Maternal and perinatal Health Research Collaboration, India (MaatHRI): methodology for establishing a hospital- based research platform in a low and middle income country setting [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]

Background: Maternal and perinatal Health Research collaboration, India (MaatHRI) is a research platform that aims to improve evidencebased pregnancy care and outcomes for mothers and babies in India, a country with the second highest burden of maternal and perinatal deaths. The objective of this paper is to describe the methods used to establish and standardise the platform and the results of the process. Methods: MaatHRI is a hospital-based collaborative research platform. It is adapted from the UK Obstetric Surveillance System (UKOSS) and built on a pilot model (IndOSS-Assam), which has been extensively standardised using the following methods: (i) establishing a network of hospitals; (ii) setting up a secure system for data collection, storage and transfer; (iii) developing a standardised laboratory infrastructure; and (iv) developing and implementing regulatory systems. Results: MaatHRI was established in September 2018. Fourteen hospitals participate across four states in India – Assam, Meghalaya, Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra. The research team includes 20 nurses, a project manager, 16 obstetricians, two pathologists, a public health specialist, a general physician and a paediatrician. MaatHRI has advanced standardisation of data and laboratory parameters, realtime monitoring of data and participant safety, and secure transfer of data. Four observational epidemiological studies are presently being undertaken through the platform. MaatHRI has enabled bi-directional capacity building. It is overseen by a steering committee and a data safety and monitoring board, a process that is not normally used, but was found to be highly effective in ensuring data safety and equitable partnerships in the context of low and middle income countries (LMICs). Conclusion: MaatHRI is the first prototype of UKOSS and other similar platforms in a LMIC setting. The model is built on existing methods but applies new standardisation processes to develop a collaborative research platform that can be replicated in other LMICs.


Invited Reviewers
Any reports and responses or comments on the article can be found at the end of the article.

Introduction
Maternal health is a global priority due to the large number of women becoming pregnant every year, an estimated 211 million 1 , and because of the growing disparity in maternal deaths across countries 2,3 . India has the second highest number of maternal deaths with ~45,000 deaths yearly 2 . The rate is much higher for some states, such as Assam in the Northeast of India. Assam has nearly half the population of the UK, and 6 women die every day as a result of pregnancy and childbirth complications 4 compared with around one per week in the UK 5 . In addition, each year an estimated 5 million pregnant women in India experience a life-threatening complication. To improve care and outcomes, India needs large and robust studies to investigate the risk factors, management and outcomes of pregnancy complications and to find out why disease severity varies from state to state.
In a pilot project (called IndOSS-Assam) we demonstrated the feasibility of setting up a collaborative platform for maternal and perinatal health research jointly undertaken by Indian clinical collaborators and researchers at the University of Oxford 6,7 . This was modelled on the UK Obstetric Surveillance System (UKOSS) 8 and showed that a hospital-based platform can be used to conduct large epidemiological studies and routine surveys to investigate pregnancy complications and management, and establish incidence and outcomes. UKOSS through its work over the past decade has contributed significantly to improving the safety and quality of care for pregnant women 8 . It has inspired several high-income countries to establish obstetric surveillance and research systems, which are being used to conduct national and multi-national studies to generate evidence to improve pregnancy care. However, there is no such system in low-and-middle income countries (LMICs) where more than 94% of all maternal deaths occur.
Our pilot work in India not only justified the importance and urgency, but also demonstrated the need to further adapt and improve the pilot model to create a standardised collaborative platform for both research and research capacity building. This led to the establishment of the Maternal and perinatal Health Research collaboration, India (MaatHRI), a larger standardised collaborative research platform of 14 public and private hospitals across four states in India. The objective of this paper is to describe the methods used to establish and standardise the platform and the results of the process. MaatHRI means mother in Sanskrit.

