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Research Article

Individual and health care provider factors influencing stroke self-management behavior: A cross-sectional study

[version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations]
PUBLISHED 17 May 2024
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Abstract

Background

This study aimed to examine individual- and health service provider-related factors that influence the self-management behavior of patients with stroke.

Methods

This cross-sectional study investigated a cohort of 110 ischemic stroke patients in the neurology outpatient department of Universitas Airlangga Hospital from February 2023 to May 2023. Data were obtained using the following three distinct questionnaires: the general demographic questionnaire, health care provider questionnaire, and modified stroke self-management behavior questionnaire.

Results

Chi-square test results indicated a significant correlation between age (p = 0.023) and information availability (p = 0.000) with self-management behavior in patients with stroke. However, no significant correlations were observed between gender (p = 1.107), residence (p = 0.859), availability of access (p = 0.093), availability of health facilities (p = 0.065), and collaboration among health workers (p = 0.641) with self-management behavior in patients with stroke. Ordinal logistic regression analysis results indicated that age significantly influenced self-management behavior in patients with stroke (p = 0.034; OR = 2.49).

Discussion

The presence of reliable information within the hospital setting is expectedly complemented by a strong level of literacy among patients with stroke, thereby facilitating the enhancement of their self-management practices.

Plain Language Summary

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Keywords

cerebral infarction, healthy lifestyle, ischemic stroke, noncommunicable disease, stroke

1. Introduction

Stroke is a pathological condition that may have adverse effects on the physical well-being and social engagement of individuals (Chen et al. 2018). Some who have had strokes exhibit inadequate self-management behavior, which refers to the capacity of individuals who are unable to maintain their health and engage in self-care activities for promoting their overall well-being (Chen et al. 2021). This behavior consequently poses a heightened risk of experiencing subsequent strokes. The inadequate self-management behavior exhibited by patients with stroke can be attributed to several factors, including individual-related factors, such as age, gender, and residence (Shuqi et al. 2023; Sun et al. 2022), and health service provider factors, including limited information availability, restricted access to healthcare services, inadequate availability of health facilities (Harfika and Abdullah 2017), and suboptimal collaboration among healthcare professionals (Busari, Moll, and Duits 2017). Health services is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as “service delivery systems that are accountable for providing health services to patients, individuals, families, communities, and populations in general, not just patients” (WHO 2023). Health service providers are generally divided into horizontal services, which are designed to provide comprehensive coverage of a population’s health needs (including those financed by public health systems, such as primary care), or vertical services, which are aimed at providing coordinated interventions for a specific condition (Bricknell et al. 2021).

In 2017, stroke ranked as the second most prominent cause of mortality worldwide and the third most significant contributor to disability-adjusted life years. A previous study reported that a significant proportion ranging from 50% to 70% of stroke survivors in the United States experience disability or mortality (Chen et al. 2021). Furthermore, approximately 20% of the adult population encounters recurrent strokes and thus need hospital readmission within 30 days following their first outpatient visit (Septianingrum et al. 2023). The available data indicate that the percentage of individuals under 65 years old who have strokes ranges from approximately 30% to 50% across different nations and regions. This suggests a prevailing worldwide pattern whereby stroke occurrence is more prevalent among young individuals than that in older adults (Ren et al. 2020). According to data from the Ministry of Health in 2019, the prevalence of patients with stroke in East Java Province amounted to 21,120 individuals, accounting for 12.4% of the total population (Kemenkes 2019). Notably, the city of Surabaya exhibited the highest prevalence within the province, with a 6.5% rate (Riskesdas 2013). In 2022, Airlangga University Hospital recorded a total of 614 cases with stroke, with a monthly average of 51 patients. The study showed that most poststroke patients (80.5%) exhibited a high level of self-management behavior, whereas a minority (19.5%) had poor self-management behavior. Based on the interviews conducted on patients with stroke in the outpatient department of Universitas Airlangga Hospital, several patients expressed difficulties in identifying the signs and symptoms of a stroke. This difficulty was attributed to self-management-related issues, specifically stemming from the restricted availability of information resources.

