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Brief Report

Dataset from two pilot studies: the effect of emotional and motivational factors on peer support in context of adolescent smoking cessation program, evidence from Indonesia

[version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations]
Mohammad Eko Fitrianto
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7148-7245
1,2, Basu Swastha Dharmmesta2, Bernardinus Maria Purwanto2
Mohammad Eko Fitrianto
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7148-7245
1,2, Basu Swastha Dharmmesta2, Bernardinus Maria Purwanto2
PUBLISHED 14 Dec 2023
Author details Author details
OPEN PEER REVIEW
REVIEWER STATUS

Abstract

Background: This study examines the effect of emotional and motivational factors on peer support in the context of adolescent smoking using datasets from two pilot studies. Although there are studies available on adolescent smoking cessation, only a few have focused on developing classroom-based prevention programs.  
Methods: Two datasets from each pilot study were collected using an online survey technique (n=102). Data were collected using convenience sampling from grade 11 high school students in Palembang, the capital city of South Sumatera province, Indonesia. We used descriptive statistics to explore the phenomenon in classroom settings in study I (n=31), and logistic regression to predict peer support in study II (n=71).  
Results: This dataset contains preliminary findings regarding peer support in the context of adolescent smoking. We discovered through descriptive statistics that student opinions and reactions regarding cigarette products and smoking are diverse. In addition, an associative study revealed that emotional and motivational factors have a substantial effect on peer support. 
Conclusions: There are no publicly available datasets that employ emotional and motivational factors affecting peer support in classroom settings, making the dataset unique. In addition, the dataset included in this brief report can be utilized to develop school-based smoking cessation programs for adolescents.

Keywords

pilot study, school-based program, peer support, empathy, altruistic motivation

Corresponding author: Mohammad Eko Fitrianto
Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
Grant information: This work was supported by Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan Kementerian Keuangan Republik Indonesia (Indonesia Endowment Funds for Education - LOG: 2468/LPDP/LPDP.3/2023). The funder will not play any role in this study. The funding was granted to Mohammad Eko Fitrianto as a Ph.D. student’s support.
Copyright:  © 2023 Fitrianto ME et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
How to cite: Fitrianto ME, Dharmmesta BS and Purwanto BM. Dataset from two pilot studies: the effect of emotional and motivational factors on peer support in context of adolescent smoking cessation program, evidence from Indonesia [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2023, 12:1581 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.135344.1) First published: 14 Dec 2023, 12:1581 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.135344.1) Latest published: 14 Dec 2023, 12:1581 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.135344.1)

Background and objectives

Few studies1–3 have focused on the development of prevention programs in a classroom setting, which was the impetus behind the creation of the dataset. Although there are studies available on school-based smoking prevention programs,3–5 it is unknown how students felt and reacted to their smoking peers, as well as how emotion and motivation can influence peer support. Adolescent smoking is not only a persistent global threat to adolescents,6–8 but it also leads to significant health issues during childhood and adolescence. These health problems include respiratory illnesses, decreased physical fitness, and potential hindrance in lung growth rate.9 Previous studies have highlighted the importance of students’ understanding and viewpoints regarding cigarette products and smoking behavior in the development of effective school-based prevention programs for adolescents.10,11 The traditional approach to smoking cessation programs typically emphasizes the relationship between the provider and the consumer.12 In contrast, the alternative perspective highlights the importance of a collaborative relationship to drive action.13

On the contrary, there is an increasing body of literature that incorporates emotional elements and motivation in health campaigns aimed at communicating the risks of smoking.14,15 By incorporating emotional elements, these campaigns aim to foster more effective collaboration among adolescents and promote shared responsibility.16,17 However, due to the limitations identified in previous studies, a pilot study is necessary to explore the phenomenon and assess the feasibility before conducting the main study. Therefore, this study aims to explore: 1) student opinion and reaction regarding cigarette product and smoking behavior; and 2) the effect of emotional element (e.g., empathy) and motivational (e.g., altruistic motivation) factors on peer support in the context of developing adolescent smoking prevention programs in a classroom setting. This dataset is a valuable resource for researchers studying the development of school-based smoking cessation programs for adolescents.

Methods

Study design

This pilot study utilized cross-sectional data and adhered to the The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines for study design and reporting.18 The study protocol and research questionnaire were registered on protocol.io (dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.36wgq3r45lk5/v1) to ensure transparency and replicability. Additionally, we followed the The Sex and Gender Equity in Research (SAGER) guidelines relevant to this study.19 As a pilot study, a small number of participants or observations were included, and the calculation of sample size was not deemed necessary.20 However, it was important to ensure that the sample in the pilot study was representative of the intended main study.21 Thus, inclusion and exclusion criteria were established for participant recruitment.

