Draft genome assembly and transcriptome sequencing of the golden algae Hydrurus foetidus (Chrysophyceae)

Hydrurus foetidus is a freshwater chrysophyte alga. It thrives in cold rivers in polar and high alpine regions. It has several morphological traits reminiscent of single-celled eukaryotes, but can also form macroscopic thalli. Despite its ability to produce polyunsaturated fatty acids, its life under cold conditions and its variable morphology, very little is known about its genome and transcriptome. Here, we present an extensive set of next-generation sequencing data, including genomic short reads from Illumina sequencing and long reads from Nanopore sequencing, as well as full length cDNAs from PacBio IsoSeq sequencing and a small RNA dataset (smaller than 200 bp) sequenced with Illumina. The genome sequences were combined to produce an assembly consisting of 5069 contigs, with a total assembly size of 171 Mb and a 77% BUSCO completeness. The new data generated here may contribute to a better understanding of the evolution and ecological roles of chrysophyte algae, as well as to resolve the branching patterns at a larger phylogenetic scale.


Introduction
Here, we present extensive genome sequencing data, including a hybrid assembly, as well as transcriptome data of mRNAs and small RNAs of the golden algae Hydrurus foetidus (Villars) Trevisan.
There has been considerable interest in the golden algae for many reasons: they are ecologically diverse, important as primary producers (phototrophs) in oligotrophic to dystrophic lakes However, chrysophytes have also attracted considerable interest from an evolutionary point of view. They belong to the division (phylum) Heterokonta (Cavalier-Smith, 1986) (Stramenopila according to Adl et al., 2019), an immensely diverse group of eukaryotes with many basal branches in the phylogeny still not resolved, despite numerous molecular phylogenetic studies, including multigene phylogenomics (e.g. Burki Hydrurus has a number of peculiar morphological characteristics relevant for understanding chrysophyte and heterokont evolution. Although it is multicellular, the cells in the thalli are not physically connected, and under some growth conditions the cells may slide away from each other in their wall-less polysaccharide tubes, or be released as single-celled swarmers (Klaveness et al., 2011). Other characteristic features, which may be considered primitive for a thallose alga, are contractive vacuoles, often more than one in each cell (Fott, 1959; Klaveness, 2019).
We have assembled a draft genome of Hydrurus foetidus using a combination of short-read Illumina sequencing and long-read Nanopore sequencing. The assembly consists of 5069 contigs yielding a total size of 171 Mb and a 77% BUSCO completeness. In addition to the deep genomic sequencing, we have also sequenced full-length poly(A) transcripts using PacBio IsoSeq, as well as sequencing the expressed small RNAs. This extensive dataset will be important, not only for studies of heterokont and chrysophyte evolution but also for elucidating the genetic mechanisms behind cold water adaptation, like the production of polyunsaturated fatty acids (Klaveness, 2017) and the regulation of a complex multicellular lifestyle.

Culturing of H. foetidus
The specimen of Hydrurus foetidus (Villars) Trevisan (strain G070301) used in this study was sampled from the river at the To prepare for DNA isolation, the growth of large thalli was promoted by repeated transfer of individual thalli into fresh culture media. Large thalli (0.5-1.0 g wet frozen weight) were collected by removal from the culture medium and immediate transfer to -80°C and storage until further processing. The culture will be deposited in a special culture collection, at the Fraunhofer Culture Collection of Cryophilic Algae (CCCryo).
Illumina sequencing of genomic DNA Isolation of genomic DNA for Illumina sequencing was performed as part of an unpublished master project (Mehrotra, 2018). Briefly, six individual thalli were used for the DNA isolation. DNA isolation was performed using the DNeasy Plant Mini Kit from Qiagen (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA, US). To ensure efficient lysis and homogenization of the external polysaccharide sheath, a few titanium beads were added to the frozen samples and the tubes were shaken using TissueLyser II machine (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA, US) for four minutes. After the addition of the lysis buffer and the RNase, tubes were placed in a thermomixer

