The impact of perceived social support and social self-efficacy on resilience ‎among single mothers

Baha' Suhail  Shawaqfeh

doi:10.12688/f1000research.146971.1

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Research Article

The impact of perceived social support and social self-efficacy on resilience ‎among single mothers

[version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 not approved]

Baha' Suhail Shawaqfeh

PUBLISHED 18 Apr 2024

Author details Author details

Psychology, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Amman Governorate, 11171, Jordan

Baha' Suhail Shawaqfeh
Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

OPEN PEER REVIEW

REVIEWER STATUS

Abstract

Background

In Jordan, the number of single mothers is rising, constituting a distinct and neglected population sector. Single women encounter several obstacles as primary carers for their children. Since it is a complicated experience that may affect woman's resilience, influenced by social self-efficacy (SSE) and perceived social support (PSS), this study aims to determine how SSE and PSS influence resilience among single mothers.

Methods

This research employs a quantitative method. A volunteer group of 534 women in Jordan selected. Three scales were developed to meet the study objectives: PSS, SSE, and resilience.

Results

The study results indicate that PSS and SSE have a bearing on the resilience of single mothers, that there are no differences in PSS and resilience levels by social status, and that there is a difference in SSE levels by social class, favoring widows.

Conclusions

The PSS and SSE influence the resiliency of single women, which offers us the key to assisting them in reintegrating with the community following a family break. These women are also impacted by psychological and physical stress.

Keywords

Perceived Social Support; Social Self-Efficacy; Resilience; Single Mothers‎

Corresponding author: Baha' Suhail Shawaqfeh

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work.

Copyright: © 2024 Suhail Shawaqfeh B. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

How to cite: Suhail Shawaqfeh B. The impact of perceived social support and social self-efficacy on resilience ‎among single mothers [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2024, 13:294 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.146971.1) First published: 18 Apr 2024, 13:294 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.146971.1) Latest published: 18 Apr 2024, 13:294 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.146971.1)

Introduction

The world community’s wetness changes in the family structure, which has grown very fast in the last century, especially in Jordan. The absence of the father becomes a significant problem that faces family structure, which can be caused by death, divorce, or abandonment, so the mother becomes the only maintainer for the family, necessitating taking more responsibility for the children with the psychological and social stresses. The percentage of single mothers in Jordan has risen because of the wars around integration and divorce, and the statistics show 47 cases daily (Department 2020).

Single mothers suffer from many psychological stresses, such as low levels of psychological safety, physiological, cognitive, and emotional problems (Khwaiter 2010; Al-Muzaini 2011), loneliness, and low economic status (Alwan 2008) that they must be recouping with the new life events.

The transformation from a regular family to a broken one is complicated. The single mother must reorganize her personal and social life by coping with the main changes in her life's characteristics. The perceived social support (PSS), social self-efficacy (SSE), and resilience can help her to manage (Yilmaz and Fişiloglu 2005).

Resilience is a person's ability to deal with adverse situations or stressful life events that can lead to a lower coping level (Ariapooran and Khezeli 2018). Resilience is vital and significant in preventing the negative impacts of stressful life conditions on the capacity to recover of a woman living alone. She is vulnerable due to her low resilience, which causes her to have challenging, unpleasant emotions, react badly to terrible life experiences, and be unable to interact with others, lack responsibility, and be prone to psychological and physiological problems (Zidan 2013).

PSS significantly impacts resilience among single mothers, regardless of the source, whether from family, friends, or a new relationship (Greeff and Van Der Merwe 2004). Furthermore, it is a valuable resource that every individual needs every day. Nonetheless, single mothers require this assistance more than others from family, friends, coworkers, social rehabilitation groups, etc., to combat the negative effect (Khalil 2018; Naz et al. 2020).

Having someone we can depend on in times of need is the difference between feeling safe and secure and lonely. Social relationships contribute to the formation of PSS, which reduces stress through emotional support such as listening, compassion, and warmth, material support such as financial assistance and meeting basic needs, and informational support such as problem-solving assistance and raising awareness (Blonna 2006).

