Kinematic characteristics&nbsp;analysis of highly&nbsp;difficult movements&nbsp;&quot;324C+1D&quot; of the first level Wushu athletes

Xikui Guo; Chairat Choosakul

doi:10.12688/f1000research.151397.1

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Research Article

Kinematic characteristics analysis of highly difficult movements "324C+1D" of the first level Wushu athletes

[version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations]

Xikui Guo ¹, Chairat Choosakul ¹

PUBLISHED 17 Jun 2024

Author details Author details

¹ Department of Health and Sport Science, Faculty of Education, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44000, Thailand

Xikui Guo
Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

Chairat Choosakul
Roles: Methodology, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing

OPEN PEER REVIEW

REVIEWER STATUS

Abstract

Background

"324C+1D” movements are key techniques and winning factors in Wushu competitions. It is necessary for scientific training to analyze the kinematic characteristics of “324C+1D” by using the method of sports biomechanics.

Methods

In this study, 3D high-speed camera and 3D motion analysis software were used to study “324C+1D” completed by three Chinese wushu first-level athletes, and the kinematic characteristics of this movement were obtained.

Results

The run-up speed of completing the “324C+1D” is not high; The lift Angle of the center of gravity is close to 90°. The vertical height of the center of gravity is significantly higher than the vertical height of the center of gravity when landing, and the vertical moving distance of the center of gravity in the lifting stage is significantly less than the vertical moving distance of the center of gravity in the descending stage. The vertical height of the center of gravity at departure is significantly higher than that at landing.

Conclusions

In the take-off stage, increase the twisting Angle of shoulders and hips, speed up the swing arm speed and squat speed of the center of gravity in the vertical direction, and shorten the take-off time. Increase the vertical speed of the center of gravity before the patting foot and the vertical moving distance between the center of gravity lifting stage and the descending stage, extend the air time, accelerate the swing speed of the right leg, move the foot patting time forward to the rapid rising stage of the center of gravity lifting, accelerate the rotational angular speed of the shoulder shaft in the air stage and improve the strength of the leg, which is conducive to the athletes to complete the movement.

Keywords

Kinematic characteristics, Competitive Wushu Routine，Difficult movements “324C+1D”

Corresponding authors: Xikui Guo, Chairat Choosakul

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work.

Copyright: © 2024 Guo X and Choosakul C. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

How to cite: Guo X and Choosakul C. Kinematic characteristics analysis of highly difficult movements "324C+1D" of the first level Wushu athletes [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2024, 13:638 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.151397.1) First published: 17 Jun 2024, 13:638 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.151397.1) Latest published: 17 Jun 2024, 13:638 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.151397.1)

1. Introduction

In recent years, with the popularity and promotion of competitive wushu events in the country, wushu competitions at all levels in the country have also been rapidly developed, which greatly drives the participation of wushu lovers and wushu students in colleges and universities, and to a certain extent promotes the development of competitive wushu. In the national top wushu competition, the competitive level and professional basic skills of the athletes are similar, “the selection of difficult martial arts movements and the choreography of martial arts routine movements are crucial for the athletes to get good results in the competition” (Sun, 2012). High difficulty movements play an important role in wushu competitive routines. According to the rules of competition wushu routine, the total score of each event is 10 points, including 5 points for movement quality, 3 points for drill level and 2 points for movement difficulty. Among the 2 points of action difficulty, 1.4 points of action difficulty, 0.6 points of connection difficulty and additional points of innovation difficulty are included. A large number of literature studies show that martial arts difficult movements and connections, such as “324C+1D” directly determine the performance of athletes in competitive martial arts competitions, can be regarded as the key technology and winning factors (Xiong, 2007). The principles and methods of sports biomechanics are the main means to analyze and diagnose the technical and tactical characteristics of athletes, as well as the main methods to improve sports performance, explore technical rules, and improve motor skills and tactics (Zhang, 2012). At present, it is the requirement of scientific training to use the method of sports biomechanics to analyze the characteristics of the most difficult movements in Wushu routine and apply the research results to the training of athletes.

“324C+1D” is the secondary code of the movement combination consisting of Jumping spin lotus kick 720°(324C)-- the most difficult movement of the Wushu routine and the most difficult connecting movement horse step (+1D).

2. Methods

2.1 Participants

There are 3 male first-level wushu athletes who can skillfully complete the “324C+1D” movement, aged 19-22, without obvious injuries in the past 3 months, voluntarily participate in this study test. (The basic information of participants is shown in Table 1.)

Table 1. Basic statistics of athletes participating in the test.