Effective self-management behavior implementation may enhance patient satisfaction, mitigate treatment expenses, bolster self-assurance, foster patient autonomy, and enhance overall patient well-being (Dineen-Griffin et al. 2019). Individuals who have comprehensive knowledge of a certain illness and its corresponding treatment methods may mitigate the occurrence of subsequent strokes (Ningrum, Alfatih, and Siliapantur 2019). As individuals residing in rural regions frequently encounter more limited access than their urban counterparts, improved accessibility may contribute to enhanced self-management (Dwyer et al. 2020). The adherence of patients with stroke to control measures may be influenced by the accessibility of healthcare (Wibawa et al. 2016). Collaboration among health personnel influences the quality of service at a healthcare facility. Effective cooperation has may facilitate patient engagement in the execution of regular health assessments (Alderwick et al. 2021).

Self-management behavior refers to an individual’s capacity to exert control over the symptoms and consequences of a chronic illness by using medicine, self-care practices, engagement in physical exercise, social interactions, and modifications to one’s lifestyle (Fugazzaro et al. 2021). The adoption of self-management behavior has been proposed as a crucial approach that empowers individuals to mitigate their future susceptibility to stroke (Kim et al. 2023). A study by Shuqi et al. (2023) indicated that self-management behavior in patients with stroke is influenced by internal variables, including insurance, limb function, and self-efficacy. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between external characteristics associated with health service providers and self-management behavior. The availability of freely available information sources facilitates stroke-related information acquisition for patients and their families (Miyamatsu et al. 2013). Furthermore, comprehensive hospital facilities contribute to the enhancement of patients’ health condition (Teisberg, Wallace, and O’Hara 2020). The accessibility of healthcare facilities plays a significant role in the management of stroke situations, particularly during the critical time window of 3–4.5 h following symptom onset (Jarva et al. 2021). Additionally, the enhancement of patient outcomes and safety may be achieved by the cooperation of healthcare professionals (McLaney et al. 2022). To date, studies investigating the variables pertaining to health service providers that are linked to self-management behavior in individuals with stroke is limited. This study aimed to examine several individual and health service provider characteristics that influence self-management behavior among individuals with stroke.

2. Methods

2.1 Materials

An analytic observational design using a cross-sectional method was employed in this study. A sample size of 110 patients with ischemic stroke was selected from the neurology outpatient department of Universitas Airlangga Hospital from February 2023 to May 2023. Determining the large sample in this study used the Slovin formula. A simple random sampling approach was used in the selection process, ensuring that everyone within the population had an equal probability of being included in the sample. The sampling procedure included a random selection of individuals from the registration list of patients who sought medical care at the neurology outpatient department, according to predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria comprised individuals between 18 and 60 years old who had received a diagnosis from a neurologist. Additionally, respondents must be able to communicate either vocally or nonverbally with the researcher, without experiencing significant aphasia, speech impairment, or any other communication barriers. Furthermore, individuals must demonstrate their willingness to participate by providing informed permission via their signature. The following were the exclusion criteria: (1) individuals with impaired cognitive function or a documented history of mental illnesses and (2) those with significant medical difficulties, including heart, liver, lung, and renal disease. The exclusion and inclusion criteria were determined by neurologists and guided by medical records. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Universitas Airlangga Hospital, with the assigned number of 044/KEP/2023. Additionally, the study protocol was recorded under the identification number of UA-02-23026. Before performing the examination, we ensured that all patients provided written informed consent. During data collection, all participants (110 patients) completed the questionnaire, without any missing participant data (either withdrawals or incomplete data).