PSS is related to SSE (Karademas 2006), and SSE mediates the relationship between PSS and certain psychological factors (Aune et al. 2021). SSE reflects an individual's confidence in his ability to engage in the social interaction required to initiate and maintain interpersonal relationships (Bandura and Watts 1996; Satici et al. 2013), as the positive expectation of a single mother's ability to solve her problems is an essential component of SSE. Bandura highlighted that it conveys the individual's self-perception in overcoming challenges he faces while engaging in a particular social activity and his self-expectations based on his talents (Bandura 1977).

A single mother's high expectations of her social and emotional competence (SSE) help her succeed in various social settings, including overcoming adversity, managing anxiety and despair, and solving problems via analytical thinking (Tras et al. 2013). The research by (Tras et al. 2013) showed a predictive association between SSE and resilience; nevertheless, SSE depends on the single mother using her strengths to the utmost degree (Bandura 1993).

The single mother goes through three stages after losing her husband or separating from him until she can adapt to her new situation. The first stage is shock, characterized by a tense reaction and denial. The second stage is tension, in which the mother feels persecuted, pessimistic, has low self-confidence, is dissatisfied with life, and attempts to withdraw and feel lonely. The third stage is the recoping stage. Here, the single mother begins to rearrange her life, reconsider matters in general, search for sources of support, and start dealing with her new responsibilities (Al-Jawfi 2014). Thus, the researcher analyzed the link between SSE and PSS and their effect on resilience among single mothers.

Research questions

1. What is the PSS, SSE, and resilience level among single mothers?
2. Is there an impact of PSS and SSE on resilience among single mothers?
3. Due to social status, are there differences among single women's PSS, SSE, and resilience levels?

Methods

Study design

This research employs a quantitative technique of prediction. A volunteer selected five hundred thirty-four women in Jordan as subjects; all participants supplied written informed permission with the scales. The research ethics committee authorized the institution's study.

Participants

The study sample consists of 534 women chosen by volunteering in Jordan, The distribution of participants by socioeconomic rank is as follows: 297 Divorced ladies and 237 widows.

Data collection tools

Perceived social support scale

The researcher developed a scale of 8 items from (Hapke 2015; Tashtoush 2015; Watson et al. 2019). Participants rated each item on a four-Likert scale, from 1 (‘Always’) to 4 (‘Never’). Higher scores reflect a higher level of PSS. The researcher extracted the validity and reliability and found that the discriminate evidence ranged between 0.483 and 0.834. Cronbach's alpha was 0.845, then 0.937 at the retest two weeks later.

Social self-efficacy scale

The researcher developed a scale of 7 items from (Smith and Betz 2000; Ahmad et al. 2014). Participants rated each item on a four-Likert scale, from 1 (‘strongly disagree’) to 4 (‘strongly agree’). Higher scores reflect a higher level of SSE. The researcher extracted the validity and reliability and found that the discriminate evidence ranged between 0.590 and 0.789. Cronbach's alpha was 0.804, then 0.828 at the retest two weeks later.

Resilience scale

The researcher developed a scale of 17 items from (Connor and Davidson 2003; Alsheikh Ali 2014). Participants rated each item on a four-Likert scale, from 1 (‘strongly disagree’) to 4 (‘strongly agree’). Higher scores reflect a higher level of resilience. The researcher extracted the validity and reliability and found that the discriminate evidence ranged between 0.300 and 0.963. Cronbach's alpha ranged between 0.746-0.908. The retest two weeks later ranged between 0.794-0.886.

Data collection

The researcher obtained approval for this study from the Institutional Review Board at the University of Jordan. The registration number 2376271/744/2021/1. The date was 3/3/2021. Anonymized data was collected by associations concerned with women's affairs, the survey was conducted by paper instruments.

Data analysis

The researcher entered the data into SPSS data sheet, and used IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 22 (IBM corp., Armonk, N.Y., USA) to analyze the data. Means, standard deviations, Pearson’s correlation, multi-regression, and independent T-test were calculated. All missing data was planned to be reported as missing.

Findings and Discussion

Preliminary analyses

Means, standard deviations, and Person correlations between PSS, SSE, and resilience are shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Person correlations between the variables.

Variable	Mean	SD	level	1	2	3
1. PSS	1.92	0.62	Low	-
2. SSE	1.82	0.61	Low	0.288*	-
3. Resilience	1.69	0.57	Low	0.315*	0.675*	-

* Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Table 1 shows a positive correlation between PSS, SSE, and resilience. Also, the PSS, SSE, and resilience levels were low, the PSS mean was (1.92±0.62), SSE mean was (1.82±0.61), and (1.69±0.57).