Name	Age (y)	Height (cm)	Weight (kg)	Training years
A	19	164	60	11
B	21	175	82	10
C	22	171	60	10

2.2 Instrument

2.2.1 3D High-speed camera system

In this research, a 3D high-speed camera system composed of two SONY-RX10IV cameras and a synchronizer was used to shoot the fixed point synchronously. The Angle between the two cameras is 90°, the camera height is 0.75 m, and the camera frequency is 100 Hz.

SONY-RX10IV high-speed camera: produced by SONY, Japan, sensor: 1 inch (13.2*8.8mm), effective pixels: 20.1 million, display size: 3 inches, display pixels: 1.44 million pixels LCD screen, continuous shooting speed: support (up to about 24/SEC), shutter speed: 1/32000 SEC, battery type: Rechargeable battery (NP-FW50) Endurance: [Still image] Approx. 400 / approx. 200 minutes (LCD), approx. 370/approx. 185 minutes (Viewfinder) (CIPA standard) [actual motion image] Approx. 75 minutes (LCD), About 75 minutes (Viewfinder) (CIPA standard) [Continuous motion image] About 135 minutes (LCD)/About 135 minutes (Viewfinder) (CIPA standard).

2.2.2 SIMI motion image analysis system

A computer installed with SIMI motion 9.2 image analysis software is used to analyze the motion video captured by the 3D high-speed photography system and obtain the data of each stage of the motion.

SIMI motion 9.2: German SIMI company developed a software for motion image analysis. Simi Motion is a software product and systems solution for professional 2D and 3D motion analyses.

Simi is an optimal tool for motion capture and analysis. Particular strengths of this product are its high flexibility and accuracy combined with a user-friendly interface.

System requirements:

- Microsoft Windows 2000, Windows XP or Windows 7
- Microsoft DirectX 8.1 or later
- Intel Pentium 4 compatible PC
- 256 MB RAM
- large hard disk for video data
- FireWire interfaces (IEEE-1394) for DV or high-speed cameras

According to Hannafan’s human body model (15 rigid bodies, 17 nodes), the points are selected by amplitude; Based on the setting of the spatial model, the spatial calibration is carried out. First, the 28-point frame is transferred, and then the spatial scale video shot by the test object is transferred. The calibration frame picture and the control point of the calibration frame are selected.

3. Results and discussion

3.1 “324c+1d” action process description and stage division

3.1.1 Description of the action process of “324C+1D”

The “324C+1D” action consists of four technical links: run-up, take-off, take-off and landing. According to the rules of Wushu routine competition, the run-up is required to be within 4 steps, the body runs straight ahead during the run-up, and the feet land parallel at the end of the last step of the run-up. After landing, the legs (ankle bending, knee bending, hip bending) cushion squat, while the torso turns left and the arm is placed on the lower left. Then the legs (ankle extension, knee extension, hip extension) complete the push and stretch movement, while the arm swings from the left bottom direction to the right back and above and turn right with the torso. After leaving the ground, the right leg swings from the bottom to the outside and above. When the leg swings to the front of the body, the left hand and the right foot hit the instep, the right leg presses down after the pat, and the landing connects the horse step.

3.1.2 “324C+1D” action stage division

According to the main technical links of “324C+1D”, the complete action is divided into four action stages: run-up, take-off, take-off and landing. In this study, eight feature images were selected in the complete motion (see Figure 1).

Figure 1. The main technical link diagram of the “324C+1D” action.

Run-up: The moment when the right foot touches the ground from the beginning of the run-up to the last step of the run-up.

Jumping stage: From the start of the run-up to the end of the jump to the ground moment.

Airborne stage: From the moment of starting the jump foot off the ground to the moment of supporting foot landing.

Landing stage: From the moment of the support foot landing to the stable movement of the horse step (the center of gravity of the horse step movement is almost no wave Move) moment.

3.2 Analysis of kinematic characteristics of the difficult movement “324c+1d” of the first level wushu athletes

3.2.1Analysis of kinematic characteristics of run-up and take-off stages

3.2.1.1 Time characteristics

Table 2. Time of take-off stage(s).

Action stage Athlete	Jump squat	Jump and push	Take off
A	0.13	0.22	0.35
B	0.17	0.24	0.41
C	0.20	0.30	0.50
$\bar{X} \pm S$	0.17±0.04	0.25±0.04	0.42±0.08

3.2.1.1.1 The total time analysis of the take-off stage

From the total time of the take-off stage (see Table 2), the average time of the first-level athletes completing the take-off stage of the “324C+1D” movement is 0.42s, and the standard deviation is 0.08s. Among the three athletes who participated in the test, the total time used to complete the take-off stage of the “324C+1D” movement was 0.35s, which was the shortest among the three athletes. Athlete C took 0.50s to complete the take-off stage of the “324C+1D” movement, which was the longest time among the three athletes.