Setting

The present study specifically targeted students residing in Palembang, the capital of South Sumatra Province, Indonesia. Statistics Indonesia’s report indicated that young individuals from this province were among the highest consumers of cigarettes in the country.22 Non-probability sampling was employed, specifically convenience sampling, to select the schools and participants for the study. Data collection was carried out through an online self-administered survey conducted during two pilot studies conducted from 2021 to 2022. The data collection process involved the participation of the homeroom teachers, who assisted in distributing the online questionnaire link to the students. Study I aimed to provide insights into specific interactions within the classroom and explore the potential for peer support among students. Meanwhile, Study II focused on understanding how individual factors impact peer support within the classroom environment. For the purpose of this study, the term ‘classroom setting’ was defined to encompass the range of daily interactions between students and their classmates.

Participants

Participants in this study had to meet the following inclusion criteria: 1) registered as grade 11 students, 2) male or female students, and 3) between the ages of 15 and 17. This pilot study is designed and will be implemented as a school-based program for students in Grade 11 who are between the ages of 15 and 17. We did not address the issue of gender differences in this study because we allowed participants of both genders (male and female). The SAGER guidelines are only implicit in the study’s relevance (how sex and gender are accounted for in the study design). Our exclusion criteria were a non-grade 11 high school student or an individual aged 18 and up. Participants were drawn from state and non-state high schools in the area where the study was conducted.

Procedures

Participants in this study were provided with a Google Form link by their homeroom teacher and were asked to complete the questionnaire online. The questionnaire survey took approximately 10-15 minutes to complete. Informed consent was obtained from all participants, and the consent process was included at the beginning of the questionnaire. For more information on the study procedures, including the steps, guidelines, and materials used, please refer to the protocol available at protocol.io with the DOI: https://doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.36wgq3r45lk5/v1.

Variables and measures

Two primary independent variables were used in this study: empathic concern and altruistic motivation. The measurement of empathic concern and altruistic motivation was adapted from Batson’s empathic-altruism hypothesis.23,24 Empathic concern refers to emotions that are focused on others and congruent with their perceived well-being when they are in need. On the other hand, altruistic motivation refers to a state of motivation that aims to enhance the well-being of others.25 This form of motivation can drive individuals to provide peer support or engage in prosocial actions. The criterion variable in this study is peer support, which refers to the provision of emotional, appraisal, and informational assistance by a member of the social network who possesses experiential knowledge of a specific behavior or stressor and shares similar characteristics with the target population26 We measured empathic concern and altruistic motivation using well-validated scales,27–29 using a five-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). On the other hand, we measured peer support using a dichotomous scale (willingness to help). Logistic regression was used to predict the group membership for the question “Are you willing to help your friend stay away from cigarette products?” with two possible answers: “0” for “no, that is not my business” and “1” for “yes, of course.”

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at Universitas Gadjah Mada (Ethical clearance ref. KE/UGM/037/EC/2022).

Informed consent

All individual participants in this study provided informed consent. All procedures involving human participants were approved by the Universitas Gadjah Mada Institutional Review Board and were in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its subsequent amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Dataset validation

Before using the data for further analysis, we performed dataset validation to ensure its integrity, accuracy, and structure. All of the data collection, recoding, and analysis procedures were meticulously carried out. To maintain the validity of the data source, we enlisted the assistance of homeroom teachers in distributing questionnaires. Furthermore, construct validity was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to ensure the convergence of the construct (e.g., construct of empathic concern, altruistic motivation, and peer support). We determined that there is no potential bias because the study was exploratory and the data collection medium was transparent (see published research protocol and data availability). In addition, the researchers had no control over how the questionnaire was distributed.

Data description and processing

The dataset used in this study consists of two files with the SPSS *.sav extension that describe and define the sample and variables. The first dataset contains demographic information about participants, as well as their knowledge and opinions about cigarettes. The second dataset contains main variables and their measurements (for example, empathy variable and its item measurement). Table 1 contains information about the characteristics and data description of data in datasets.

Table 1. Data description.

CharacteristicsLocationDescription

  • 1. Number of respondents

Dataset 1, Dataset 2The number of respondents. We do not reveal respondent’s identity in order to comply with ethical conduct and to consider the open data option. We conceal respondent names by using a continuous number (e.g., Respondent 01, Respondent 02, and so on).