Amendments from Version 2
We have added Shruti Mehrotra as a co-author as she was responsible for culturing and isolation of genomic DNA for Illumina sequencing. We have also added a citation to her unpublished master thesis where this work was first described.
Any further responses from the reviewers can be found at the end of the article REVISED set at 65°C and 800 rpm with 20 second intervals for 30 mins. After adding Buffer AP2 to the lysate, the incubation was done on ice for 15 minutes to allow for better precipitation of the polysaccharides. Further, the extraction kit protocol was followed as is, until the second elution step. Here we reused the flow through from the previous step elution to avoid excessive dilution of the samples. Afterwards, the samples were de-salted and concentrated by ethanol precipitation and resuspension in 100 μl of Milli Q water. Finally, the samples were concentrated even further by pooling all the samples and freeze drying with a Leybold-Heraeus Lyovac GT2 (Leybold-Heraeus, Köln, Germany). The final sample had a concentration of 104 ng/µl and 260/280 ratio of 1.85 and 260/230 ratio of 1.47 as measured on a Nanodrop ND-1000 (ThermoFisher, MA, US).
The isolated and freeze-dried genomic DNA was sent to the Norwegian Sequencing Center (NSC) at the University of Oslo for library preparation and sequencing. Briefly, the sequencing library was made with the Illumina Truseq LT DNA kit (following the rapid mode protocol), with 600-700 bp fragment size and sequenced on two lanes of Illumina HiSeq 2500 with 250 bp paired-end reads (Table 1).
Nanopore sequencing of genomic DNA Genomic DNA was isolated from two thalli as described above, except that tissue lysis was done using MagNA Lyser Green Beads (Roche, Penzberg, Germany) and shaken for 15 sec at 4 m/sec and the incubation at 65°C was done for 10 min. In addition, the supernatant (after adding buffer AP2) was run through QiaShredder columns to further homogenize the lysate. The DNA was eluted (twice, but re-using the elution buffer) in 50 μl A� elution buffer. To further clean and concentrate the samples, the samples were pooled and cleaned using the Zymo DNA Clean & Concentrate kit (Zymo Research, CA, US). The sample was double-eluted (as before) in 50 μl kit provided elution buffer (DNA concentration 61.8 ng/µl, 260/280 ratio of 1.93 and 260/230 ratio 2.05 as measured on a Nanodrop).
DNA sequencing was done using the MinION (MIN-101B) sequencer, the R9.5 Flow Cell and following the SQK-LSK108 protocol (version GD�_9002_v108_revT_18Oct2016) (Oxford Nanopore, Oxford, UK). Approximately 1 μg of starting DNA was used and inspection of the DNA on a 0.7% agarose gel run at 30 volts from 18 hours showed that the majority of the DNA was between 20-30 kbp, but with a long tail of shorter fragments. The sequencing was run using the MinKNOW software (Oxford Nanopore, Oxford, UK; downloaded October 2017) on an iMac and stopped after 36 hours. Base-calling of the raw Nanopore sequence data was done using Albacore v.2.1.10 (Linux, Python 3.5 version; Oxford Nanopore, Oxford, UK) with default settings. The process was run on the Abel computing cluster at the University of Oslo.

PacBio transcriptome sequencing
Total RNA was isolated from one frozen thallus using Qiagen RNeasy Plant kit, including a QiaShredder column and lysis using MagNA lyser beads as described above, otherwise following the kit protocol. Isolated RNA was sent to NSC for library preparation and PacBio sequencing. Three size fractions (1-2 kbp, 2-3 kbp and 3-5 kbp) were prepared using the IsoSeq library preparation protocol (with selection of polyadenylated transcripts) and sequenced on RSII SMRT cells (Pacific Biosciences, CA, US) ( Table 1 and Table 2). Illumina small RNA sequencing Small RNAs (below 200 bp) were isolated from a frozen thallus using the Sigma mirPremier kit (Sigma-Aldrich, MO, US) following the manufacturer's instructions, but including lysis with MagNA beads as described above. The sample was sent to the NSC for library preparation and sequencing. Sequencing library (up to approx. 40 nt fragment size) was prepared and sequenced with Illumina NextSeq 500 as single-end 75 bp reads (Table 1).