3.2.1.1.2 Time analysis of take-off and squat stage

From the time of the submovement stage of take-off squat (see Table 2), the average time of the submovement stage of take-off squat in the “324C+1D” movement is 0.17s, and the standard deviation is 0.04s. Athlete C took 0.20s to complete the sub-movement stage of “324C+1D” movement jumping and squatting, which was the longest among the three athletes. Athlete A took 0.13s to complete the sub-movement stage of “324C+1D” movement jump and squat, which was the shortest time among the three athletes.

3.2.1.1.3 Time analysis of take-off, push and stretch sub-stage

From the time of the sub-movement stage of take-off, push and stretch (see Table 2), the average time of the first-level athletes in the sub-movement stage of “324C+1D” movement is 0.25s, and the standard deviation is 0.04s. Athlete A took 0.22s to complete the sub-movement stage of “324C+1D", which was the shortest time among the three athletes. Athlete C took 0.30s to complete the sub-movement stage of “324C+1D” movement take-off and push, which was the longest time among the three athletes.

3.2.1.2 Link motion characteristics

3.2.1.2.1 Peak velocity characteristics of the swing arm

Table 3. Peak swing arm speed during takeoff (m/s).

Athlete	Left arm	Right arm
A	12.86	10.80
B	12.29	10.84
C	10.62	10.24
$\bar{X} \pm S$	11.92±1.16	10.63±0.34

As can be seen from Table 3, the average value of the peak swinging arm speed at the left wrist node is 11.92 m/s, and the standard deviation is 1.16 m/s, while the average value of the peak swinging arm speed at the right wrist node is 10.63 m/s, and the standard deviation is 0.34 m/s. The peak speed of the swinging arm of the left wrist node is higher than that of the right wrist node, mainly because the rotation direction of the 324C action is to rotate clockwise along the vertical axis, and the rotation speed of the left arm is slightly higher.

3.2.1.2.2 Peak characteristics of shoulder-hip torsion Angle

Table 4. Peak value of shoulder-hip torsion Angle in run-up start stage (°).

Athlete	Shoulder and hip twist Angle during run-up	Shoulder and hip torsion Angle during takeoff
A	64.64	83.73
B	47.79	68.56
C	52.99	82.12
$\bar{X} \pm S$	55.14±8.63	78.14±8.33

3.2.1.2.2.1 Peak value analysis of shoulder-hip torsion Angle during run-up

As can be seen from Table 4, the average peak value of shoulder-hip torsion Angle and standard deviation of the “324C+1D” athletes in the run-up stage are 55.14° and 8.63°. According to the rules of Wushu routine competition, Wushu athletes are required to run within 4 steps, athletes generally increase the stride length as much as possible to improve speed, and the larger stride length forms a larger shoulder and hip torsion Angle.

3.2.1.2.2.2 Peak value analysis of shoulder-hip torsion Angle during takeoff

As can be seen from Table 4, the average peak value of shoulder-hip torsion Angle of first-level athletes in the take-off stage of “324C+1D” is 78.14°, and the standard deviation is 8.33°. Because the “324C+1D” action needs to complete 720° body rotation in the air, the take-off stage should be fully prepared for air rotation, and form a larger shoulder and hip torsion Angle as far as possible before the jumping foot leaves the ground, which is more conducive to the completion of the air rotation action. From the data in Table 4, it can be found that the shoulder and hip torsion Angle of the three first-level athletes in the take-off stage is between 68° and 84°, and they all successfully completed the movement, which provides an important reference index for the wushu routine athletes to complete the take-off movement.

3.2.1.2.3 Features of shoulder and foot torsion Angle

Table 5. Shoulder and foot torsion Angle at take-off stage (°).

Athlete	Shoulder and foot twist Angle at take-off stage
A	74.27
B	95.34
C	107.54
$\bar{X} \pm S$	92.38±16.83

As can be seen from Table 5, the average shoulder-foot torsion Angle of first-level athletes at the time of departure from the ground after completing the “324C+1D” movement is 92.38°, and the standard deviation is 16.83°. Because the “324C+1D” action needs to complete 720° body rotation in the air, the take-off stage should be fully prepared for air rotation, and the larger shoulder and foot torsion Angle should be formed as far as possible before the jumping foot leaves the ground, which is more conducive to the completion of the air rotation action. From the data in Table 5, it can be found that the shoulder and foot torsion Angle of the three first-level athletes in the take-off stage is between 74° and 108°, and they all successfully completed the movement, which provides an important reference index for the wushu routine athletes to complete the take-off movement.

