F1000Research F1000Research 2046-1402 F1000 Research Limited London, UK 10.12688/f1000research.22767.2 Research Article Articles Burden of disease due to hip, knee, and unspecified osteoarthritis in the Peruvian social health insurance system (EsSalud), 2016

[version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 not approved]

 Araujo-Castillo Roger V. Conceptualization Formal Analysis Investigation Methodology Supervision Validation Visualization Writing – Original Draft Preparation Writing – Review & Editing a 1 Culquichicón Carlos Investigation Methodology Validation Visualization Writing – Original Draft Preparation Writing – Review & Editing 1 2 Solis Condor Risof Investigation Methodology Supervision Validation Visualization Writing – Original Draft Preparation Writing – Review & Editing 3 Dirección de Investigación, Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación - IETSI, EsSalud, Lima, Peru CI-Emerge, Center of Emerging Diseases and Climate Change, Universidad Nacional de Piura, Piura, Peru Oficina de Inteligencia e Información Sanitaria, Gerencia Central de Prestaciones de Salud, EsSalud, Lima, Peru externo.raraujo@essalud.gob.pe

Competing interests: The Peruvian social health insurance system (EsSalud) funded the salaries of the investigators. No other competing interests were disclosed.

 17 8 2020 2020 9 238 11 8 2020 Copyright: © 2020 Araujo-Castillo RV et al. 2020 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Introduction: Since its introduction by the World Health Organization (WHO), the concept of burden of disease has been evolving. The current method uses life expectancy projected to 2050 and does not consider age-weighting and time-discounting. Our aim is to estimate the burden of disease due to hip, knee, and unspecified osteoarthritis using this new method in the Peruvian Social Health Insurance System (EsSalud) during 2016.

Methods: We followed the original 1994 Harvard study and the current 2015 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) methods to estimate disability adjusted life years (DALY) due to osteoarthritis, categorized by sex, age, osteoarthritis type, and geographical area. We used disability weights employed by the Peruvian Ministry of Health, and the last update issued by WHO.

Results: Overall, EsSalud reported 17.9 new cases of osteoarthritis per 1000 patients per year. Annual incidence was 23.7/1000 among women, and 72.6/1000 in people above 60 years old. Incidence was 5.6/1000 for knee osteoarthritis and 1.1/1000 for hip. According to the 1994 Harvard method, there were 399,884 DALYs or 36.6 DALYs/1000 patients per year due to osteoarthritis. 12.4 and 2.2 DALYs/1000 patients per-year were estimated for knee and hip osteoarthritis, respectively. Using the 2015 GBD method, there were 1,037,865 DALYs or 94.9 DALYs/1000 patients per year. 31.4 and 5.3 DALYs/1000 patients per year were calculated for knee and hip osteoarthritis, respectively.

Conclusions: In the Peruvian social health insurance subsystem, hip, knee, and unspecified osteoarthritis produced a high burden of disease, especially among women and patients over 60. The 2015 GBD methodology yields values almost three times higher than the original recommendations.

 Osteoarthritis burden of disease disability adjusted life years Peru social inssurance EsSalud This work was supported by the Peruvian social health insurance system (EsSalud). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Amendments from Version 1

- We clarified one of the methods, we used ‘1994 Harvard’ across the abstract, introduction, methods, and tables 2-4 - We gave details of life expectancy characteristics of the 2015 GBD methods on the introduction and methods. - We deleted the sample size estimation on the methods section. - We provided reflections about differences between age and sex subgroups in the discussion.

 Introduction

Globally, the musculoskeletal disorders are a group of chronic diseases with high disability rates, which have been increasing, especially among people above 60 years old 1, 2 . In Peru, osteoarthritis is the sixth cause of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), representing 3% of global burden of disease 3 . Knees and hip osteoarthritis produce the greatest disability in patients, with 6%, and 4% of the burden of disease due to knee and hip osteoarthritis, respectively 1, 2 . Overall, the prevalence of osteoarthritis is homogeneous among men and women between 30 to 60 years old, but increases among women after that 4, 5.