The multi-regression results

To investigate the impact of PSS and SSE on resilience among single mothers, multi- regression test was calculated, and Table 2 shows the results.

Table 2. Multi-regression test to investigate the impact of PSS and SSE on resilience.

Variable	R	R²	F	F Sig.	Beta	T	T Sig.
SSE	0.686	0.471	236.338	0.000	0.637	19.310	0.000
PSS	0.686	0.471	236.338	0.000	0.132	4.001	0.000

Table 3. Independent T-test results for the differences in the PSS, SSE, and resilience levels due to social status.

Variables	Social status	Mean	Std. Deviation	T	Sig.
PSS	Divorced	1.92	.63	0.139	0.890
PSS	Widow	1.91	.59	0.139	0.890
SSE	Divorced	1.75	.58	-2.675	0.008
SSE	Widow	1.89	.64	-2.675	0.008
Resilience	Divorced	1.65	.56	-1.636	0.103
Resilience	Widow	1.73	.58	-1.636	0.103

Table 2 shows the impact of PSS and SSE on resilience among single mothers, which was 47.1%, while the correlation was 0.868. Also, The SSE has a more substantial influence on resilience, and the relationship between the variables was positive.

SSE is associated with positive expectations and the ability to solve social problems. With its decline, single mothers try to avoid complex tasks and issues and attribute their inappropriate performance to their personal inability. Thus, persistence and self-confidence decrease, they seek loneliness and separation from others (Pajares and Schunk 2001), and they are exposed to depression and anxiety. With these negative emotions, they look at situations pessimistically, and thus, resilience decreases (Tras et al. 2013).

The single mother is expected to fulfill paternal and maternal responsibilities, which might strain her relationships with those around her. Therefore, she loses the social and informational support that helps her solve her challenges and difficulties, leading to unfavorable and distressing outcomes, a diminished capacity for resilience, and an environment devoid of positive reinforcement. As a result, a woman's ability to cope with social, psychological, and material stresses is diminished, and she develops a diminished sense of safety in her relationships with others and her community.

In modern-day Jordan, women have achieved economic and social parity with males. Yet, the stigma arising from a culture that looks at women with suspicion and distrust following a separation or the husband's death restricts the help they get. They are SSE drops because she cannot maintain appearances, and the relationships suffer. Consequently, her anxiety, loneliness, and feeling of isolation due to her focus on her children and other domestic and professional duties all increase as her PSS and SSE drop.

Since communication is a fundamental human need, her lack of it has a negative impact on her adaptability and prevents her from interacting with others, lowering her psychological immunity. So, her resilience is diminished since she cannot fulfill one of humanity's most fundamental needs—the urge to connect with others (Ariapooran and Khezeli 2018).

The differences results

The difference in SSE between widows and non-widows may be related to the widow's husband's death. As for the divorced lady, her marriage life ended due to frequent disagreements and her inability to resolve these marital issues, which influenced her perception of her effectiveness since she saw herself as a relationship failure. Rather, she may feel guilt, helplessness, and inferiority. Furthermore, with divorce, the partners' friends between the spouses begin to move away due to their bias towards one of the parties, especially the husband, as they blame the woman most of the time; this causes the loss of relationships and the inability to maintain them. That is one of the primary requirements for SSE.

As for the no differences in PSS and resilience, widows and divorced women suffer from pressures related to caring for their children and trying to meet their material, emotional and physical needs, including food and housing.

Conclusion

This study found an impact of PSS and SSE on resilience among single mothers, which gives us the key to helping them to recoup with the community after the family break. They are affected by psychological and physical stress. In addition, there are no variations in PSS and resilience based on social position. However, there is a difference in SSE based on social class that favors widows. Families and organizations must provide more significant assistance to divorced women to boost their SSE, which may help them find support and be more resilient. Thus, future research should consider social status as a potentially important variable.

More effective intervention may be achieved and the benefits of this family structure can be better understood if single mothers are regarded as a complex group worthy of independent study. Overall, I argue that a better understanding of how single mothers are able to remain resilient in the face of the challenges of single parenting is necessary, and I present interventions that specifically target the needs of single mothers and have the potential to have a lasting, positive impact on both the mothers' and their children's lives.

