstetric patients from neuraxial anesthesia is estimated to be 1:168,000 1 . Parturients with coagulopathy or bleeding diathesis are at increased risk of neuraxial hematomas 2,3 . Although a recent study has provided a management outline for patients with unclassified bleeding disorders undergoing procedures 4 , no specific recommendations were made for CDs, which is unique in that hematologic management directly impacts anesthetic management. In fact, although parturients with known hemostatic deficiencies can often safely undergo neuraxial anesthesia once the hemostatic defects are corrected 5-7 , due to the lack of recommendations, neuraxial anesthesia is often avoided in these patients, as in patients with other coagulopathies 8 . Here, we present the anesthetic management and safe utilization of neuraxial anesthesia for a CD in a patient with an unspecified inherited bleeding disorder.

Case description
A 39-year-old G6P3 with an unspecified inherited bleeding disorder presented at 37-6/7 weeks gestational age for a fourth repeat scheduled CD in the setting of fetal macrosomia. The patient had a diagnosis of an unspecified bleeding disorder. Prior to diagnosis, her bleeding history consisted of easy bruising, gingival bleeding, heavy menstrual bleeding, and multiple post-operative hemorrhagic complications after previous surgeries. These complications included hemorrhagic compartment syndrome after an ankle surgery and bleeding complications with all three prior deliveries including persistent vaginal bleeding after her first two CDs and intra-abdominal hemorrhage after her third CD. Although she reported having had epidurals during her prior pregnancies, these anesthetic records were unavailable. Her family history is positive for mucocutaneous bleeding including maternal heavy menstrual bleeding and death of her maternal grandmother secondary to postpartum hemorrhage. Prior to this pregnancy, she was referred for evaluation of a bleeding disorder in advance of cervical spine surgery. Her extensive coagulation laboratory evaluation was unremarkable, including normal complete blood count and smear, activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, thrombin time, von Willebrand factor (VWF) parameters, fibrinogen activity, platelet aggregation studies (including ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation), platelet function assay, factor XIII level, and rotational thromboelastography. There was good documentation of her prior bleeding and no suspicion for other disorders, such as endocrine or connective tissue disorders. She was diagnosed with an unspecified inherited bleeding disorder. The differential diagnosis for her hemostatic defect included rare congenital bleeding disorders such as undetected VWF qualitative dysfunction or undetected defects in fibrin, fibrinolysis, or platelet function. She received prophylactic fresh frozen plasma (FFP), cryoprecipitate, platelets, and anti-fibrinolytic treatment as prophylaxis for her cervical spine surgery and achieved good hemostasis without complication.
Upon presentation for delivery, her laboratory values were unremarkable: hematocrit (Hct) 30%, platelets 169 × 10 3 /ml, international normalized ratio (INR) 1.1, partial thromboplastin time (PTT) 30 s, fibrinogen activity 461 mg/dl, and a thromboelastogram (TEG) within normal parameters. Prior to her delivery, a multi-disciplinary care plan, including hematology, anesthesiology, and obstetric services was established and a delivery plan that balanced patient safety and birthing preferences agreed upon; contingency plans for transfusion and anatomic control of bleeding were in place in the event of obstetric hemorrhage. The risks and benefits of regional anesthesia were discussed at length with the patient, acknowledging the diagnostic challenges and lack of a useful laboratory monitoring test.
The patient prophylactically received 2 units of FFP, 10 units of cryoprecipitate within 4 hours prior to CD, and 2 units of platelets immediately before the placement of spinal anesthetic. Following the delivery of a healthy infant, intravenous aminocaproic acid was immediately started and routine oxytocin was infused. Poor uterine tone was noted after delivery, which improved after single dose of 200 ug IM methylergonovine and 800 mg buccal misoprostol administration. The estimated blood loss was 1.5 liters. In response to her higher-than-average blood loss, 2 additional units of platelets were given in the immediate postoperative period. Deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis consisted of sequential compression devices until ambulation; low molecular weight heparin was avoided. The patient was closely monitored. Her postoperative labs were notable for Hct 22%, platelets 175 x 10 3 /ml, INR 1.1, PTT 28 s, and fibrinogen activity 462 mg/dl. Additionally, TEG results during and after the CD remained normal. The patient continued intravenous aminocaproic acid therapy postpartum, and transitioned to oral tranexamic acid for 5 days. She had an uneventful recovery and was discharged 3 days after surgery. The case management timeline and dosing regimen are shown in Figure 1.