2.2 Data collection procedures

This study investigated individual factors of stroke patients such as age, gender, and place of residence. In addition, we also investigated health service provider factors, such as availability of information, health facilities, access, and collaboration between health professionals. In the first step, approval from the hospital was obtained for data collection on patients at the neurology outpatient department. Hospital supervisors assisted in determining outpatients who met inclusion and exclusion criteria to prevent selection bias in this study. In addition, researchers explained the aims and procedures of the study to patients and obtained their consent. Next, participants are asked to fill out the digital form of the demographic and health service provider questionnaires which takes around 10-20 minutes to complete.

The health service provider questionnaire consists of 4 parts, including questionnaires on availability of information, availability of health facilities, availability of access, and collaboration between professional health workers. These four questionnaires were scored using a four-level scoring method (1–4 points) for favorable questions if strongly agree = 4, agree = 3, disagree = 2, and strongly disagree = 1. In contrast, unfavorable questions were the opposite. In part one, the information availability questionnaire consists of 7 questions, including 4 favorable questions (number 1,2,3,7), and unfavorable questions (number 4,5,6). Scores for answers to the questionnaire are 7-15 = poor (1), 16-25 = fair (2), 26-35 = good (3). In the second part, the health facilities availability questionnaire was developed by the researchers themselves and adapted to the health service resource use questionnaire (Ilhan et al. 2009), which consists of eight questions, all of which are favorable questions. Scores for answers to the questionnaire are 8-18 = poor (1), 19-29 = sufficient (2), 30-40 = good (3). In the third part, the access availability questionnaire used the health access and utilization survey questionnaire (Harris et al. 2011), which consists of four questions, including favorable questions (number 1.4), and unfavorable questions (number 2.3). The score for answers to the access questionnaire is 4-8 = poor (1), 9-14 = fair (2), 15-20 = good (3). n the fourth part, a collaboration questionnaire between health workers was developed by the researchers themselves and adapted to the Perception of Interprofessional Collaboration Model Questionnaire (Légaré et al. 2011), which consists of eight questions (all favorable questions). Scores for answers to the questionnaire 8-18 = poor (1), 19-29 = sufficient (2), 30-40 = good (3). All these health service provider questionnaires were tested for validity and reliability and declared valid (r count > 0.361) and reliable, with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.912.

The self-management behavior questionnaire was a development and modification questionnaire for the Hypertension Self-Management Behavior Questionnaire (Akhter 2010), which consisted of 29 questions. All favorable questions were scored as follows: very always = 4, sometimes = 3, rarely = 2, and very never = 1. which consists of 29 questions. All favorable questions were scored as follows: very always = 4, sometimes = 3, rarely = 2, and very never = 1. The score range was 29-116, where 29-58= poor, 59-87= fair, 88-116= good. All items in this questionnaire were declared valid (r count > 0.361) and reliable, with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.926.

2.3 Data analysis

Data for the study materials were entered into an Excel spreadsheet following questionnaire collection. Statistical description and analysis were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (version 26, IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). General data, health service providers, and data regarding patients’ self-management were presented as percentages. Specifically, to examine the correlation between variables, the Chi-square test was employed with a significance level of α = 0.05. Additionally, to investigate the primary factor that influences the self-management behavior of patients with stroke, ordinal logistic regression was utilized with a significance level of α = 0.05. There were no missing data in the data analysis of this study.

3. Results

A total of 110 patients with ischemic stroke were included in this study, with no missing data. A comprehensive overview of the demographic characteristics of the study respondents is presented in Table 1. The majority of respondents were between 26 and 45 years old, comprising 58.2% of the total sample. Additionally, 61.8% of the respondents were male, and 92.7% resided in Surabaya. The results of the correlation analysis conducted to examine the relationship between functional ability and the amount of particular engagement are displayed in Table 2. The results of the Chi-square test showed a statistically significant positive association between age and the availability of information on self-management behavior (p = 0.023; p = 0.000). No significant association was noted between gender (p = 0.107), residency (p = 0.859), availability of health facilities (p = 0.065), availability of access (p = 0.093), and cooperation between health professionals (p = 0.641) and self-management behavior.