The Peruvian burden of disease studies estimated that 308,804 DALYs were lost in the Peruvian population due to musculoskeletal disorders, representing 6% of the disease burden from all health conditions during 2004 6, 7 . Osteoarthritis was the health condition with the seventh greatest disability rates and caused 165,636 DALYs, which represents 3% of the total disease burden 6, 7 . 98% of DALYs from osteoarthritis were attributed to the years lost due to disability (YLD), since osteoarthritis is not a primary cause of death. It mostly affected women, being the fourth biggest cause of DALYs in women 6 . Among people between 45 and 59 years old, osteoarthritis was the second biggest cause of disability, with 109,804 DALYs, and in people above 60 years old represented 7% of total DALYs 7– 9 . Without knowing the impact of osteoarthritis on people's lives, it is difficult to propose solutions, invest resources for prevention, and mitigate disability, especially among elders, who constitute a large group within the Peruvian social health insurance system (EsSalud), which cares for approximately 37% of people who seek medical attention 10, 11 . Hence, there is an important need to estimate the burden of disease produced by osteoarthritis in this healthcare subsystem 11 .

Since its introduction by the World Health Organization (WHO), the concept of burden of disease has been evolving. The original 1994 recommendations used life expectancy rates for men and women, gave less weight to the extremes of life, and penalized years when they were far from the current person age 12 . The current method recommended by WHO in its 2015 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study uses standard life expectancy are based on lowest observed mortality rates in any age group in populations over 5 million and does not time-discounting 13 . Depending on the age distribution of a population, these new recommendations would probably yield higher estimates. Therefore, our aim is to estimate the burden of disease due to hip, knee, and unspecified osteoarthritis in EsSalud during 2016 using two different methods.

Methods Population

Our study was conducted using nationwide data collected by the Peruvian social health insurance system during 2016. We included records of all patients older than 15 years who were attended due to osteoarthritis (International Classification of Diseases, ICD-10: M15-M19) between January and December 2016. We excluded patients whose ICD-10 codes for osteoarthritis were registered in hospitalization and patients with previous treatment.

All medical attentions at EsSalud between January and December 2016 were reviewed. These attentions had been registered using three different electronic systems. The Hospital Management System (SGH, by its acronym in Spanish) and the Health Services Management System (HSS, by its acronym in Spanish) record inpatient and outpatient attentions delivered at secondary and tertiary care level facilities. Meanwhile, the Health Information System for Primary Care Centers (SISCAP, by its acronym in Spanish) registers health attentions delivered at primary care facilities. All entries that fulfilled our selection criteria were included. In addition, we reviewed all death certificates issued by EsSalud during the study period, and selected those patients who had osteoarthritis registered as primary or contributory cause of death. Identities of patients on databases were kept confidential during data management and analysis.

 Variables

Variables included sex, age, health center, geographical area, osteoarthritis of the hip (ICD-10: M16), osteoarthritis of the knee (ICD-10: M17), osteoarthritis of first carpometacarpal joint (ICD-10: M18), polyosteoarthritis (ICD-10: M15), unspecified osteoarthritis (ICD-10: M19), death due to osteoarthritis, and time between initial attention for osteoarthritis and death. Additionally, the following indicators were estimated for each person:

 Statistical analysis

We described numerical variables using means and standard deviations. Categorical variables were described using frequencies and proportions. Osteoarthritis incidences were calculated by dividing the number of new cases registered by the number of insured patients in EsSalud during 2016. YLL, YLD, and DALYs were estimated, summing these metrics in total and by subgroups using the 1994 Harvard and the 2015 GDB methods, and the 2015 GBD and the Peruvian Ministry of Health (MINSA) disability coefficients, which means four iterations were calculated for each metric. In addition, DALYs incidence ratios per thousand patients per year were calculated by dividing total number of DALYs by the total number of insured patients registered in EsSalud during 2016. The statistical analysis used STATA v14.0 (Statacorp, College Station, Tx). Code used for the analysis is available as Extended data 16 .