Methods
MaatHRI is a hospital-based collaborative research platform established to: (i) regularly collect data on the prevalence of known and emerging life-threatening pregnancy complications; (ii) conduct large epidemiological studies to generate evidence to improve maternal and perinatal health in India; and (iii) develop research capacity and skills in the collaborating hospitals. It was built on the pilot system, but extensively expanded and standardised over a period of 18 months from May 2017 to September 2018. The following methods were used to establish the collaborative platform: 1. Establishing a network of hospitals and clinical collaborators 2. Setting up a high-quality secure system for data collection, storage, and transfer 3. Developing a standardised laboratory infrastructure 4. Implementing regulatory systems Establishing a network of hospitals and clinical collaborators Successful completion of the pilot work in two hospitals in Assam allowed us to expand the network from two to nine government hospitals within Assam: six teaching hospitals and four district hospitals. In each hospital, we identified a lead collaborator who were obstetricians. Through their professional networks, we were able to reach out to other hospitals. A hospital was included in the network based on two criteria: (i) willingness of the hospital to participate in a large research collaboration and (ii) a high burden of maternal and perinatal deaths in the population covered by the hospital. Similar to the process used in the pilot work 6 , we mapped the hospitals to assess the spread and coverage of the population in each state.
Setting up a high-quality secure system for data collection, storage and transfer One of the major reasons for success of the pilot work was having dedicated research staff for data collection and data entry.

Amendments from Version 1
In response to the Reviewer-1's comments, we have added more details about the following in the method, results and discussion sections: • The process of engagement with partners, collaboration agreements signed and the Intellectual Property Rights shared.
• Shared vision for MaatHRI based on shared values.
• Communicating risk or any compromise to participant or data security to patients, clinicians and other collaborators.
• Further details on equitable partnership, how Indian collaborating institutions will benefit and how the population will benefit.
• Our plans for community engagement.
• List of collaborating institutions in India, and the resources they bring.
We have also reworded a couple of sentences in the ethics section to clarify that ethics approval was obtained both for setting up the platform and to undertake the observational studies.

REVISED
A pragmatic approach was adopted to develop a high quality secure electronic system to overcome the challenges of human resource constraints, lack of dedicated secure computer servers for data storage in the hospitals, and securely sharing data. The following methods were employed: i. Research nurses were appointed in each hospital and trained ii. Electronic online data collection forms were developed for entering data iii. Data are collated automatically in a cloud-based server located in India iv. Quality assurance and data security procedures were established and implemented Standardised laboratory infrastructure A laboratory infrastructure was created through a partnership with a private laboratory in India, Dr Lal PathLabs (LPL). LPL has a pan-India presence with a network of sample collection centres, regional laboratories and a national reference laboratory in New Delhi, India. Their existing service delivery model was adapted to the requirements of the MaatHRI platform through extensive consultations between the Indian clinical collaborators, and experts at the University of Oxford and LPL. The following services were agreed and are being currently used to standardise the laboratory infrastructure: - We tested the model in a run-in phase before full implementation.

Regulatory systems
The steering committee constituted for the pilot work (IndOSS-Assam) was expanded to form the MaatHRI steering committee. The committee includes representatives from all the collaborating hospitals, the University of Oxford, Indian policy advocates and experts in statistics and ethics. As MaatHRI is a research platform set up to conduct studies on a longterm basis, an independent 'Data safety and monitoring board' (DSMB) was set up, including members from India and the UK who are not associated with the MaatHRI platform. A DSMB charter was drafted outlining the roles and responsibilities of the members and how the board will function to provide independent safety review of participants and data, and guidance for observational studies during the course of the ongoing projects. Since the studies currently undertaken through the platform are observational studies, review of adverse event data and reports of serious adverse events (SAEs) are not currently applicable to MaatHRI DSMB. However, should randomised controlled trials be conducted through MaatHRI in the future we would expect the DSMB to be involved in reviewing this type of information.
Academic collaboration agreements were signed between the University of Oxford and all collaborating institutions in India. These were discussed extensively with each institution's legal team to agree on the terms and conditions including data security and sharing, confidentiality, and intellectual property (IP) rights. To ensure equitable partnership, IP is jointly owned by the collaborating institutions in proportion to the respective contribution of each institution.