3.2.1.2.4 Angle characteristics of ankle, knee and hip joints during take-off and extension

3.2.1.2.4.1 Analysis of Angle characteristics of left and right ankle joints during take-off, push and stretch

Table 6. Left and right ankle joint angles during take-off and extension (°).

Athlete	Left ankle		Right ankle
Athlete	Jump squat	Time off ground	Jump squat	Time off ground
A	86.04	141.61	90.27	130.69
B	65.26	70.61	92.27	133.12
C	16.43	10.34	71.88	134.14
$\bar{X} \pm S$	55.91±35.73	74.19±65.71	84.81±11.24	132.65±1.77

From the Angle difference of the left and right ankle joints (see Table 6), the average Angle of the left ankle and the standard deviation of the left ankle at the time of squat in the jumping stage of the “324C+1D” movement are 55.91° and 35.73°, and the average Angle of the right ankle and the standard deviation of the right ankle are 84.81° and 11.24°. The average Angle of the left ankle and the standard deviation of the right ankle are 74.19° and 65.71° respectively, and the average Angle of the right ankle and the standard deviation of the right ankle are 132.65° and 1.77° respectively. The Angle of the left and right ankle joints of the first-level athletes in the take-off stage of “324C+1D” movement is as follows: the Angle of the right ankle is greater than that of the left ankle at the lowest moment of the squat; The Angle of the right ankle is significantly greater than that of the left ankle at the time of takeoff from the ground.

3.2.1.2.4.2 Analysis of the Angle characteristics of the knee joint at the moment of takeoff and squat and the moment of knee joint off the ground

Table 7. Left and right knee joint angles during take-off and extension (°).

Athlete	Left knee		Right knee
Athlete	Jump squat	Time off ground	Jump squat	Time off ground
A	106.33	173.21	98.73	175.13
B	124.74	138.91	97.63	152.42
C	72.53	167.34	48.48	170.16
$\bar{X} \pm S$	101.20±26.48	159.82±18.34	81.61±28.70	165.90±11.94

From the Angle difference of the left and right knee joints (see Table 7), the average Angle of the left knee joint and the standard deviation of the left knee joint are 101.20° and 26.48°, and the average Angle of the right knee joint and the standard deviation of the right knee joint are 81.61° and 28.70° at the time of squat in the jumping stage of the “324C+1D” movement. The average Angle of left knee joint and standard deviation of right knee joint are 159.82° and 18.34° respectively, and the average Angle of right knee joint and standard deviation of right knee joint are 165.90° and 11.94° respectively. The Angle of the left and right knee joints of the first-level athletes in the take-off stage of “324C+1D” movement is as follows: the Angle of the right knee joint is smaller than that of the left knee joint at the lowest moment of the squat; The Angle of the right knee joint is greater than that of the left knee joint at the time of takeoff from the ground.

3.2.1.2.4.3 Analysis of joint Angle characteristics of left and right hip joints during takeoff and squat time and off the ground time

Table 8. Left and right hip joint angles during take-off and extension (°).

Athlete	Left hip		Right hip
Athlete	Jump squat	Time off ground	Jump squat	Time off ground
A	126.32	162.21	80.49	151.38
B	125.2	146.68	78.22	151.04
C	92.19	166.57	47.14	164.71
$\bar{X} \pm S$	114.57±19.39	158.49±10.45	68.62±18.63	155.71±7.80

From the Angle difference of the left and right hip joints (see Table 8), the average Angle of the left hip joint and the standard deviation of the left hip joint are 114.57° and 19.39°, and the average Angle of the right hip joint and the standard deviation of the right hip joint are 68.62° and 18.63° at the time of squatting in the take-off stage of the “324C+1D” movement for first-level athletes. The average Angle and standard deviation of the left hip joint were 158.49° and 10.45° respectively, while the average Angle and standard deviation of the right hip joint were 155.71° and 7.80° respectively. The Angle of left and right hip joints of Level I athletes in the take-off stage of “324C+1D” movement is as follows: the Angle of right hip joints is obviously smaller than that of left hip joints at the lowest moment of squat; The right hip Angle is smaller than the left hip Angle at takeoff.