 Ethical statement

The Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Edgardo Rebagliati Martins National Hospital (HNERM) approved this study (#832-2019-195). The IRB waived the requirement for consent from the patients as the study was conducted with an anonymized dataset.

 Results

During 2016, the Peruvian social health insurance system attended 196,003 patients for a first time visit due to osteoarthritis. Among them, 65.5% (n=128,323) were women, the mean age was 60.9±15.1 years, 62.6% (n=122,705) had polyosteoarthritis or unspecified osteoarthritis, 31.0% (n=60,788) had osteoarthritis of the knee, 5.9% (n=11,472) osteoarthritis of the hip and 0.5% osteoarthritis of other joints 17 . We estimated 17.9 new cases of osteoarthritis per 1000 insured patients in 2016. The incidence of osteoarthritis in women was 23.7/1000 insured patients per year, and in patients over 60 years old the incidence was 72.6/1000 insured patients per year. The incidence of polyosteoarthritis or unspecified osteoarthritis was 11.2/1000 patients per year, the incidence of knee osteoarthritis was 5.6/1000 patients per year, and hip 1.1/1000 patients per year. The geographical region with higher incidence was the Northern Coast/Highlands with 20.2/1000 patients per year, and the lowest was found in the Amazon Rainforest with 13.3/1000 patients per year ( Table 1).

Osteoarthritis incidence among patients from the Peruvian social health insurance system in 2016.
Parameter New osteoarthritis cases % col Insured patients EsSalud 2016 Incidence/1000 insured patients
Total 196,003 100.0 10,937,079 17.9
Gender
    Male 67,680 34.5 5,521,152 12.3
    Female 128,323 65.5 5,415,927 23.7
Age
    15–44 30,222 15.4 5,083,446 5.9
    45–59 58,733 30.0 1,747,647 33.6
    ≥60 107,048 54.6 1,474,919 72.6
Type of osteoarthritis
    Polyosteoarthritis or unspecified 122,705 62.6 10,937,079 11.2
    Knee osteoarthritis 60,788 31.0 5.6
    Hip osteoarthritis 11,472 5.9 1.0
    First carpometacarpal joint osteoarthritis 1,038 0.5 0.1
Hospital service
    Emergency 9,809 5.0 NA NA
    Outpatient 186,194 95.0 NA NA
Local health network
    Metropolitan Lima 88,597 45.3 5,222,771 17.0
    Northern Coast/Highlands 52,882 27.0 2,612,164 20.2
    Southern Coast/Highlands 45,877 23.5 2,481,640 18.5
    Amazon Rainforest 8,241 4.2 620,504 13.3

Since only three deaths certificates registered osteoarthritis as the primary cause of death, the DALYs corresponded mainly to the years lost due to disability (YLD). According to the 1994 Harvard methodology, osteoarthritis produced 399,884 DALYs using the latest WHO disability weights, or 678,591 DALYs if employing the Peruvian MINSA weights. Using these disability weights and after adjusting by the number of insured patients, osteoarthritis delivered 62.0 DALYs/1000 patients per year, poly/unspecified osteoarthritis 37.0 DALYs/1000 patients per year, knee osteoarthritis 21.0 DALYs/1000 patients per year, and hip osteoarthritis 3.8 DALYs/1000 patients per year ( Table 2). According to the 2015 GBD methodology, osteoarthritis produced 1,037,865 DALYs using the latest WHO disability weights, or 1,761,225 DALYs if employing the Peruvian MINSA weights. Using these disability weights and after adjusting by the number of insured patients, osteoarthritis delivered 161.0 DALYs/1000 patients per year, poly/unspecified osteoarthritis 97.2 DALYs/1000 patients per year, knee osteoarthritis 53.3 DALYs/1000 patients per year, and hip osteoarthritis 9.7 DALYs/1000 patients per year ( Table 2).