  • 2. Sex

Dataset 1, Dataset 2A set of biological attributes in humans and animals that are associated with physical and physiological features including chromosomes, gene expression, hormone function and reproductive/sexual anatomy.19,30
In the database, this is a dummy variable (1 – Male, 2 – Female)

  • 3. Care1

Dataset 1A set of questions about the participants’ knowledge of their smoking friends. This item consists of five questions labeled “Care 1-5”.
Do you know if any of your classmates have ever tried smoking?
In a database, this is a nominal variable with the values 1=Yes, I know, 2=No, I don’t know, and 3=I’m not sure.

  • 4. Care2

Dataset 1A set of questions about the participants’ knowledge of their smoking friends. This item consists of five questions labeled “Care 1-5”.
How many of your classmates have smoked or are currently smoking?
In a database, this is a nominal variable with the values 1=I don’t know, 2=One, 3=Two, and 4=More than two.

  • 5. Care3

Dataset 1A set of questions about the participants’ knowledge of their smoking friend. These items consist of five questions labeled “Care 1-5”.
Have you ever seen one of your classmates smoking?
In the database, this is a nominal variable with the values 1=Yes, I have, 2=No, and 3=I’m not sure

  • 6. Care4

Dataset 1A set of questions about participants’ knowledge of their smoking friend. These items consist of five questions labeled “Care 1-5”
What is your reaction when you know or see one of your friends smoking?
In the database, this is a nominal variable with the values
1=Do nothing, that’s his/her choice
2=Do nothing, that’s not my business
3=I’m trying to speak and ask why you do this?
4=I told him or her, we are not supposed to smoke

  • 7. Care5

Dataset 1A set of questions about the participants’ knowledge of their smoking friends. This item consists of five questions labeled “Care 1-5”.
Assume you know one of your classmates is a smoker. Is this motivating you to take action to keep him or her from engaging in such behavior?
In the database, this is a nominal variable with the values
0=It’s not my concern
1=Of course

  • 8. TocOpinion1

Dataset 1A set of questions about cigarette product opinion among students.13,31,32 This item contains the following question: “A cigarette product is… A tobacco product”
“0=No” and “1=Yes” are the possible answers. In the database, this is a dummy variable (0=No, 1=Yes).

  • 9. TocOpinion2

Dataset 1A set of questions about cigarette product opinion among students.13,31,32 This item contains the following question: “A cigarette product is… A product that should not be consumed by teenagers” “0=No” and “1=Yes” are the possible answers.
In the database, this is a dummy variable (0 = No, 1 = Yes)

  • 10. TocOpinion3

Dataset 1A set of questions about cigarette product opinion among students.13,31,32 This item contains the following question: “A cigarette product is… Has a disturbing picture on the packaging”
“0=No” and “1=Yes” are the possible answers.
In the database, this is a dummy variable (0=No, 1=Yes)

  • 11. TocOpinion4

Dataset 1A set of questions about cigarette product opinion among students.13,31,32 This item contains the following question: “A cigarette product is… Dangerous product”
“0=No” and “1=Yes” are the possible answers. In the database, this is a dummy variable (0=No, 1=Yes)

  • 12. TocOpinion5

Dataset 1A set of questions about cigarette product opinion among students.13,31,32 This item contains the following question: “A cigarette product is… Having an interesting Ad”
“0=No” and “1=Yes” are the possible answers. In the database, this is a dummy variable (0=No, 1=Yes)

  • 13. TocOpinion6

Dataset 1A set of questions about cigarette product opinion among students.13,31,32 This item contains the following question: “A cigarette product is… Easy to get”
“0=No” and “1=Yes” are the possible answers. In the database, this is a dummy variable (0=No, 1=Yes)

  • 14. SmkActivity1

Dataset 1A set of questions on student attitudes toward smoking.13,31,32 This item contains the following question: “I think smoking is… A symbol of friendship”
“0=No” and “1=Yes” are the possible answers. In the database, this is a dummy variable (0=No, 1=Yes)

  • 15. SmkActivity2

Dataset 1A set of questions on student attitudes toward smoking.13,31,32 This item contains the following question: “I think smoking is… An activity that is harmful to health”
“0=No” and “1=Yes” are the possible answers. In the database, this is a dummy variable (0=No, 1=Yes)

  • 16. SmkActivity3

Dataset 1A set of questions on student attitudes toward smoking.13,31,32 This item contains the following question: “I think smoking is… 18 years old only”
“0=No” and “1=Yes” are the possible answers. In the database, this is a dummy variable (0=No, 1=Yes)