3.2.1.3 Center of gravity motion characteristics

3.2.1.3.1 Center of gravity speed characteristics in the run-up direction

Table 9. Center of Gravity Speed in the run-up direction (m/s).

Action moment Athlete	Run-up (peak value)	End of run-up	Time off ground
A	2.93	1.91	0.54
B	2.99	2.62	0.97
C	3.06	2.37	0.66
$\bar{X} \pm S$	2.99±0.07	2.30±0.36	0.72±0.22

From the point of view of the center of gravity velocity in the run-up direction (see Table 9), the average peak value of the center of gravity velocity in the run-up direction of the first-level athletes in the run-up stage after completing the “324C+1D” movement is 2.99 m/s, and the standard deviation is 0.07 m/s. At the end of the “324C+1D” run, the average speed of the center of gravity in the run-up direction is 2.30 m/s, and the standard deviation is 0.36 m/s. The average value and standard deviation of the center of gravity velocity in the run-up direction are 0.72m/s and 0.22 m/s for the first class athletes at the time of take-off from the ground after completing “324C+1D” movement. The characteristics of the center of gravity velocity in the run-up direction of the first-level athletes in the run-up stage of the “324C+1D” movement are as follows: the center of gravity movement speed achieved in the run-up stage decreases rapidly in the take-off stage, which is in line with the general characteristics of the run-up take-off action, and is ready for the conversion of kinetic energy into take-off potential energy.

3.2.1.3.2 Peak vertical velocity characteristics of the center of gravity

Table 10. Peak vertical velocity of the center of gravity during takeoff (m/s).

Athlete	Jump squat	Jump and push
A	-2.81	3.06
B	-1.83	2.75
C	-2.25	3.17
$\bar{X} \pm S$	-2.30±0.49	2.99±0.22

From the point of view of the peak value of vertical speed of the center of gravity in the take-off stage (see Table 10), the average peak value of vertical speed of the center of gravity in the squat stage of the take-off stage after completing the “324C+1D” movement is -2.30 m/s, and the standard deviation is 0.49m/s. The average peak vertical velocity of the center of gravity of national athletes in the “324C+1D” take-off and push stage is 2.99m /s, and the standard deviation is 0.22m/s.

The characteristics of the vertical speed peak value of the center of gravity in the take-off stage of the athletes completing the “324C+1D” movement are as follows: the vertical speed peak value of the center of gravity in the take-off and push and extend stage is greater than that in the take-off and squat stage.

3.2.1.3.3 Vertical movement distance characteristics of the center of gravity

Table 11. Vertical movement distance of Center of gravity during take-off (m).

Athlete	Jump squat	Jump and push
A	0.38	0.33
B	0.29	0.19
C	0.33	0.55
$\bar{X} \pm S$	0.33±0.05	0.36±0.18

From the vertical movement distance of the center of gravity in the take-off stage (see Table 11), the average vertical movement distance of the center of gravity in the squat stage of the first-level athletes completing the “324C+1D” movement is 0.33m, and the standard deviation is 0.05 m. The average vertical distance and standard deviation of the center of gravity in the “324C+1D” jumping stage are 0.36 m and 0.18 m respectively.

The vertical movement distance of the center of gravity in the take-off stage of the athletes completing the “324C+1D” movement is as follows: there is little difference between the vertical movement distance of the center of gravity in the take-off and push and stretch stage and the vertical movement distance of the center of gravity in the take-off and squat stage.

3.2.1.3.4 Center of gravity lifting Angle characteristics at time of liftoff

Table 12. Center of gravity lifting Angle at time of liftoff(°).

Athlete	Center of gravity lifting Angle at take-off stage
A	72.52
B	69.76
C	68.27
$\bar{X} \pm S$	70.18±2.16

From the lifting Angle of the center of gravity at the time of lifting off the ground in the take-off stage (see Table 12), the average lifting Angle of the center of gravity at the time of lifting off the ground in the take-off stage of the “324C+1D” movement is 70.18° and the standard deviation is 2.16°.

The characteristics of the center of gravity lifting Angle of the take-off stage of the athletes completing the “324C+1D” movement are as follows: the center of gravity lifting Angle of the take-off stage is not very different from the ground, mainly concentrated between 68 -- 73°.

3.2.2 Analysis of technical characteristics in the vacating stage

3.2.2.1 Time characteristics

Table 13. Time required for vacating phase(s).