DALYs due to osteoarthritis among patients from the Peruvian social health insurance system in 2016, using the 1994 Harvard and 2015 GBD methodologies.
Parameter DALYs 1994 Harvard DALYs 2015 GBD
Disability weight WHO (0.165) DALYs /1000 insured patients Disability weight MINSA (0.28) DALYs /1000 insured patients Disability weight WHO (0.165) DALYs /1000 insured patients Disability weight MINSA (0.28) DALYs /1000 insured patients
Total 399,884 36.6 678,591 62.0 1,037,865 94.9 1,761,225 161.0
Gender
  Male 127,583 23.1 216,505 39.2 344,542 62.4 584,677 105.9
  Female 272,301 50.3 462,086 85.3 693,323 128.0 1,176,548 217.2
Age
  15–44 128,200 25.2 217,551 42.8 277,680 54.6 471,214 92.7
  45–59 154,492 88.4 262,168 150.0 383,677 219.5 651,088 372.6
  ≥60 117,193 79.5 198,872 134.8 376,508 255.3 638,923 433.2
Type of osteoarthritis
  Polyosteoarthritis or unspecified 238,170 21.8 404,167 37.0 626,203 57.3 1,062,648 97.2
  Knee osteoarthritis 135,176 12.4 229,389 21.0 343,610 31.4 583,096 53.3
  Hip osteoarthritis 24,473 2.2 41,530 3.8 62,653 5.7 106,320 9.7
  First carpometacarpal joint osteoarthritis 2,066 0.2 3,505 0.3 5,399 0.5 9,161 0.8
Local health network
  Metropolitan Lima 170,001 32.5 288,486 55.2 448,276 85.8 760,711 145.7
  Northern Coast/ Highlands 111,508 42.7 189,225 72.4 287,018 109.9 487,061 186.5
  Southern Coast/ Highlands 98,099 39.5 166,471 67.1 251,533 101.4 426,844 172.0
  Amazon Rainforest 19,492 31.4 33,078 53.3 48,973 78.9 83,106 133.9

DALY, disability-adjusted life year; WHO, World Health Organization; GBD, Global Burden of Disease; MINSA, Peruvian Ministry of Health

We analyzed the burden of disease by knee and hip osteoarthritis subgroups. For knee osteoarthritis, the incidence was 4.5 new cases/1000 patients per year among men and 6.7 new cases/1000 patients per year in women. People between 15–44 years old had only 2.4 new cases/1000 patients per year, whereas people aged 60 or over presented 20.2 new cases/1000 patients per year. According to the 1994 Harvard methodology and using the Peruvian MINSA disability weights, knee osteoarthritis produced 16.6 DALYs/1000 patient per year among men, and 25.5 DALYs/1000 patient per year in women. It was also responsible for 17.1 DALYs/1000 patient per year among people 15–44 years old, and 38.9 DALYs/1000 patient per year in patients over 60 years old ( Table 3).

DALYs due to knee and hip osteoarthritis among patients from the Peruvian social health insurance system in 2016, using the 1994 Harvard and 2015 GBD methodologies.
Incidence DALYs 1994 Harvard DALYs 2015 GBD
New cases %col Incidence/1000 insured patients Disability weight WHO (0.165) DALYs /1000 insured patients Disability weight MINSA (0.28) DALYs/1000 insured patients Disability weight WHO (0.165) DALYs /1000 insured patients Disability weight MINSA (0.28) DALYs/1000 insured patients
Knee osteoarthritis
Gender
    Male 24,590 40.5 4.5 53,927 9.8 91,513 16.6 139,704 25.3 237,073 42.9
    Female 36,198 59.6 6.7 81,248 15.0 137,876 25.5 203,906 37.6 346,023 63.9
Age
    15–44 12,023 19.8 2.4 51,205 10.1 86,893 17.1 110,923 21.8 188,233 37.0
    45–59 19,040 31.3 10.9 50,155 28.7 85,111 48.7 124,769 71.4 211,730 121.2
    ≥60 29,725 48.9 20.2 33,816 22.9 57,385 38.9 107,918 73.2 183,134 124.2
Hip osteoarthritis
Gender
    Male 3,867 33.7 0.7 7,623 1.4 12,936 2.3 20,342 3.7 34,519 6.3
    Female 7,605 66.3 1.4 16,850 3.1 28,594 5.3 42,311 7.8 71,801 13.3
Age
    15–44 2,086 18.2 0.4 9,054 1.8 15,365 3.0 19,506 3.8 33,102 6.5
    45–59 3,347 29.2 1.9 8,779 5.0 14,897 8.5 21,826 12.5 37,038 21.2
    ≥60 6,039 52.6 4.1 6,640 4.5 11,268 7.6 21,321 14.5 36,181 24.5