MaatHRI network of hospitals
We were able to establish a network of 14 hospitals by September 2018 across four states in India -Assam, Meghalaya, Uttar Pradesh, and Maharashtra. After establishing the network, two more hospitals joined MaatHRI, but two government district hospitals left the collaboration. A lack of interest in research and high patient load were the main reasons given by the lead collaborators of the departing hospitals. The MaatHRI platform currently includes a network of 14 hospitals (11 Government and 3 private) who collaborate based on the shared vision of generating scientific evidence to reduce maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity in India and other LMICs. Figure 1 shows the distribution of the network across India and within the state of Assam. A list of the Indian collaborating institutions are available on the MaatHRI website (https://www. npeu.ox.ac.uk/maathri). None of the site-collaborators or any clinician involved in the project charge their time contribution to the project. This is another testament of their passion towards the shared vision. The 14 hospitals together conduct about 100,000 deliveries per year. The network includes an Indian research team of 20 nurses, a project manager, 16 obstetricians, two pathologists, a public health specialist, a general physician and a paediatrician.
Setting up a high-quality and secure system for data collection and storage Data and biological sample collection: Depending on the patient load and related participant recruitment rates, one or two research nurses have been appointed in each collaborating hospital for the MaatHRI work. The nurses are responsible for recruiting study participants, providing participant information and obtaining informed consent, collecting data and blood samples, and following up participants. The research nurses were specifically trained to undertake these activities. In addition, a project manager has been appointed to manage the research nurses and provide supportive supervision.
Data entry and storage: Our original plan was for research nurses to collect data in online electronic forms using tablet PCs enabling automatic collation in the Microsoft Azure cloud computing platform (Microsoft Corporation) with servers located in India; there is no provision for storing data on the tablets. However, after an initial trial we found that direct data entry in an online form was not possible due to problems with internet connections in several hospitals and the sensitivity associated with a nurse standing with a tablet PC next to a very sick woman. It was therefore decided that paper forms would be used to collect data in these hospitals and the nurse would enter the data immediately afterwards into the online data portal and then destroy the paper forms. Each hospital has a unique Login ID and password to access the data collection forms and their collated data on the online portal.
Quality assurance and data security: The electronic data collection forms have checks and validations to flag logical errors. The project manager is responsible for monitoring data entry on a day-to-day basis. Red flags are raised for errors and incomplete forms immediately so that the research nurse can rectify the errors before the participant is discharged from the hospital. Data stored in the cloud server are encrypted and password protected. Each collaborating hospital can only view and download its own data. Identifiable information are collected for follow-up of participants, but these can only be viewed by the authorised hospital staff and cannot be downloaded by anyone. Once the data collection is complete, in preparation for analysis, all identifiable information is completely delinked from the clinical data to generate pseudonymised analysis files. We have developed secure mechanisms for transferring data within India and between India and the UK with recommended level of end-end-encryption.

Laboratory infrastructure
Dr Lal Pathlabs (LPL) provides the laboratory infrastructure for MaatHRI. The following services were tested in a trial run before being fully incorporated into the platform. specific written guidance to all study hospitals for collecting, processing and packing the blood samples.

Service 3: Transport samples at ambient conditions from the hospitals to the laboratory.
A designated person from the LPL collection centre collects the boxes from the hospital. These are transported via road to the nearest regional laboratory where they are checked and then shipped via air to the national laboratory in New Delhi. A flow-chart describing the transportation process from the hospitals to the LPL National Reference Laboratory is shown in Figure 2 and the network is presented in a map in Figure 3. Time in transit is regularly monitored by LPL and reported for each participant along with their test results.
Service 4: Standardising blood assays. All samples are processed and analysed in the LPL National Reference Laboratory based at New Delhi. The assay methods, traceability and performance characteristics are discussed by experts from the University of Oxford's Wolfson laboratory and LPL before including a test in the study. Table 1 shows the traceability and Table 2 shows the performance characteristics for assays that are commonly used for the epidemiological studies undertaken using the MaatHRI platform. The details of specific tests will be presented in subsequent publications. Traceability and assay performance monitoring are important for standardisation of laboratory procedures and quality control. If the quality of a blood sample is compromised in transit, it is not processed, and the site-collaborator and research nurse are advised to collect a fresh sample. The laboratory runs quality control checks daily for each assay (twice a day for some) and monitors their mean coefficient of variation and standard deviation. The results are shared as part of a performance monitoring plan during monitoring and feedback meetings.
In addition, LPL also runs a quarterly Quality Improvement Programme. The DSMB periodically reviews participant recruitment, data safety and confidentiality, ethical issues and data quality, and examines whether the overall safety and feasibility of the MaatHRI project is acceptable. Although conventionally DSMB is set up for individual studies, we found that setting up a DSMB for the research platform that has oversight of all studies undertaken through the platform could be an effective way to ensure data safety. If the DSMB estimates a potential risk to participant or data security, it will be communicated to the MaatHRI steering committee who has the responsibility to mitigate the problem as soon as possible. The risk and measures taken to mitigate it will also be communicated to all collaborating hospitals and obstetricians as lessons learnt. If the risk or compromise has the potential to cause harm to any participant, the information will be communicated with the participant (at risk) by the site investigator.
The DSMB has met twice since MaatHRI was established in September 2018 and membership includes two obstetricians (one from the UK and one from India), one paediatrician (from India), one biostatistician (from the UK), and one expert in bioethics (from India), all with prior experience and expertise in observational epidemiological studies. They were nominated by the study investigators. So far, no risk or compromise to participant or data security has been identified.
Studies currently being undertaken through the MaatHRI platform One survey and three observation studies are currently being undertaken through the platform. A monthly survey of nine lifethreatening complications of pregnancy has been in progress since July 2018. The complications are defined using standard definitions and include eclampsia, pre-eclampsia, postpartum haemorrhage, maternal peripartum infection, septic abortion, uterine rupture, heart failure during pregnancy and postpartum,   anaemia; and (iii) a nested study within the prospective study comparing the coagulation parameters in pregnant women with and without anaemia. Of these, the nested coagulation study is complete, and the other two studies will be completed by June 2022. The monthly survey will continue as long as the collaborative platform exists.
Indian collaborating obstetricians suggest topics for research based on the needs of the local population. For example, based on the observation of high number of cases of health failure during pregnancy, this was proposed as a research topic by one of the collaborating obstetricians. In addition, the conditions included in the monthly survey of pregnancy complications were proposed by the obstetricians. Thus, all research projects undertaken through the platform are co-developed by the Indian and the UK collaborators. Aim of the MaatHRI collaboration is to undertaken research on conditions that adversely affect pregnant women in India so that the results from the studies benefit the future mothers in India and in other LMICs.