Action stage Athlete	Off the ground to beat	Tap to the ground	The whole flight phase
A	0.19	0.48	0.67
B	0.17	0.47	0.64
C	0.17	0.55	0.72
$\bar{X} \pm S$	0.18±0.01	0.50±0.04	0.68±0.04

3.2.2.1.1 Total time analysis of the vacating phase

From the total time of the airborne stage (see Table 13), the average time of the airborne stage of the “324C+1D” movement for the first-level athletes is 0.68s, and the standard deviation is 0.04s. The total time of the three athletes participating in the test to complete the “324C+1D” movement in the air stage is very close, and the time of athlete E to complete the “324C+1D” movement in the air stage is 0.64s, which is the shortest among the three athletes. Athlete F took 0.72s to complete the airborne phase of the “324C+1D” movement, which was the longest time among the three athletes.

3.2.2.1.2 Analysis of the time from ground off to beat in the airborne stage

From the time of the sub-movement stage from take-off to slap (see Table 13), the average time of the first-level athletes to complete the sub-movement stage of the “324C+1D” movement is 0.18s, and the standard deviation is 0.01s. Athlete D took the longest time (0.19s) to complete the sub-movement stage of “324C+1D” movement; Athlete E and athlete F both took 0.17s to complete the sub-movement stage of “324C+1D” movement, which was the shortest time among the three athletes.

3.2.2.1.3 Time analysis from stroke to landing sub-stage

From the time of this sub-movement stage (see Table 13), the average time of Level I athletes in completing the sub-movement stage of “324C+1D” from the stroke to the landing is 0.50s, and the standard deviation is 0.04s. Athlete C took 0.55s to complete the sub-movement stage of “324C+1D” movement, which was the longest among the three athletes. Athlete B took 0.47s to complete the sub-movement stage of “324C+1D” movement, which was the shortest time among the three athletes.

3.2.2.2 Link movement characteristics

3.2.2.2.1 Right leg swing speed characteristics

Table 14. Right leg swing Speed in the airborne phase (m/s).

Action moment Athlete	pre-beat (Peak value)	Tap time	post-beat (Peak value)
A	12.40	6.92	7.89
B	12.56	12.01	11.04
C	10.27	6.67	9.15
$\bar{X} \pm S$	11.74±1.28	8.53±3.01	9.36±1.59

From Table 14, it can be seen that the average peak swinging speed of the right leg of the first-level athletes before beating in the air stage is 11.74m /s, and the standard deviation is 1.28m/s. The average swing speed of the right leg and standard deviation of the athletes in the air stage are 8.53 m/s and 3.01 m/s respectively. The average peak swinging speed and standard deviation of the right leg are 9.36 m/s and 1.59 m/s respectively. Athlete A and athlete C show the same characteristics in the swing speed of the right leg in the air stage, that is, the swing speed is the fastest before the stroke, the slowest at the moment of the stroke, and then accelerate after the stroke. However, athlete E showed a different speed change trend, and the three speeds gradually decreased in the airborne stage. However, from the average change of the right leg swing speed of all athletes in the air stage, the speed still shows a trend of slowing down and then speeding up.

3.2.2.2.2 Angular velocity characteristics of shoulder shaft rotation

Table 15. Angular velocity of shoulder shaft rotation during the flight stage (°/s).

Action moment Athlete	Tap time	post-beat (Peak value)	Landing time
A	445.31	1790.4	632.13
B	580.78	2047.61	852.25
C	693.14	1961.84	457.55
$\bar{X} \pm S$	573.08±124.09	1933.28±130.96	647.31±197.79

As can be seen from Table 15, the average angular velocity of shoulder axis rotation of first-level athletes at the time of hitting in the air stage of “324C+1D” movement is 573.08°/s, and the standard deviation is 124.09°/s. The average peak angular velocity and standard deviation are 1933.28°/s and 130.96°/s respectively for Level I athletes after hitting the “324C+1D” movement in the air stage. The average angular velocity and standard deviation of the angular velocity of the shoulder shaft at the landing time of the airborne stage of the “324C+1D” movement are 647.31°/s and 197.79°/s respectively.

3.2.2.3 Movement characteristics of center of gravity

3.2.2.3.1 Vertical velocity characteristics of the center of gravity

Table 16. Vertical velocity of the center of gravity in the take-off stage (m/s).

Action moment Athlete	pre-beat (Peak value)	Tap time
A	2.83	1.15
B	2.78	1.40
C	2.74	1.41
$\bar{X} \pm S$	2.78±0.05	1.32±0.15

As can be seen from Table 16, the average value and standard deviation of the vertical speed of the center of gravity before the stroke in the airborne stage are 2.78 m /s and 0.05 m/s. The average vertical speed of the center of gravity and standard deviation of the stroke time of the first class athletes in the air stage are 1.32 m/s and 0.15 m/s. The vertical speed of the center of gravity of the three athletes in the air stage showed the same characteristics, that is, the vertical speed of the center of gravity before the stroke was higher than the vertical speed of the center of gravity at the moment of the stroke.