Table 1. Characteristics of respondents.

CharacteristicsFrequency (f)Percentage (%)
Age (years)
 18–2554.5
 26–456458.2
 46–604137.3
Gender
 Male6861.8
 Female4238.2
Residence
 Surabaya10292.7
 Outside Surabaya87.3

Table 2. Correlation between patient-related factors and self-management behavior (n = 110).

CharacteristicsSelf-management behaviorTotal (%)p
PoorModerateGood
f (%)f (%)f (%)
Age (years)
 18–453 (2,7)39 (35.5)27 (24.5)69 (62.7)0.023*
 >458 (7.3)23 (20.9)10 (9.1)41 (37.3)
Gender0.107
 Male6 (5.5)39 (35.5)23 (20.9)68 (61.8)
 Female4 (3.6)23 (20.9)15 (13.6)42 (38.2)
Residence
 Surabaya10 (9.1)57 (51.8)35 (31.8)102 (92.7)0.859
 Outside Surabaya1 (0.9)5 (4.5)2 (1.8)8 (7.3)

* Significant, with a significance level of α = 0.05.

The results of bivariate analysis using the Chi-square test are shown in Table 3. The majority of patients with stroke exhibited moderate levels of self-management behavior, with approximately 57.3% reporting access to relevant information. Additionally, a notable level of cooperation was observed among healthcare workers, as reported by 56.4% of patients with stroke. Furthermore, of note, a significant proportion of the population was noted to have access to adequate health care, with a percentage of 49.1%. Additionally, a substantial majority, accounting for 84.5%, had appropriate access to these services. The only element that demonstrated a significant correlation with self-management behavior was the availability of information (p = 0.000). However, no significant correlation (p > 0.05) was noted between the availability of health facilities, access to health facilities, and the level of cooperation among healthcare workers.

Table 3. Correlation between health service provider-related factors and self-management behavior (n =110).

IndicatorsSelf-management behaviorTotal (%)p
PoorModerateGood
f (%)f (%)f (%)
Information availability0.000*
 Fair11 (10)41 (64)11 (10)63 (57.3)
 Good0 (0)21 (45)26 (23.6)47 (42.7)
Availability of health facilities0.065
 Fair9 (8.2)27 (24.5)18 (16.4)54 (49.1)
 Good2 (1.8)35 (31.8)19 (17.3)56 (50.9)
Availability of access0.093
 Fair3 (2.7)12 (10.9)2 (1.8)17 (15.5)
 Good8 (7.3)50 (45.5)35 (31.8)93 (84.5)
Collaboration among health workers0.641
 Fair5 (4.5)37 (33.6)20 (18.2)62 (56.4)
 Good6 (5.5)25 (22.7)17 (15.5)48 (43.6)

* Significant, with a significance level of α = 0.05.

The outcomes of the multivariate analysis conducted through multiple logistic regression tests are presented in Table 4. The results indicated that among the various factors investigated, age and information availability were the only variables that significantly impacted self-management behavior (p = 0.034; p = 0.000). Furthermore, age emerged as the most influential factor in shaping self-management behavior among patients with stroke (p = 0.034; OR = 2.49)

Table 4. Multifactor analysis of stroke self-management behavior (n = 110).

VariablesBSEWalddfSig.OR
Age0.9130.4314.48510.034*2.49
Gender−0.5770.4251.84510.1740.56
Residence−0.1720.8140.04510.8320.84
Information availability−1.9400.45418.26710.000*0.14
Availability of health facilities−0.2620.4090.40910.5220.77
Availability of access−1.0320.5923.03610.0810.36
Collaboration among health workers0.40.4234.48510.3441.49

* Significant, with a significance level of α = 0.05.