Discussion
MaatHRI, a collaborative research platform, modelled on UKOSS, was successfully established to conduct hospital-based research to improve care and outcomes for mothers and babies in India. It includes 14 public and private hospitals across four states in India, which together conduct about 100,000 deliveries per year. The platform is standardised in terms of data collection, equipment, and laboratory methodology, and employs strict measures for participant confidentiality and data security. It is monitored by two regulatory bodies: a steering committee and an independent DSMB. One survey and three epidemiological studies are being undertaken through the platform.
MaatHRI is the first prototype of UKOSS and other similar platforms 9 in a low and middle income country (LMIC). Within this setting, it covers the most deprived and vulnerable population groups. The MaatHRI platform, although built on models of existing surveillance and research platforms in high income countries, is more advanced in terms of using current best practices for standardisation of data and laboratory parameters, monitoring data and participant safety, and secure transfer of data within and between countries. All biological samples are analysed at the LPL National Reference Laboratory. The precision, performance and quality of each laboratory parameter are documented and maintained to a high level. The laboratory partnership also benefits from subsidised costs from LPL for each test, at a rate that is 40% less than their commercial price, with no additional costs for transportation and project management. The laboratory has also started tests for the MaatHRI project, which they did not offer previously. This involved completing extensive validation processes. In addition to high quality and standardisation of the laboratory procedures, the pseudonymised laboratory model ensures confidentiality of participants and minimises reporting bias.
Another advantage of the MaatHRI platform is the ability to undertake long term follow-up studies of participants. Identifiable information collected locally from participants helps to locate each participant by hospital staff for follow-up. All studies currently undertaken through the platform have a follow-up component with the potential to generate participant cohorts, based on informed consent, for long term follow-up of the effects of pregnancy complications. Adequate measures have been put in place for securely storing the identifiable information and destroying it after the cohorts for long term follow-up have been established. An independent MaatHRI DSMB monitors data safety and participant confidentiality on an ongoing basis, thereby ensuring confidence and trust on the research platform. We are working to achieve a more active and extensive process to involve the public and patients (pregnant women, mothers and their families) and civil societies working to improve the health and wellbeing of mothers and babies in India.
While the platform is established and is currently running three epidemiological studies, the process to develop capacity for research and further improving pregnancy care will continue and is an integral part of the MaatHRI collaboration. The focus is on bi-directional skills development and capacity building through mutual learning between the collaborators in India and the UK. The platform is also being used to develop the research capacity of early career researchers (MSc and PhD students and post-doctoral researchers) interested in working in maternal and perinatal health in an LMIC setting.