Limitations and future directions

This study was conducted with a sample of single women enrolled in 2022 in Capital Amman in Jordan. The study results were interpreted from the participants’ responses to the PSS, SSE, and resilience scales. The researcher recommend further research on the resilience variable and how it helps single mothers recoup with the community. It will only increase in importance because it will lower the effect on children and build a healthy society. Future research might also relate resilience to personality types and techno wellness variables. The creation of counselling and guidance programs to improve SSE and PSS among single women because they positively impact resilience.

Ethics and consent

The researcher obtained approval for this study from the Institutional Review Board at the University of Jordan. The registration number 2376271/744/2021/1. The date was 3/3/2021. Anonymized data was collected by associations concerned with women's affairs, the survey was conducted by paper instruments. A volunteer selected five hundred thirty-four women in Jordan as subjects; all participants supplied written informed permission with the scales. The research ethics committee authorized the institution's study.

Data availability statement

figshare. PSS & SSE on Resilience.sav http://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25376581.

Data is available under the terms of the CC0.

Extended data

figshare. CROSS Checklist for the impact of perceived social support and social self-efficacy on resilience among single mothers, http://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25432384

Data is available under the terms of the CC0.

figshare. Scales for the impact of perceived social support and social self-efficacy on resilience among single mothers, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25483366.v1

Data is available under the terms of the CC0.

Acknowledgements

The researcher would like to thank the participants and the organizations to help him in collecting the data

References

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Version 1

VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 18 Apr 2024

Author details Author details

Psychology, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Amman Governorate, 11171, Jordan

Baha' Suhail Shawaqfeh
Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

Competing interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information

The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work.

Article Versions (1)

version 1

Published: 18 Apr 2024, 13:294

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.146971.1

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© 2024 Suhail Shawaqfeh B. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Suhail Shawaqfeh B. The impact of perceived social support and social self-efficacy on resilience ‎among single mothers [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2024, 13:294 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.146971.1)

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PUBLISHED 18 Apr 2024

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Reviewer Report 31 May 2024

Brenda Geiger, Western Galilee College, Acre, Israel

Not Approved

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.161103.r272558

Background
Too many value judgements
such as the regular family ?
"single mothers require this assistance more than others from family, friends, coworkers, social rehabilitation groups, etc., to combat the negative effect of what ??(Khalil 2018; Naz ... Continue reading

Background
Too many value judgements
such as the regular family ?
"single mothers require this assistance more than others from family, friends, coworkers, social rehabilitation groups, etc., to combat the negative effect of what ??(Khalil 2018; Naz et al. 2020). WHAT NEGATIVE EFFECTS ?? STIGMA? ECONOMIC DIFFICULTY LEAVING AN ABUSIVE PARTNER??(Khalil 2018; Naz et al. 2020).

The percentage of single mothers in Jordan has been on the rise due to the wars around integration?
THE PHRASE WARS AROUND INTEGRATION DOES NOT MEAN ANYTHING UNLESS YOU SPECIFY WHAT WARS MAYBE STRUGGLES OR CHALLENGES AND INTEGRATION IN WHAT

Nonetheless, single mothers require this assistance more than others from family, friends, coworkers, social rehabilitation groups, etc.," to combat the negative effect of what ??(Khalil 2018; Naz et al. 2020)."(Khalil 2018; Naz et al. 2020).
Expand Bandurah on self efficacy perception and reciprocal determinism.
Sentence need grammatical structuring.
Single mothers in plural
Mix between he and she
Sentences no completed
Too many one sentence paragraph

Methods inadequate
variables in Scale are not specified
Sample description and the background information of the participants is not sufficient especially on their employment status SES and number of children
The design is not specified not only quantitative but also comparative study between single and married women
Statistical tools
Variable entered in the regression analysis not specified
What are the independent variable aside from martial status??
Results and discussion
Too many extrapolations not based on data such as stress
Too many value judgements which reflect the authors bias concerning that is the right family namely the traditional family as exemplified below.
Rather, she may feel guilt, helplessness, and inferiority About What Furthermore, with divorce, the partners' friends between the spouses begin to move away due to their bias towards one of the parties, especially the husband, as they blame the woman most of the time; this causes the loss of relationships and the inability to maintain them. That is one of the primary requirements for SSE.??

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Partly
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Partly
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

No
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Partly
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

No
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

No

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: single mothers women resistance to abuse

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above.