4. Discussion

4.1 Correlation between individual-related factors and self-management behavior

This study aimed to examine several individual-related factors or characteristics that have an impact on self-management behavior among patients with stroke. These factors included age, gender, and place of residence. Most respondents were between 26 and 45 years old, and a significant positive association was observed between age and the self-management behavior of patients with stroke. Globally, there is a growing tendency for stroke to occur at younger ages, as approximately 30%–50% of all patients with stroke are under 65 years old (Ren et al. 2020). The results of the present study are consistent with those of Elma et al. (2022) who reported that adult patients exhibit superior self-management abilities than older adult patients. Individuals in the younger age group who possess a greater potential for extended lifespan and increased life expectancy subsequent to experiencing a stroke may contemplate a reintegration into societal structures. Owing to the concurrent demands of employment and familial obligations among their peers, the youthful demographic has challenges in committing to extended rehabilitation (Shuqi et al. 2023). As young individuals with longevity and life expectancy following a stroke may consider returning to society more, adult patients have better self-management than older ones. It is challenging for the young population to devote themselves to long-term rehabilitation because their peers work and take on family responsibilities.

Most respondents in the study were male, and it was observed that they mostly exhibited good self-management behavior. Nevertheless, no significant association was observed between gender and self-management behavior. The results of this study align with those of Kuo et al. (2021) who indicated a lack of correlation between gender and the variables investigated in this study. The ability of both male and female patients to modify their self-management behavior is contingent upon their goals and self-efficacy.

This study observed no statistically significant association between the place of residence and patient self-management behavior. Most patients who were presented for follow-up resided in Surabaya, an urban locality. Lu et al. (2022) reported a disparity in the self-management behavior of urban and rural patients in China, highlighting a gap in their respective locations. There is no guarantee that older middle-aged individuals possess superior self-management behaviors than their counterparts in rural regions. Conversely, enhanced medication adherence is exhibited by urban inhabitants. The self-management behavior shown by individuals residing in urban regions tends to surpass that of their rural counterparts. This discrepancy may be attributed to the greater accessibility to private and government healthcare organizations, medical professionals, and medical facilities within urban settings. Conversely, healthcare services in rural regions are far from residential areas. The limited availability of healthcare practitioners and drugstores has a significant impact on self-management (Akhter 2010). This study was conducted in a government hospital situated in the city center, which offers convenient accessibility through several modes of transportation. Patients residing outside the city of Surabaya frequently opt to rent accommodations near the hospital, thereby facilitating ease of access during their treatment.

4.2 Correlation between health service provider-related factors and self-management behavior

This study also determined the health service provider-related factors (including availability of health facilities, availability of access, and collaboration between professional health workers) and self-management behavior among stroke patients. Several respondents expressed that the neurology outpatient department exhibited a satisfactory level of information accessibility. This perception was primarily based on the presence of informative pamphlets positioned in the periphery of the room, the utilization of digital platforms for disseminating information, and the active engagement with social media channels for facilitating information sharing. The results of this study are consistent with those of Koga et al. (2011) who indicated a clear correlation between knowledge and self-management behavior. In contrast to the assertions made by Sari and Airlanda (2022), it has been argued that the essential conditions for engaging in self-management behavior require patients to possess enough information and abilities pertaining to the illness and its treatment principles. Individuals who are provided with self-management health education before their discharge from medical facilities exhibit superior self-management behaviors than those who do not receive such education (Shuqi et al., 2023). Several independent studies have shown several benefits associated with health-related behaviors. These advantages include reduced use of medical services, lower smoking and alcohol consumption, improved diet, and a more positive attitude (Whitehead 2018). Most healthcare providers realized their role in self-management assistance as primarily that of coaching, whereas a minority believed that their job was to educate or support patients in achieving self-management. Bos-Touwen et al. (2017) reported that it has the potential to empower patients to make behavioral changes.