Strengths and challenges
MaatHRI is a collaboration of hospitals that covers deprived populations, some of which are located in remote rural areas of India. While this provides the opportunity to conduct research to improve the health of mothers and babies in areas of the country that have the highest burden of maternal and perinatal deaths, it also poses challenges related to resources and capacity. Appointing new research nurses to collect data and blood samples ensured that the MaatHRI platform was not depriving the hospitals of their scarce human resource. This has created an employment opportunity for nurses in the field of research, which is not a usual job for trained nurses in India. However, the challenge associated with this was the need for extensive training and constant supervision of the nurses. Furthermore, most of the collaborating hospitals had not been involved in a project of this scale and intensity encompassing not just implementation, but designing, standardising and developing the project as equal partners. Therefore, it took more than 20 months of continuous engagement with staff and collaborators to achieve the desired level of quality and standardisation for the MaatHRI platform.
Within the resource constraints, a further challenge is achieving a balance between an ideal collaborative research platform and a pragmatic solution. For example, the ideal platform would have collected data electronically on tablets using online forms, but this was not feasible due to a lack of good internet connectivity in the remote hospitals and cultural sensitivities. Therefore, paper forms are used in some hospitals. However, to mitigate risks and as advised by the DSMB, we have developed a documented process of securely storing and destroying the paper forms within an agreed timeline for each hospital.
Costs related to research staff, standardised laboratory parameters, programming data collection forms, and storing data on Microsoft Azure make studies undertaken through the MaatHRI platform more expensive compared with existing similar systems in the UK 8 , Europe and Australia 9 . It is our belief, however, that the benefits of generating high quality scientific evidence to answer important and urgent clinical research References questions that will save the lives of thousands of future mothers and babies, outweigh these additional costs.

Conclusion
In summary, the methods that we have used to develop the MaatHRI platform make it a unique and high-quality research resource using a model that can be replicated in other LMICs. Since being established in September 2018, MaatHRI has already secured further funding, including industry funding. One epidemiological study is complete and two others are in various stages of participant recruitment and data collection. We intend to make the data generated through the MaatHRI platform available to researchers for secondary analysis. We welcome research organisations from India and the UK to use this standardised research platform to undertake studies that are in line with the vision of MaatHRI and will contribute towards reducing the high burden of maternal and perinatal deaths in India.
In addition to research impact, our approach to building the platform on the premise of equitable partnership between all collaborators and developing research capacity in the collaborating institutions will further contribute to the sustainability of MaatHRI.

Data availability
No data is associated with this article.

JIPMER, Puducherry, India
Authors report the method of establishing a collaborative hospital based research platform linking public and private hospitals which could be used as a platform to assess and report various problems of public health importance especially affecting pregnant women.
As they describe the setting which may have aside variation in the management as well the criteria for the diagnosis of various condition, it needs to describe the strategy to avoid this problem.
The process of standardisation of the criteria for diagnosis or outcomes needs to be described; was the Delphi consensus or any other approach will be used?
The UKOSS system is an anonymous voluntary reporting system on the various factors and the outcomes, this methodology paper can also explain the aviation and the difficulties in such as system in a LMIC.
It may be worthwhile to consider using this platform to have a biobank project along, as blood sample collected could be stored and later analysed as nest studies if the logistics allow.

Is the description of the method technically sound? Yes
Are sufficient details provided to allow replication of the method development and its use by others? Partly Authors report the method of establishing a collaborative hospital based research platform linking public and private hospitals which could be used as a platform to assess and report various problems of public health importance especially affecting pregnant women. Response: We thank the Reviewer for their comments and valuable suggestions.
As they describe the setting which may have aside variation in the management as well the criteria for the diagnosis of various condition, it needs to describe the strategy to avoid this problem. Response: We agree with the reviewer that the study hospitals and clinicians could use various criteria for diagnosis and management of pregnancy complication. As mentioned in the results section, "Studies currently being undertaken through the MaatHRI platform", we use standard international definition and criteria for diagnosing the conditions that are reported in the survey and being investigated in the epidemiological studies. More details about the definitions will be included in the papers that will specifically report the results of the survey and the epidemiological studies.
The process of standardisation of the criteria for diagnosis or outcomes needs to be described; was the Delphi consensus or any other approach will be used? Response: We agree with the reviewer and as mentioned above we have standardised the process for diagnosis and investigations including using standard definitions, and standardised laboratory procedures, echocardiography, and data collection tools. We did not use a Delphi process.
The UKOSS system is an anonymous voluntary reporting system on the various factors and the outcomes, this methodology paper can also explain the aviation and the difficulties in such as system in a LMIC. Response: We agree with the reviewer and have added the following in the discussions section of the revised draft: "While UKOSS collects anonymised data from hospital records, this is not possible in India and many other LMICs where there are no electronic hospital records system and the paper records are often incomplete. Identifiable information collected locally from participants helps to locate each participant by hospital staff and therefore, another advantage of the MaatHRI platform is the ability to undertake long term follow-up studies of participants." It may be worthwhile to consider using this platform to have a biobank project along, as blood sample collected could be stored and later analysed as nest studies if the logistics allow. Response: We thank the reviewer for the suggestion. We have been exploring this possibility with laboratories in India. There are no plans at the moment for storing blood samples, but we may be able to do this in future studies using the MaatHRI platform depending on logistics and appropriate regulatory approvals.