DALY, disability-adjusted life year; WHO, World Health Organization; GBD, Global Burden of Disease; MINSA, Peruvian Ministry of Health.

Regarding hip osteoarthritis, the incidence was 0.7 new cases/1000 patients per year among men and 1.4 new cases/1000 patients per year in women. People between 15–44 years old had only 0.4 new cases/1000 patients per year, whereas people aged 60 or more presented 4.1 new cases/1000 patients per year. According to the 1994 Harvard methodology and using the Peruvian MINSA disability weights, knee osteoarthritis produced 2.3 DALYs/1000 patients per year among men, and 5.3 DALYs/1000 patients per year in women. It was also responsible for 3.0 DALYs/1000 patients per year among people 15–44 years old, and 7.6 DALYs/1000 patient per year in patients over 60 years old ( Table 3).

Discussion

The incidence for osteoarthritis overall was 17.9 new cases/1000 insured patients per year, for poly/unspecified osteoarthritis was 11.2/1000 patients per year, for knee osteoarthritis was 5.6/1000 patients per year, and for hip osteoarthritis was 1.0/1000 patients per year. These findings are consistent with estimations previously made in Peru and high-income countries. In Peru during 2009, the incidence of knee osteoarthritis was 3.26/1000 inhabitants per year, and for hip osteoarthritis was 0.91/1000 inhabitants per year 8 . In Canada, the incidence of all osteoarthritis was 8.6 new cases/1000 inhabitants per year with a prevalence of 80.3 cases/1000 inhabitants until 2015 18 . In Spain there was an incidence of 6.5 new cases/1000 inhabitants per year for knee osteoarthritis and 2.1/1000 inhabitants per year for hip osteoarthritis during 2014 19 . The findings of the 2010 GBD Study estimated a prevalence of 38 cases/1000 inhabitants per year for knee osteoarthritis and 8.5 cases/1000 inhabitants per year for hip osteoarthritis 20 .

Considering MINSA had used the 1994 Harvard methodology and their own disability weights in their previous burden of disease studies, we will follow suit in order to compare our results with previous reports. Hence, the estimated burden for overall osteoarthritis was 62.0 DALYs/1000 patients per year, for poly/unspecified osteoarthritis was 37 DALYs/1000 patients per year, for knee osteoarthritis was 21 DALYs/1000 patients per year, and for hip osteoarthritis was 3.8 DALYs/1000 insured patients per year 21 . These estimates are consistently higher than the disease burden of osteoarthritis reported by all studies conducted in Peru under the 1994 Harvard methodology. Since 2006, the General Directorate of Epidemiology (DGE, by its acronym in Spanish) of MINSA, which has carried out studies to estimate the osteoarthritis disease burden in Peruvian settings, initially estimated 94,160 DALYs due to osteoarthritis (3.4 DALYs/1000 inhabitants) 3 . For 2009, the DGE estimated 165,636 DALYs due to osteoarthritis 7 . In 2012, osteoarthritis delivered 193,774 DALYs (6.4 DALYs/1000 inhabitants) 9 . In 2015, EsSalud carried out a study of the burden of disease among the insured patients and estimated 131,220 DALYs due to osteoarthritis (12.3 DALYs/1000 insured) 10 .

