Epilepsy is one of the most common paediatric neurological conditions in childhood ( Hirtz et al., 2007). Children and young people with epilepsy have a greatly elevated risk of developing mental health difficulties relative to that of the general population (e.g. Rodenburg et al., 2005) and of children with other Long Term Conditions, such as diabetes (e.g. Davies Heyman & Goodman et al., 2003). Presence of psychiatric comorbidities may explain lower ratings in Health-related Quality of Life than seizure or demographic variables ( Baca et al., 2011; Stevanovic et al., 2011). Further, poor mental health in children may contribute to a greater severity of physical illness ( Miller et al., 2009), for example the presence of a mental health disorder has been linked to a greater frequency of seizures ( de Araujo Filho & Yacubian, 2013). As a result, the UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines recommend that the psychological needs of children with epilepsy should be considered as part of routine care ( NICE, 2012, p.52).

Despite the recommendations from NICE, there is a lack of research into the optimal psychological treatment of mental health disorders in children with epilepsy ( Jones, 2014), which means that there is little direction as to the types of assessments and interventions that should be used to identify and treat mental health difficulties in this group. The mental health difficulties most commonly seen in children with epilepsy are also those seen most commonly in children without epilepsy (for example anxiety, depression, disruptive behaviour, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); ( Davies et al., 2003) and there is a wealth of research supporting the use of evidence based treatments for these disorders in children without epilepsy (e.g. Weisz et al., 2013). For example, UK NICE guidelines (2013) recommend that, in children and young people without epilepsy who have mental health needs, those with disruptive behaviour disorders should be given approximately ten hourly sessions of a behavioural parenting intervention as a first-line treatment and those with social anxiety should be given 8–12 sessions of cognitive behaviour therapy of 45 minutes duration ( NICE, 2013). Given that cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) and behavioural parenting interventions have been shown to work across a number of different populations, including those with Intellectual Disabilities ( Totsika et al., 2017), Autism ( Lang et al., 2010) and ADHD ( Daley et al., 2014), it is most parsimonious to assume that they also work in children with epilepsy, until proven otherwise. Therefore, in the absence of epilepsy-specific guidance, Wagner & Smith (2006) suggest that clinicians should use evidence-based interventions with routine outcome measurement (p. 47).

However, it is not clear that children with epilepsy are accessing these evidence-based treatments, and in many cases the difficulties remain ‘under-recognised and under-treated in clinical settings’ ( Pattanayak & Sagar, 2012, p. 16). For example, Hanssen-Bauer & colleagues (2007) found 77% of 74 children and young people with epilepsy had a probable mental health disorder, but 80% of this group had no contact with psychology or psychiatry, a finding corresponding to other studies ( Ettinger et al., 1998; Ott et al., 2003). This finding of an unmet need is not new and indeed warrants further investigation. These studies also demonstrate that a small proportion of children and young people do receive support for their mental health needs but there is little research exploring what this treatment consists of and whether it is compliant with national recommendations for children with identified mental health needs. The primary aim of this study was therefore to identify what psychological treatment young people with epilepsy with mental health needs receive in routine practice. The secondary aim was to establish whether the treatment received was compliant with NICE recommendations for the mental health disorder.

This cohort study formed part of a larger unpublished study investigating the feasibility of a randomised control trial for treatment of mental health difficulties in children and young people with epilepsy (NIHR Programme Development Grant RP-DG-0614-10003). It received ethical approval from the South East Coast – Surrey Research Ethics Committee (15.LO.1881) and R&D approval from Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust. We used the STROBE cross sectional checklist when writing our report ( von Elm et al., 2018).

Of the 46 participants who completed the DAWBA, 29 (63%) young people met diagnostic criteria for at least one DSM5 disorder. 19 of the 29 children meeting diagnostic criteria (66%) had not received previous support. 16 of the whole sample of 46 (35%) reported that they had experienced previous or current treatment for their child’s difficulties. Of the 16 who did receive treatment, 10 (63%) considered it helpful in addressing their child’s mental health needs. In total, 10 of these 16 children met diagnostic criteria for a mental health disorder according to the DAWBA (63%).

Table 1 presents details of the treatment offered to families. Eight participants reported receiving support within the past year and all aspects of the treatment offered were highly variable. As can be seen from Table 1, whilst some of the interventions may have been compliant with NICE interventions, many were not, for example a child that met diagnostic criteria for Generalised Anxiety Disorder and Autism (according to the DAWBA) received dance therapy.

This study revealed that the majority of young people with mental health needs in epilepsy services were not receiving any intervention. Of those that did receive an intervention, there was a great deal of variability in the mental health support being offered. The findings further strengthen the argument that a large gap in mental health provision exists within this group. Corroborating previous work, a large proportion of the participants with identified mental health needs were not in receipt of adequate support for these problems ( Children’s Commissioner, 2016; Ettinger et al., 1998; Hanssen-Bauer et al., 2007; Ott et al., 2003).

The lack of consistency and inadequacy of treatment for mental health difficulties demonstrated in this study may be owed to the failure to adopt an integrated, collaborative approach to mental and physical healthcare ( Naylor et al., 2016). Further, although evidence does exist for the treatment of mental health difficulties in children and young people, mental health clinicians may be reluctant to extrapolate this to children with epilepsy because of questions regarding their utility, efficacy and safety in this group. Some may hold the view that children with epilepsy need different approaches to those without epilepsy and the absence of treatments consistent with NICE guidelines demonstrated in this study may be reflective of such a belief.

To our current knowledge, this study is the first to formally investigate the routine treatment received for mental health problems within children and young people with epilepsy. However, in terms of the study’s limitations, the sample size is small and limited in representativeness given the clinical sample. Additionally, it was conducted on the basis of parent report, which may be vulnerable to inaccuracies as parents may not correctly remember details of the support they received. Further, the lack of detail regarding the content of the treatment also limits our ability to definitively conclude how compliant the support was with current guidelines. Finally, we recognise that with the absence of a control group, the possibility that this problem may not be specific to children with epilepsy, cannot be ruled out. Instead, this study may serve as another reflection of the problem with regards to Child and Adolescent Mental Health services (CAMHS) access and use of evidence based treatments that exist more generally ( Children’s Commissioner, 2016).

In conclusion, the usual treatment for mental health in children and young people attending paediatric epilepsy clinics is highly variable and inadequate. Providing appropriate, evidence-based treatment is a priority given the enduring impact that poor mental health has on children’s quality of life. Further research should investigate reasons for the lack of treatment following existing guidance for mental health difficulties in children, as well as possible solutions to this. For example, qualitative studies of clinicians’ beliefs about mental health treatment in epilepsy may be beneficial.

Written informed consent for publication of research based on analysis of anonymised data were obtained from the participants.

NHS England has strict policies on data sharing with which the authors must be compliant. Participants did not provide explicit consent for their data to be publically available. Therefore data may not be made publically available due to ethical restrictions imposed by NHS England. The relevant anonymised data is summarised in Table 1 and may be made available to qualified researchers. Data requests may be sent to the corresponding author of this paper or to ich.psychmedresearch@ucl.ac.uk.