Draft genome assembly
The basecalled Nanopore reads were processed with Porechop v0.2.2 using default parameters to remove sequencing adapters. Next, the reads were filtered with Nanofilt v2.0.0 (De Coster et al., 2018) to remove reads shorter than 500 bp and average quality below 9. The filtered reads were further errorcorrected with LoRD�C v0.7 (Salmela & Rivals, 2014) using the Illumina reads. First the Illumina reads were quality assessed by removing sequencing adapters and bases with an average quality below 20 (average score across 4 bases), in addition to leading and trailing bases with a quality below 20. This was done using Trimmomatic v0.36 (Bolger et al., 2014). Then lordec-correct (options -k 21 -s 3) was run with the trimmed Illumina reads to correct the filtered Nanopore reads. Then the corrected reads were run through Canu v1.6 (Koren et al., 2017) for further correction (canu -correct with genome Size set to 300 m) and trimming (canu -trim) before assembly (canu -assemble). The assembly was done with two different corrected error rates, 0.144 and 0.146. The two assemblies were almost identical, but the results from using the corrected error rate of 0.144 were used further because the total size was slightly larger and also had the largest contig. The Canu assembly was then polished using the trimmed Illumina reads (described above) by running three rounds of Pilon v1.22 (Walker et al., 2014). The final genome assembly consisted of 5069 contigs with a total length of 171 183 409 nt. The N50 was 43,856 nt and the longest contig of 5,118,963 nt (Table 3). The suffixes "_high" and "_low" refers to the high-and low-quality sequences produced by the IsoSeq sequencing. The data files have the following accession numbers: 1-2kb_high -ERR2869477; 1-2kb_low -ERR2882521; 2-3kb_high -ERR2869478; 2-3kb_low -ERR2869481; 3-6kb_high -ERR2869483; 3-6kb_low -ERR2869484. This data note represents a significant contribution to the algal genomics research community in couple different ways. This project represents the first publicly available draft genome of a chrysophyte (golden algae) to date, making it a critical contribution to the study of this particular clade of algae and will be a much-utilized resource for other chrysophyte genome analyses as they emerge. Because this is the first representative of Chrysophyceae to be sequenced is will be a de facto resource, which leads to the next important contribution of the note -which is the importance of the modern sequencing technologies used in development of this genome and transcriptome assembly. The tools used are likely to be the gold-standard tools of genome and transcriptome sequencing and assembly. The use of Pacific de novo Biosciences "Isoseq" long read, full length transcriptome sequencing approach will allow this team to generate high quality gene annotations, a great advantage for a new reference such as this genome. Additionally, the use of long read technologies (either Nanopore or PacBio) will be used to generate higher quality genome assemblies with fewer, longer contigs and scaffolds.
While broad strokes are painted about the contribution of this draft genome to phylogenetic (or phylogenomic) analysis and the importance of the algae as primary producers it is unclear what additional analyses this team will be doing to utilize this genome assembly. Next steps may be to perform biosynthetic pathway analyses and phylogenetic analysis of the Chysophte class or higher level algal/protist analysis. It would be beneficial if the authors could point to some specific follow-ups.
I was unable to locate the genome assembly using accession number ERZ780628as listed in Table 1. Though, I was able to find the assembly under NCBI accession number: GCA_900617105.1 1.

3.
We thank the reviewer for the critical reading. We have updated the accession number to the genome assembly (now GCA_900617105.1) and this should work both on EBI and NCBI. Abstract: An assembly of 171 Mb was obtained, is this size expected? Is there other data available which suggests this genome size? On the other hand, the k-mer based genome size estimation suggests a much larger genome. Introduction: "multiapproach assembly", should better be described as hybrid assembly. Culturing of : The introduction mentions plastid reduction and heterotrophy in H. foetidus chrysophyte species.
in called alga, so I assume it is phototrophic, but it would be good H. foetidus to state that somewhere explicitly. Otherwise one would wonder if the cultures were axenic. Concerning the sequencing: Was there quality control performed by the sequencing center (RIN values etc.) before sequencing? Which library preparation protocols were used for the different sequencing data? Was the RNA rRNA-depleted before sequencing? What was the average sequence quality before and after filtering? An overview table of all the sequencing data including quality and number of reads/yield should be added. Nanopore sequencing of genomic DNA: "Albacore v2.1.10 (Linux, Python 3.5 version)" Please provide a reference for Albacore. The information that it was run under Linux with Python 3.5 is probably not necessary. Next line: Table 1 is not the correct reference for the sentence. Table 2: It is not described in the text or caption what "_high" and "_low" means. Table 3: The genome size estimation based on k-mers and BUSCO are not described in the methods section. Maybe the GC content could also be added to the table.

Are the datasets clearly presented in a useable and accessible format? Yes
No competing interests were disclosed.

Competing Interests:
Reviewer Expertise: High-throughput sequencing analysis We confirm that we have read this submission and believe that we have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however we have significant reservations, as outlined above.