As observed in Table 4, there has an increment in DALYs despite using the same methodology. This could be due to different approaches to measure incidence. Previous studies have used a variety of sources including epidemiological surveillance, number of attentions, population-based surveys, medical chart reviewing, and scientific papers 6– 10 . It is possible then, that the increment is just echoing a better registry of cases. In the present study, we only used electronic records of attentions, and employed all national data instead of small samples. This could lead to better capturing of cases, otherwise overlooked in previous studies. On the other hand, it is possible that our data collection strategy overestimates the number of new cases. Since we based our estimations on the ICD-10 diagnosis entered for each attention, it is not certain that all cases were confirmed at the time of the medical visit. In addition, we could have included mild cases not usually considered for surveillance or research purposes.

Comparison of DALYs due to osteoarthritis between different studies in Peru 2016, using the 1994 Harvard methodology and the MINSA disability weight.
MINSA 2006 MINSA 2008 MINSA 2009 MINSA 2012 EsSalud 2014 EsSalud 2016 (Using only ICD-10 for specific site osteoarthritis) EsSalud 2016 (Using All ICD-10 codes for osteoarthritis)
Total 94,160 97,115 165,636 193,774 131,220 274,424 678,591
  Per thousand patients 3.4 3.8 ----- 6.4 12.3 25.1 62.0
Males 42,664 39,830 65,864 79,550 43,140 105,476 216,505
  Per thousand patients 3.1 3.2 ----- 5.3 8.0 19.1 39.2
Females 51,496 57,285 99,773 114,225 88,079 168,948 462,086
  Per thousand patients 3.8 4.3 ----- 7.6 16.7 31.2 85.3
15–44 years ----- ----- ----- 45,638 32,694 103,262 217,551
  Per thousand patients ----- ----- ----- 3.0 6.7 20.3 42.8
45–59 years ----- ----- ----- 75,924 50,534 101,433 262,168
  Per thousand patients ----- ----- ----- 18.7 30.8 58.0 150.0
≥60 years ----- ----- ----- 72,212 47,991 69,729 198,872
  Per thousand patients ----- ----- ----- 26.0 34.2 47.3 134.8

DALY, disability-adjusted life year; WHO, World Health Organization; MINSA, Peruvian Ministry of Health; EsSalud: Peruvian social health insurance system; ICD, International Classification of Diseases.

We also observed discrepancies when stratified by age group. In our study, the estimated DALYs were higher for insured patients between 45–59 years old, with 150.0 DALYs/1000 patients per year, followed by people older than 59 years, with 134.8 DALYs/1000 patients per year, and people between 15–44 years old, with 42.8 DALYs/1000 patients per year. In contrast, the 2012 Peruvian study found that the elderly group produced the most DALYs/1000 people 9 . The same study found that the elderly group delivered a burden of disease almost nine times the one registered for 15–44 years old people (26.0 vs 3.0 DALYS/1000 inhabitants); meanwhile, our study found a much more reduced gap of only three times (134.8 vs 42.8 DALYS/1000 inhabitants). One possibility is that our study identified more patients with osteoarthritis in the younger group than previous studies.

Estimations of burden of disease would differ depending on the methods used and the disability coefficients assigned to the disease. The use of different life expectancy values (West 26 vs GBD 2050) and weights/discounts affects not only the absolute values of DALYs but also the estimations within subgroups 13 . In addition, the original 1994 Harvard method differentiated life expectancy values for men (80 years) and women (82.5 years), penalized the extremes of life ages, and discounted the value of years away in time, reducing the DALYs contributed by men and younger people 22– 24 . The 2015 GBD method tried to correct these differences by using the maximum projected life expectancy for 2050 (91.9 years) without differences between sexes, and discarded age-weighting and time-discounts. The intended effect is to increase the sensitivity of the method to estimate DALYs, especially in the extremes of life. In our study, the 2015 GBD methodology yielded values almost three times higher than the original recommendations, and reduced the gaps between sexes and age groups.