Are sufficient details provided to allow replication of the method development and its use by others? Partly
If any results are presented, are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

No source data required
Are the conclusions about the method and its performance adequately supported by the findings presented in the article? Yes Response to the reviewer's comments Comment: The authors describe the setting up of a consortium and network for doing observational studies and RCTs in the future, as such the study does not describe any specific method. It relies more on the aims and objectives of the network and the process followed. The opportunities and challenges are also listed and potential solution in the real world outlined.
Comment: The network is essential for amplifying the work in maternal and new-born health and can serve as a valuable resource for providing evidence and conducting epidemiological studies in these backwards states in India. Reply: We thank the reviewer for the comment and for endorsing the value of the MaatHRI platform. Comment: The description could have touched on some of the areas to make it more robust. The process of engagement with partners, the MOUs signed and the IPR shared, the shared value systems, the larger universe of health systems and how they plan for risk communication to audiences as well as decision makers including the obstetricians in the network. Reply: We agree with the reviewer that these are important points and have therefore added a the following sections to the 'methods' and 'results' sections In methods -under 'Regulatory systems' we have added the following paragraph: "Academic collaboration agreements were signed between the University of Oxford and all collaborating institutions in India. These were discussed extensively with each institution's legal team to agree on the terms and conditions including data security and sharing, confidentiality, and intellectual property (IP) rights. To ensure equitable partnership, IP is jointly owned by the collaborating institutions in proportion to the respective contribution of each institution." We have updated the 'Regulatory systems' in the results section as follows: "If the DSMB estimates a potential risk to participant or data security, it will be communicated to the MaatHRI steering committee who has the responsibility to mitigate the problem as soon as possible. The risk and measures taken to mitigate it will also be communicated to all collaborating hospitals and obstetricians as lessons learnt. If the risk or compromise has the potential to cause harm to any participant, the information will be communicated with the participant (at risk) by the site investigator. The DSMB has met twice since MaatHRI was established in September 2018 and membership includes two obstetricians (one from the UK and one from India), one paediatrician (from India), one biostatistician (from the UK), and one expert in bioethics (from India), all with prior experience and expertise in observational epidemiological studies. They were nominated by the study investigators. So far, no risk or compromise to participant or data security has been identified." The collaboration is based on the shared vision of generating scientific evidence to reduce maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity in India and other LMICs. We have now stated this clearly in the 'Results section' under 'MaatHRI network of hospitals'. Comment: The incentives and the academic partnerships could have been better described. Often in the north south partnerships, the hospitals and intervention centres are left out to be nothing more than data collectors. Critical questions like how they will benefit, how the population will benefit, do they envisage community panels patient panels and how do they plan to engage them as part of the network. Reply: These are crucial points and I thank the reviewer for raising them. We absolutely agree that there could be power imbalance between collaborating organisations. This is not only true for international collaborations between the North and South, but also between academic collaborations within a country. We have made especial efforts through the regulatory systems to make the partnerships equitable and as already mentioned in the discussion section, our focus is on bi-directional skills development and capacity building through mutual learning between the collaborators in India and the UK. Indian collaborating obstetricians are the ones who suggest topics for research based on the needs of the local population. For example, based on the observation of high number of cases of health failure during pregnancy, this was proposed as a research topic by one of the collaborating obstetricians. In addition, the conditions included in the monthly survey of pregnancy complications and death were decided by the obstetricians. Thus, all research projects undertaken through the platform are co-developed by the Indian and the UK collaborators. Since the research undertaken is only on conditions that are known to affect pregnant women in India, the results from the studies will benefit the future mothers in India as well as mothers in other LMICs. We have now clearly stated the above in the results