  • 17. SmkActivity4

Dataset 1A set of questions on student attitudes toward smoking.13,31,32 This item contains the following question: “I think smoking is… Makes me more cool” “0=No” and “1=Yes” are the possible answers. In the database, this is a dummy variable (0=No, 1=Yes)

  • 18. SmkActivity5

Dataset 1A set of questions on student attitudes toward smoking.13,31,32 This item contains the following question: “I think smoking is… Do something to relieve stress” “0=No” and “1=Yes” are the possible answers. In the database, this is a dummy variable (0=No, 1=Yes)

  • 19. EC01 to EC05

Dataset 2A reflective construct of empathic concern. It refers to feelings elicited by and consistent with the perceived well-being of someone in need.25 This item contains a statement titled “Imagine one of your classmates becoming ill as a result of smoking in the future; what is your reaction?”

  • • EC01: Feeling sympathy

  • • EC02: Feeling moved

  • • EC03: Feeling compassionate

  • • EC04: I know he/she must be uncomfortable

  • • EC05: I know he/she must be suffering


In the database, this is an ordinal scale (Likert scale), 1=strongly disagree, 2=disagree, 3=neutral, 4=agree, and 5=strongly agree

  • 20. AM1 to AM2

Dataset 2A reflective measure of the altruistic motivation construct. It refers to a motivational state that seeks to improve someone’s well-being.25 This item contains the following statement: “When you know that one of your friends will suffer as a result of smoking in the future, what is your reaction?”

  • • AM01: I am motivated to assist him/her.

  • • AM02: My ultimate goal is to improve his or her well-being.


In the database, this is an ordinal scale (Likert scale), 1=strongly disagree, 2=disagree, 3=neutral, 4=agree, and 5=strongly agree

  • 21. PS1 to PS3

Dataset 2A reflective measure of the peer support construct. It refers to a system of giving and receiving assistance based on key principles of respect, shared responsibility, and mutual agreement on what is beneficial.26 This item contains the following statement: “What do you have in mind to help him/her?”

  • • PS01: Persuading him or her to stay away from cigarette products

  • • PS02: Willing to discuss the negative effects of smoking

  • • PS03: Showing a negative attitude toward cigarette products


In the database, this is an ordinal scale (Likert scale), 1=strongly disagree, 2=disagree, 3=neutral, 4=agree, and 5=strongly agree

  • 22. EC

Dataset 2A composite value gained from average on empathy concern’s items.

  • 23. AM

Dataset 2A composite value gained from average on altruistic motivation’s items.

  • 24. PS

Dataset 2A composite value gained from average on peer support’s items.

  • 25. Reaction

Dataset 2Student reaction when he or she discovers that one of their classmates is a smoker. This item includes the question “What is your reaction when you know or see one of your friends smoking?”
In the database, this is a dummy variable (0=Do nothing (that’s not my business), 1=Do something (make him/her stop smoking).

  • 26. Action

Dataset 2A future action (willingness to help) when he/she learns that one of their classmates is a smoker. This item contains the question “Are you willing to help your friend to stay away from cigarette products?”
In the database, this is a dummy variable (0=No, that’s not my business, 1=Yes, of course)

The data was processed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS version 23. The raw data from a Google Form (.xls extension) was then re-encoded for further processing (e.g., string data is converted to numeric data). Each question (column) in the raw Excel data was then coded (e.g., male=1, female=2, and so on). The data was carefully transferred to the SPSS dataset after it had been recoded. To accommodate the research purpose, two SPSS datasets were created for each study. To accommodate the wide range of student opinions in Study I, we allowed participants to provide more than one answer (multiple answers). Figures 1 and 2 were graphically processed in Microsoft Excel.

27b5b428-43d7-4a15-8170-ac47c6252802_figure1.gif

Figure 1. Student’s opinion toward a cigarette product.

27b5b428-43d7-4a15-8170-ac47c6252802_figure2.gif

Figure 2. Student’s opinion toward a smoking activity.

Result

A total of 102 participants were confirmed as eligible participants in two pilot studies, with no participants dropping out. Thirty-one students from High School A participated in Study I, and seventy-one students from various high schools in Palembang participated in Study II. The overall analysis of this result is divided into two parts: 1) investigating student reactions to their smoking peers (study I), and 2) investigating the effect of emotional and motivational factors on peer support (study II). Study I discovered that student opinions on cigarette products and smoking behavior range from popular to unpopular (see Figures 1 and 2). For example, cigarette product is a dangerous product and related to tobacco product, which has become a popular opinion toward cigarette product (64.52 percent). In other words, 90.32 percent of students believe that smoking is a harmful activity to their health.