Another important component when calculating DALYs is the disability weights. The original 1994 Harvard methodology recommends using a disability weight of 0.22 for diseases that limit recreation, occupation, education or procreation activities, and 0.40 if a disease limits two or more of these activities. Instead, the 2015 GBD methodology recommends using different weights depending on the severity and location of the disease, giving a disability factor for hip and knee osteoarthritis of 0.165, corresponding to musculoskeletal problems, lower limbs, severe. On the other hand, the MINSA and EsSalud studies have consistently used a 0.28 weight for osteoarthritis regardless of age or sex, because it considers this disease severe enough to seek medical attention. Using the MINSA disability weights instead of the 2015 GBD recommendations increases the absolute values of DALYs by approximately 70%.

 Conclusions

In the Peruvian social health insurance subsystem, which covers almost 40% of the population, polyosteoarthritis, unspecified osteoarthritis, knee and hip osteoarthritis produced a high burden of DALYs lost, especially among patients over 60 years old and women. The 2015 GBD methodology yields values almost three times higher than the original recommendations, and the disability weights used by MINSA produced estimates 70% higher than using the 2015 GBD weights.

 Data availability Underlying data

Figshare: db_osteoarthritis_v3.xlsb http://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12003957 17

Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero "No rights reserved" data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication).

 Extended data

Zenodo: culquichicon/gbd-ostheoarthritis: Global burden of disease in osteoarthritis in Peru https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727167 16

Data are available under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 3 (GPL-3.0).

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Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

 24 8 2020 Copyright: © 2020 Valladares-Garrido M 2020 This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. recommendation approve

It seems the authors properly implemented Dr. Vos' suggestions across the introduction, and methods section, besides Dr. Pereyra's suggestion on the discussion. Results seem to be valid considering Peru is still using previous versions of GBD methods to report its metrics and make a good reflection on a chronic condition in elderly population of Peru.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes

If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Yes

Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes

Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes

Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes

Reviewer Expertise:

Global health, internal medicine, mental health.

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

 10.5256/f1000research.28733.r69450 Reviewer response for version 2 Pereyra-Elías Reneé 1 Referee https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6398-4287 University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

 20 8 2020 Copyright: © 2020 Pereyra-Elías R 2020 This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. recommendation approve

I think the authors have addressed the observations I raised. However, as I mentioned, I am not an expert in the construction of the "Burden of Disease" metrics. It would be important to have the opinion of Prof. Theo Vos on the revised version of the manuscript. If these matters have been appropriately addressed, I think the manuscript can be indexed.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes

If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Yes

Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes

Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Partly

Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes

Reviewer Expertise:

Social epidemiology, mental health, medical education.

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

 10.5256/f1000research.25137.r64466 Reviewer response for version 1 Pereyra-Elías Reneé 1 Referee https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6398-4287 University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

 22 6 2020 Copyright: © 2020 Pereyra-Elías R 2020 This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. recommendation approve-with-reservations

This manuscript covers an important topic, that has not been explored much in Peru. Due to its relevance and the population included in the study (all those insured by EsSalud, that provides insurance to a significant fraction -about 1/3- of the Peruvian population), I consider it is worth publishing. However, it is necessary to review some important points. 

I think the main aspect to review would be the construction of the 'burden of disease' variables. I am not an expert in these metrics. I highly recommend reading and considering the detailed suggestions of reviewer Prof. Theo Vos, who is a world expert in the field. 

Minor revisions:

Sample size: The authors state that they were trying to detect differences between subgroups? Which subgroups? Knee and hip osteoarthritis? Males and females? Age groups? There are no hypothesis tests reported throughout the manuscript. Please clarify that. 

It would be interesting to see some potential explanations for the regional differences between the burden of disease. Is it due to the timing of diagnosis? Is it due to the characteristics of these populations?

The manuscript might benefit from an English-language edit.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes

If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Yes

Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes

Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Partly

Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes

Reviewer Expertise:

Social epidemiology, mental health, medical education.

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above.