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Reviewer Report 14 May 2024

Ola Alhwayan, Department of Counseling and Special Education, School of Education Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, Amman Governorate, Jordan

Approved

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.161103.r272561

The connection between the paragraphs is excellent. but I think the reference (Department 2020) is not right; please check.

The last paragraph in the introduction needs to improve spatially the stages and responsibilities that women faced.
... Continue reading

The connection between the paragraphs is excellent. but I think the reference (Department 2020) is not right; please check.

The last paragraph in the introduction needs to improve spatially the stages and responsibilities that women faced.

The method and analysis are good and achieve the purpose of the study.

The differences between widows and divorced ladies must be improved. You should add how the Arabian culture effect the women.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: Counseling psychology

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

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Version 1 18 Apr 24	read	read

Ola Alhwayan, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Brenda Geiger, Western Galilee College, Acre, Israel

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Reviewer Report

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31 May 2024 | for Version 1

Brenda Geiger, Western Galilee College, Acre, Israel

8 Views Cite this report Responses(0)

Not Approved

Background
Too many value judgements
such as the regular family ?
"single mothers require this assistance more than others from family, friends, coworkers, social rehabilitation groups, etc., to combat the negative effect of what ??(Khalil 2018; Naz et al. 2020). WHAT NEGATIVE EFFECTS ?? STIGMA? ECONOMIC DIFFICULTY LEAVING AN ABUSIVE PARTNER??(Khalil 2018; Naz et al. 2020).

The percentage of single mothers in Jordan has been on the rise due to the wars around integration?
THE PHRASE WARS AROUND INTEGRATION DOES NOT MEAN ANYTHING UNLESS YOU SPECIFY WHAT WARS MAYBE STRUGGLES OR CHALLENGES AND INTEGRATION IN WHAT

Nonetheless, single mothers require this assistance more than others from family, friends, coworkers, social rehabilitation groups, etc.," to combat the negative effect of what ??(Khalil 2018; Naz et al. 2020)."(Khalil 2018; Naz et al. 2020).
Expand Bandurah on self efficacy perception and reciprocal determinism.
Sentence need grammatical structuring.
Single mothers in plural
Mix between he and she
Sentences no completed
Too many one sentence paragraph

Methods inadequate
variables in Scale are not specified
Sample description and the background information of the participants is not sufficient especially on their employment status SES and number of children
The design is not specified not only quantitative but also comparative study between single and married women
Statistical tools
Variable entered in the regression analysis not specified
What are the independent variable aside from martial status??
Results and discussion
Too many extrapolations not based on data such as stress
Too many value judgements which reflect the authors bias concerning that is the right family namely the traditional family as exemplified below.
Rather, she may feel guilt, helplessness, and inferiority About What Furthermore, with divorce, the partners' friends between the spouses begin to move away due to their bias towards one of the parties, especially the husband, as they blame the woman most of the time; this causes the loss of relationships and the inability to maintain them. That is one of the primary requirements for SSE.??

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Partly
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Partly
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

No
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Partly
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

No
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

No

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

single mothers women resistance to abuse

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above.

Respond to this report

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Reviewer Report

9 Views

14 May 2024 | for Version 1

Ola Alhwayan, Department of Counseling and Special Education, School of Education Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, Amman Governorate, Jordan

9 Views Cite this report Responses(0)

Approved

The connection between the paragraphs is excellent. but I think the reference (Department 2020) is not right; please check.

The last paragraph in the introduction needs to improve spatially the stages and responsibilities that women faced.

The method and analysis are good and achieve the purpose of the study.

The differences between widows and divorced ladies must be improved. You should add how the Arabian culture effect the women.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Counseling psychology

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The impact of perceived social support and social self-efficacy on resilience ‎among single mothers

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Keywords

Introduction

Research questions

Methods

Study design

Participants

Data collection tools

Data collection

Data analysis

Findings and Discussion

Preliminary analyses

Table 1. Person correlations between the variables.

The multi-regression results

Table 2. Multi-regression test to investigate the impact of PSS and SSE on resilience.

Table 3. Independent T-test results for the differences in the PSS, SSE, and resilience levels due to social status.

The differences results

Conclusion

Limitations and future directions

Ethics and consent

Data availability statement

Extended data

Acknowledgements

References

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