The second section focuses on an associative study to predict a group member based on peer support (n=71). According to Table 2, logistic regression was used to predict group membership. The results showed that the higher their empathic concern (OR=2.494, Wald=4.029, p=.045) and altruistic motivation (OR=2.014, Wald=4.426, p=.035), the more likely they are to perform helping behavior (peer support) than a student with low empathy and altruistic motivation.

Table 2. Logistic regression model.

BS.E.WaldSig.Exp (B)95% C.I. for EXP(B)
LowerUpper
EC.914.4554.029.0452.4941.0226.088
AM.700.3334.426.0352.0141.0493.868
Constant-5.4431.7719.448.002.004

Discussion

Principal findings

Overall, the findings from these datasets suggest that we should pay more attention to popular opinion about cigarettes and smoking behavior. According to the findings, popular opinion may describe the majority of adolescent beliefs in the classroom setting. As expected, ‘cigarette as a tobacco product’ and ‘cigarette as a dangerous product’ are the most popular views on the cigarette product. Furthermore, most participants perceived smoking as a harmful activity to their health. Furthermore, our findings suggest that influencing student emotion (e.g., empathy) and motivation (e.g., altruistic motivation) may contribute to increased peer support. Non-responsive peer support, on the other hand, is caused by a lack of empathy and motivation to help. This finding lends support to the idea of using emotional and motivational elements to foster more effective collaboration and shared responsibility among adolescents.15,33

Limitations

The dataset has some key limitations, primarily stemming from the small number of participants. It is important to interpret the results of this pilot study with caution due to these limitations. The findings cannot be generalized to a larger population but can still provide valuable insights for the development of school-based programs within the specific context. Descriptive statistics and association tests can be helpful in informing program development within this limited scope. Additionally, it should be noted that this pilot study did not address sex differences, while other studies on emotions have examined this aspect.34–36 Exploring participant reactions based on sex differences could be beneficial for developing specific interventions to promote peer support.26

Implication for policy and practice

The significant findings of this study have important implications for the successful implementation of evidence-based policies and prevention activities, particularly within a classroom setting. The empirical results offer valuable insights for health practitioners, as well as professionals in health marketing or social marketing. The study has shown that students with high levels of empathy and altruistic motivation are more likely to engage in helping behaviors compared to those with lower levels. Based on these findings, it is recommended to develop school-based adolescent smoking cessation programs that incorporate empathy and altruism training for students, aiming to encourage them to provide peer support.

Conclusion

The datasets obtained from this pilot study offer valuable preliminary findings regarding the impact of emotional and motivational factors on peer support in classroom settings. The study successfully explored the phenomenon and confirmed the feasibility before commencing the main study. The results suggest that interventions based on emotions hold promise for the development of school-based smoking prevention programs, aligning with the growing use of emotional elements in health campaigns.37,38 In conclusion, future main studies should take into account important considerations based on the insights from this pilot study, such as ensuring the use of consistent inclusion and exclusion criteria, increasing the number of participants to enhance external validity, and incorporating program evaluation measures.

Data availability

Mendeley Data: A cross-sectional dataset containing demographic characteristics, student opinions, student knowledge, empathy, altruistic motivation, and peer support, DOI: https://doi.org/10.17632/rggnsww87w.1. 39

The project contains the following underlying data:

  • • Study I Dataset - Peer Support (31).sav

  • • Study II Dataset - Peer Support (71).sav

Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0).

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to thank all staff and homeroom teachers from High School A (located in Palembang City, Indonesia) for helping the data collection process in Study I.

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Fitrianto ME, Dharmmesta BS and Purwanto BM. Dataset from two pilot studies: the effect of emotional and motivational factors on peer support in context of adolescent smoking cessation program, evidence from Indonesia [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2023, 12:1581 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.135344.1)
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ApprovedThe paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested
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Reviewer Report 24 Jun 2024
Fithria Fithria, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia 
Approved with Reservations
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https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.148458.r285651
  1. The objective of study stated in the abstract section (line 1) is different from the aim of study in the background section (line 15), please rewrite that part of manuscript.
  2. In the background section, please
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Fithria F. Reviewer Report For: Dataset from two pilot studies: the effect of emotional and motivational factors on peer support in context of adolescent smoking cessation program, evidence from Indonesia [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2023, 12:1581 (https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.148458.r285651)
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The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested
Approved with reservations
A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.
Not approved
Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions

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  1. Fithria Fithria, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia

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    Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article:
    Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested
    Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.
    Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions
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