 10.5256/f1000research.25137.r62049 Reviewer response for version 1 Valladares-Garrido Mario 1 Referee Universidad Continental, Lima, Peru

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

 4 6 2020 Copyright: © 2020 Valladares-Garrido M 2020 This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. recommendation approve

Overall, the findings match with Peruvian estimates of the global burden of disease (GBD) in osteoarthritis done by the Peruvian Ministry of Health and the Social Health Insurance in their previous reports over the years.

A study strength is that the authors report both methodologies (1994 and 2015) for the global burden of disease estimations, in that sense, they address a gap of knowledge between Peruvian reports.

This study contributes to Peruvian GBD estimations especially in chronic non-communicable diseases with great impacts on elderly people.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes

If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Yes

Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes

Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes

Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes

Reviewer Expertise:

Global health, internal medicine, mental health.

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

 10.5256/f1000research.25137.r62054 Reviewer response for version 1 Vos Theo 1 Referee Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

 20 4 2020 Copyright: © 2020 Vos T 2020 This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. recommendation reject

This paper reports on a burden of disease analysis of osteoarthritis for Peru. Unfortunately, the researchers do not display adequate knowledge of current or past methods of burden of disease measurement. What they have labelled as their GBD2015 methods is very different from the actual GBD 2015 methods. The prior method is wrongly labelled as WHO method. In the 1990s WHO was not a formal partner with Harvard University and World Bank in producing the earliest round of GBD.

I highlight the main errors in the introduction and methods sections below. As these variations to established methods make comparisons impossible, I refrain from making further comments on the results and discussion.

 

Page 3, second sentence: a global estimate of OA DALYs is referenced to a Peruvian study.

Page 3, third paragraph:

Unclear statement ‘…tables based on 1966 data…’.

“…employed different life expectancy for men and women…”; what is meant is that the standard life expectancy against which years of life lost are estimated had a difference between men and women.

“..2015 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study ..”; this is now three iterations of GBD out-of-date …though these general methods still apply.

“..life expectancy projected to 2050 ..; not correct. I presume it refers to new approach to standard life expectancy which is same for men and women and is based on lowest observed mortality rates in any age group in populations over 5 million.

Page 3, last paragraph: “…We excluded patients whose ICD-10 codes for osteoarthritis were registered.

"during hospitalization and patients who were previously treated for osteoarthritis….”; how?

Page 3/4: “…Sample size calculation estimated that a minimum of 20,000 records were needed to find differences of at least four DALYs/1000 people between subgroups with 80% power and 95% significance.”; no reason to sample when using medical claims data.

Page 4, second paragraph: “Covariates…”, better to use term ‘Variables…’.

Page 4: ‘The original WHO burden of disease study from 1994 ..’; This was a study by Harvard University for World Bank, not WHO.

Page 4: ‘The second method, employed in the 2015 GBD study, uses the maximum worldwide life expectancy projected to 2050…’ Incorrect statement; see comment above.

Page 4: ‘…the YLL was calculated as the life expectancy at the time of death using the two methods described above12,13…’; the two references are both for methods prior to GBD 2010.

Page 4: ‘..Given that osteoarthritis is a chronic condition that lasts until death, the average duration of the illness was considered as the life expectancy at the time of initial diagnosis. For this estimation, we used the two methods previously described 12,13…’; same comment as previous, that the two references refer to methods prior to GBD2010 only. What is not stated is a big methods change in non-fatal estimation from GBD2010 onwards estimating YLDs based on prevalence and not incidence. Thus, the authors incorrectly describe GBD2015 methods and their results, therefore, are not comparable to those of GBD 2015 (or any iteration after GBD 2010).

Page 5: ‘……Two disability weights were used: 0.165, which is the value employed by the 2015 GBD study for severe musculoskeletal diseases of lower limbs 14,15..’; question 1: why this selective choice of applying the more severe of DWs to all cases?; question 2: where did the Peruvian DW come from? What method was used?

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

No

If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

No

Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

No

Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

No

Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

No

Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

No

Reviewer Expertise:

NA

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above.