The results of our study showed that information accessibility was satisfactory; however, a deficiency in patient health literacy existed. Moreover, the results indicated that patients preferred to engage in conversations with other patients instead of engaging with educational videos or perusing health-related leaflets. Several studies reported that individuals with little health literacy who have had a stroke tend to have worse overall health outcomes and greater rates of death. The impact of health literacy encompasses an individual’s preferred mode of learning, specific requirements, and the extent to which patients can accurately comprehend and use available healthcare resources. Aran et al. (2022) stated that there is evidence supporting the notion that enhanced health literacy is linked to improved self-management, thereby resulting in advantageous outcomes for both patients and the healthcare system. Cultural ideas and social stigma influence knowledge-related behavioral alterations. Alqahtani (2015) stated that a significant number of individuals who have had a stroke believe that divine retribution, stress, and spiritual possession contribute to their condition. Consequently, these individuals tend to place more faith in spiritual healing and traditional medicinal practices as means of attaining recovery, as opposed to relying only on conventional medical interventions. Cultural ideas within society influence health information reception. In some instances, patients with stroke may place more trust in information provided by religious leaders, including clerics, priests, monks, or traditional authorities, as opposed to healthcare professionals.

The results of this study demonstrated that the presence and accessibility of healthcare services do not influence self-management behavior. The results are inconsistent with those of a study by Dwyer et al. (2020) who demonstrated that the extent of hospital infrastructure has a crucial role in evaluating patient adherence to control measures. This finding aligns with that of Wahyuningrum (2011) who postulated that the presence of adequate facilities has a considerable favorable impact on patient self-management behavior and overall satisfaction. The impediments faced by patients in seeking medical care are not just attributable to facility availability and accessibility but are also influenced by the financial burden of public transportation, including taxi fares (which may occasionally be mitigated by ride-sharing), the wait time for ambulance services, and the challenges associated with walking (Smythe et al. 2022). The provision of family support in patient care, which includes the act of escorting and following patients throughout treatment, affects patient self-management behavior (Alqahtani 2015).

The results of this study suggested that a positive level of cooperation is noted among health professionals; however, notably, this collaboration does not demonstrate a significant relationship with self-management behavior. Ding et al. (2023) reported that individuals have the capacity to modify their behavior inside a communal environment. The inclusion of community healthcare providers in the healthcare system is crucial for the effective stroke management, as highlighted by Yang et al. (2022). During the aforementioned period, 62.6% of primary healthcare providers who collaborated with nurses in primary healthcare settings have knowledge about the inclusion of loss of consciousness as a symptom of stroke (Ding et al. 2023).

Pearce et al. (2015) reported that studies have emphasized the significance of collaborative and educational connections between healthcare professionals and patients or carers. These relationships include professionals actively listening to the needs of patients and carers, offering expert advice, providing relevant information, and addressing any inquiries. This is consistent with a key element of self-management relating to human interactions as it represents the fundamental foundation of self-management. Dineen-Griffin et al. (2019) contended that the efficacy of interpersonal connections plays a significant role in attaining optimal outcomes and cultivating a more profound sense of fulfillment in life. Dobkin (2016) reported that it is essential to include elements such as education, continuous engagement, targeted information, goal establishment, monitoring, feedback, and motivational enhancement to achieve self-management and create behavioral change. Moreover, the enhancement of self-management behavior is influenced by the effect of self-efficacy (Lo, Chang, and Chau 2018). Individuals who possess elevated degrees of self-efficacy have enhanced abilities to cope with the adverse consequences associated with their medical condition and the corresponding therapeutic interventions. Szczepańska-Gieracha and Mazurek (2020) reported that self-efficacy seems to have more significance in the context of diseases that hinder physical functioning and need extended rehabilitation periods.

We now better understand the factors that predict self-management behavior in patients with stroke and identify which factors are the most significant. Therefore, nurses must focus on these factors when performing discharge planning. To identify health service provider-related factors that influence self-management behavior in patients with other chronic illnesses, more studies are needed. Therefore, for the self-management behavior of patients with stroke, understanding the factors that hinder changes in their self-management behavior is essential.