3.2.2.3.2 Vertical height characteristics of the center of gravity at the time of departure and landing

Table 17. Vertical height of the Center of gravity at the time of departure and landing (m).

Action moment Athlete	Time off ground	Landing time
A	1.15	0.88
B	1.07	0.98
C	1.19	0.79
$\bar{X} \pm S$	1.14±0.06	0.88±0.10

As can be seen from Table 17, the average vertical height of the center of gravity at the time of departure from the ground during the take-off stage of the “324C+1D” movement for first-level athletes is 1.14 meters, and the standard deviation is 0.06 meters. The average vertical height of the center of gravity at the landing moment of the landing stage of the “324C+1D” movement is 0.88 meters, and the standard deviation is 0.10 meters. The vertical height of the center of gravity at the time of departure from the ground is higher than the vertical height of the center of gravity at the time of landing when the three level I athletes complete the “324C+1D” movement in the air stage.

3.2.2.3.3 Vertical movement distance characteristics of gravity center

Table 18. Vertical movement distance of the Center of gravity in the unloading stage (m).

Athlete	The center of gravity lifts the distance	Fall distance
A	0.41	0.68
B	0.43	0.45
C	0.43	0.83
$\bar{X} \pm S$	0.42±0.01	0.65±0.19

As can be seen from Table 18, the average vertical lifting distance of the center of gravity in the airborne stage of the “324C+1D” movement is 0.42 meters, and the standard deviation is 0.01 meters. The average vertical fall distance of the center of gravity and standard deviation of the “324C+1D” are 0.65 meters and 0.19 meters respectively. The vertical lifting distance of the center of gravity of the three national athletes in the air stage of completing the “324C+1D” movement is less than the vertical falling distance of the center of gravity.

3.2.3 Analysis of technical characteristics in landing stage

3.2.3.1 Link motion characteristics

3.2.3.1.1 Shoulder and foot torsion Angle characteristics

Table 19. Shoulder and foot torsion Angleat landing stage (°).

Athlete	Landing stage landing time shoulder-foot torsion Angle
A	35.93
B	32.09
C	19.54
$\bar{X} \pm S$	29.19±8.57

As can be seen from Table 19, the average shoulder-foot torsion Angle of first-level athletes at the landing stage of “324C+1D” movement is 29.19° and the standard deviation is 8.57°. The shoulder and foot torsion angles of athlete A and athlete B at the landing stage of the “324C+1D” movement are close to each other, and both are significantly greater than the shoulder and foot torsion angles of athlete C.

3.2.3.1.2 Knee sector Angle characteristics

Table 20. Knee sector Angle during landing cushion stage (°).

Joint Athlete	Left knee	Right knee
A	87.66	38.97
B	46.29	95.00
C	66.45	47.70
$\bar{X} \pm S$	66.80±20.69	60.56±30.15

The knee joint is the main buffer joint after landing, and the knee knee action is done after the foot hits the ground to cushion the impact of the moment of landing. As can be seen from Table 20, in the landing buffer stage of “324C+1D” movement, the average value of the left knee joint sector Angle is 66.80° and the standard deviation is 20.69°, while the average value of the right knee joint sector Angle is 60.56° and the standard deviation is 30.15°. The fan Angle of the left knee joint was larger than that of the right knee joint when athlete A and athlete C completed the landing cushion stage of “324C+1D” movement. Athlete B completed the “324C+1D” movement landing cushion stage, the left knee joint fan Angle is smaller than the right knee joint.

3.2.3.2 Center of gravity motion characteristics

3.2.3.2.1 Vertical velocity characteristics of the center of gravity at landing time

Table 21. Vertical velocity of center of gravity at landing time (m/s).

Athlete	Vertical velocity of the center of gravity at the moment of landing
A	-3.45
B	-3.75
C	-2.88
$\bar{X} \pm S$	-3.36±0.44

As can be seen from Table 21, the average value of the vertical velocity of the center of gravity at the landing moment of the “324C+1D” movement is -3.17 m/s, and the standard deviation is 0.28 m/s. Among them, the vertical speed of the center of gravity at the moment of landing after completing the “324C+1D” movement is the maximum of -3.43 m/s, and the minimum vertical speed of the center of gravity is -2.87 m/s.