Discussion
This patient's unspecified inherited bleeding disorder placed her at considerably increased risk of peripartum bleeding with risks compounded by fetal macrosomia, multiple prior CDs, and a personal history of obstetric hemorrhage in the absence of prophylaxis. Typically, for a well-defined bleeding disorder prophylaxis can be used with appropriate repletion of the respective pathway components. For patients with unspecified bleeding disorders, it is not possible to know if the hemostatic defect has been adequately corrected by the prophylaxis treatment options available. However, in this case her spine surgery history could inform a prophylaxis regimen; good communication and detailed hematology recommendations regarding the type, dose, and timing of blood product administration were critical in the planning and delivery of a safe spinal anesthetic for this patient.
Despite the potential for prolonged duration of surgery in the setting of a fourth CD, a spinal anesthetic was preferred over a combined spinal epidural to minimize the risk of an epidural catheter-associated hematoma 9,10 . General anesthesia, even with comparable safety in obstetrics 11 , was reserved for a failed spinal anesthesia or bleeding emergency to optimize maternal uterine tone 12 and fetal neurological adaptation, both of which are affected by the use of volatile anesthetics, and to allow for early maternal-infant skin-to-skin bonding, honoring the mothers wish. Also important, the patient desired a regional anesthetic.
Other management considerations to guide appropriate planning and reduce the risk of significant perioperative bleeding include: early pre-anesthetic consultation, pre-operative hematology consultation, expeditious use of intraoperative uterotonics, and maintenance of normothermia to prevent hypothermic coagulopathy. Co-loading with crystalloid or colloid prior to initiation of neuraxial anesthesia can attenuate hypotensioncommonly observed with spinal-related sympathectomy-which may be exacerbated in the setting of acute hemorrhage. The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was avoided.
Since laboratory results, including TEG, did not reflect the patient's hemostasis defect, close intraoperative monitoring of bleeding status was performed by continually evaluating vital signs, examining blood loss in the operative field and suction canisters, and closely communicating with the obstetricians about uterine tone. The above-average blood loss was attributed to uterine atony due to observation by the surgeons, though incomplete hemostasis could not be ruled out completely. Postoperatively, close neurological exams for 24 hours to monitor for clinical signs of neuraxial hematoma were performed.
In summary, this case report highlights the importance of a multi-disciplinary approach. Close communication and coordination between the hematology, obstetric, and obstetric anesthesia services were crucial in achieving an uneventful CD in this patient with an otherwise extremely high bleeding risk.

Data availability
All data underlying the results are available as part of the article and no additional source data are required.

Consent
Written informed consent for publication of their clinical details and/or clinical images was obtained from the patient.

Grant information
The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Thank you for your comments to improve the quality of our manuscript. I will reply point by point to your comments: In addition to the cryoprecipitate transfusion, was von Willebrand factor/DDAVP administration considered given the unknown defect? Willebrand factor/DDAVP administration was not given based on the norma; von Willebrand factor (VWF) parameters preoperatively.

Please clarify the institutional oxytocin protocol post-delivery.
Our protocol is as follows: 15 IU per hour given on a drip. Once adequate uterine tone is achieved, the dose is reduced to 7.5 IU per hour, and again, once the tone is reported to be adequate, reduced ca 50% (or 70ml /hr). This drip is continued postpartum.

Following the postpartum hemorrhage, what guided the decision to transfuse two additional units of platelets postoperatively and not other factors/fibrinogen?
While uterine atony was the likely reason for the PPH, incomplete hemostasis we assumed and platelet substitution deemed the most appropriate therapeutic first step.

Is there any published literature on the prevalence of 'unspecified bleeding disorders' and/or standardization of these clinical diagnoses in the setting of normal coagulation workups by hematologists?
The lack of such literature prompted this report. Her airway exam was as follows: Mallampati Score 2, free head and neck movement (>6cm), normal mouth opening and no prominent incisors, in short pretty normal.
Willebrand factor/DDAVP administration was not recommended by the hematologist based on the normal von Willebrand factor (VWF) parameters preoperatively.
She had a well working 18g IV. We decided not to place an Aline a priori, because we felt that it could be sited easily if need be. In cases where the placement is deemed technically complicated we do place A lines when a PPH is deemed likely, the same applies to a second large bore IV.
I am curious about the components of the intrathecal medications for the single shot spinal anesthetic. With the possibility for prolonged surgery, were any adjuvants, such as clonidine added to prolong the anesthetic?
We used out routine SPA mixture 12,5mg hyperbaric Bupivacaine, 10mcg Fentanyl and 100mcg PF Morphine. We did not add spinal clonidine, to avoid worsening of hypotension in a case where a PPH was deemed likely. Clonidine could also be aded later IV, to extend spinal anesthesia duration, but again potentially worsen hypotension-for hours. Obviously, we opted not to place a CSE in this potentially coagulopathic patient.
Explain what is"routine oxytocin" in your institution. For what period postoperatively was the patient "closely monitored" and how? Were there nursing orders for frequent checks of neurologic status? Finally, I would suggest discussing the reasons for the low incidence of epidural hematoma in the obstetric population and including this reference: incidence of epidural hematoma in the obstetric population and including this reference: Lee L, et al1 Physiological hypercoagulability of pregnancy as well as the large epidural space in young parturients may explain why epidural hematomas in parturients are rare; additionally older guidelines are more conservative regarding platelet count cut-offs for neuraxial anesthesia. The risk of performing neuraxial anesthesia in patients with platelet counts of less than 70,000however remains unknown.1