This study had several limitations. First, it only included respondents who had experienced ischemic stroke and did not have a previous stroke history; therefore, individuals with hemorrhagic stroke or multiple stroke occurrences were excluded from the analysis. Considering the epidemiological evidence indicating their substantial representation among patients with stroke, expanding the scope of the research group to include a representative sample of the total stroke population is imperative. Second, there may have been recall bias among respondents who answered the stroke self-management question. Although the selected participants did not have cognitive impairment, they had difficulty remembering the frequency of diet, medication, monitoring blood pressure and blood sugar levels. Third, a subset of older individuals encountered challenges while completing digital form-based questions. Consequently, researchers helped these individuals throughout the questionnaire administration process since they may have low visual acuity and have difficulties in using smartphones. Lastly, the data collection procedure was characterized by a lengthier duration. Therefore, our staff provided support and guidance in the process of completing the questionnaire via the use of a smartphone.

5. Conclusion

Self-management behavior is influenced by several factors, including individual- and health service provider-related variables. These factors include age and information availability, with age as the most prominent self-management behavior determinant. This study aimed to provide valuable insights for individuals to engage in self-integration, self-regulation, interactions with healthcare professionals, self-monitoring, and medication adherence. These practices are crucial to promote recovery and prevent the occurrence of subsequent strokes. Therefore, this study has the potential to assess the efficacy of interventions aimed at enhancing the performance of healthcare professionals in hospital settings, thereby enhancing the overall quality of health service services provided by hospitals.

Ethics & consent

This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Airlangga University Hospital on March 31 2023, with number 044/KEP/2023. In addition, the research protocol was recorded with the identification number UA-02-23026. Before performing the examination, we ensured that all patients provided written informed consent.

Author contributions

YS: Writing–original draft, conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis

AY: Writing–review & editing, conceptualization, methodology, supervision

IYW: Writing–review & editing, conceptualization, methodology, validation

NP: Writing–review & editing, investigation

NMH: Writing–review & editing, project administration

SNL: Writing–review & editing, conceptualization, formal analysis

ANY: Writing–review & editing, project administration

ORCID ID

Yurike Septianingrum: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7206-6389

Ah Yusuf: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6669-0767

Ika Yuni Widyawati: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6045-9719

Nunik Purwanti: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2502-6138

Nety Mawarda Hatmanti: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8708-466X

Shelly Nursofya Lestari: none

Andis Yuswanto: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0560-8106

Comments on this article Comments (1)

Version 1
VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 17 May 2024
  • Reader Comment 29 Jun 2024
    Yosephina Elizabeth Sumartini Gunawan, Nursing Department, Health Polytechnic Ministry of Health Kupang, Manado, Indonesia
    29 Jun 2024
    Reader Comment
    It will be better to use the latest references; at least the last five years is best. Likewise, with data that supports the background, it is best to use the ... Continue reading
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Septianingrum Y, Yusuf A, Widyawati IY et al. Individual and health care provider factors influencing stroke self-management behavior: A cross-sectional study [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2024, 13:492 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.143731.1)
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Siti Khuzaimah Ahmad Sharoni, Centre for Nursing Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Malaysia;  Centre for Nursing Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, Selangor, Malaysia 
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Some feedback here for you to consider:
1. Introduction - To consider to update some of the old references (between 2-5 recent years)
2. Methods - 2.1 Materials - Universitas Airlangga Hospital, to add ... Continue reading
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Sharoni SKA. Reviewer Report For: Individual and health care provider factors influencing stroke self-management behavior: A cross-sectional study [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2024, 13:492 (https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.157424.r287057)
NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.

Comments on this article Comments (1)

Version 1
VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 17 May 2024
  • Reader Comment 29 Jun 2024
    Yosephina Elizabeth Sumartini Gunawan, Nursing Department, Health Polytechnic Ministry of Health Kupang, Manado, Indonesia
    29 Jun 2024
    Reader Comment
    It will be better to use the latest references; at least the last five years is best. Likewise, with data that supports the background, it is best to use the ... Continue reading
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Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested
Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.
Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions
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