3.2.3.2.2 Characteristics of vertical movement distance of center of gravity in landing buffer stage

Table 22. Vertical movement distance of Center of gravity in landing buffer stage (m).

Athlete	The vertical distance of the center of gravity during the landing buffer phase
A	0.42
B	0.46
C	0.28
$\bar{X} \pm S$	0.39±0.09

As can be seen from Table 22, the average vertical movement distance of the center of gravity in the landing buffer stage of the “324C+1D” movement is 0.39 m, and the standard deviation is 0.09 m. Among them, in the landing buffer stage of “324C+1D” movement, the maximum vertical movement distance of the center of gravity is 0.46 m, and the minimum vertical movement distance of the center of gravity is 0.28 m.

4. Conclusion

4.1 The technical characteristics of run-up and take-off stages

(1) The “324C+1D” movement does not have high requirements for the run-up speed in the run-up stage, but appropriately increasing the center of gravity speed in the run-up direction within this speed range may still be conducive to the completion of the “324C+1D” movement.
(2) The center of gravity speed in the run-up direction loses a lot at the time of departure from the ground, and the take-off and push stage is mainly manifested as the increase of vertical speed, so the center of gravity speed difference in different directions determines the center of gravity lifting Angle at the time of departure from the ground to be closer to 90°, so that the center of gravity movement trajectory of “324C+1D” action in the air stage is approximately straight up and down.
(3) Appropriately increase the shoulder and hip torsion Angle, accelerate the swing arm speed, and increase the shoulder and foot torsion Angle at the moment of departure from the ground, which is conducive to the completion of the athlete’s “324C+1D” action.
(4) Accelerating the squat speed of the center of gravity in the vertical direction in the take-off stage, shortening the take-off time of the squat and push and stretch stage, and increasing the ground vertical reaction force in the take-off and push and stretch stage are conducive to the completion of the “324C+1D” movement.
(5) The ankle and knee joints are not squatting as low as possible, but in a moderate range; The right ankle and right knee are more fully extended than the left ankle and left knee at the moment of lifting. The joint fan Angle of the right knee participating in the push and stretch in the take-off stage is larger than that of the left knee; The right hip joint is not sufficiently extended at the time of departure from the ground after completing the “324C+1D” maneuver. In addition, because the vertical movement distance of the center of gravity in the jumping stage is affected by the Angle change of the lower limb joints, the vertical movement distance of the center of gravity in this movement stage is not the larger the better or the smaller the better, but in a moderate range.

4.2 The technical characteristics of the flight stage

(1) Increasing the vertical speed of the center of gravity before the stroke, increasing the vertical movement distance of the center of gravity lifting stage and the center of gravity falling stage, extending the air delay time, accelerating the swing speed of the right leg, and moving the moment of the stroke forward to the rapid rising period of the center of gravity lifting as far as possible are conducive to the completion of the “324C+1D” movement of the athlete.
(2) Because the vertical height of the center of gravity at the time of leaving the ground is significantly greater than the vertical height of the center of gravity at the time of landing, the vertical movement distance of the center of gravity in the stage of lifting is significantly less than the vertical movement distance of the center of gravity in the stage of falling, and increasing the vertical movement distance of the center of gravity in the stage of falling is the main way for athletes to complete the “324C+1D” movement at present.
(3) Accelerating the angular rotation speed of the shoulder shaft in the air stage is conducive to the completion of the “324C+1D” action. Among them, increasing the angular rotation speed of the shoulder axis after hitting is the key to complete the “324C+1D” action.

4.3 The technical characteristics of landing stage

(1) In the landing stage of the “324C+1D” movement, the athlete will extend the air time by lowering the vertical height of the center of gravity at the moment of landing to obtain a larger rotation Angle, and the impact force at the moment of landing will increase under the action of gravitational acceleration, which will lead to the increase of the vertical ground reaction force borne by the athlete after landing. In addition, the reduction of the height of the center of gravity when landing will also occupy a certain buffer distance, resulting in insufficient buffer after landing.
(2) When the athlete completes the “324C+1D” movement, it is still possible to withstand a large ground reaction force in the landing buffer stage. It may be due to the fact that in order to achieve the technical requirements of stability at the moment of landing, the athletes have almost completed the action of separating the legs and walking before landing in the state of having a large falling distance and falling speed of the center of gravity, which reduces the buffering effect of centrifugal contraction of the lower limbs after landing.
(3) In order to complete the “324C+1D” movement, on the one hand, the trunk rotation speed will be accelerated in the air stage, especially the trunk rotation speed after the stroke. In this state, the athlete may delay the leg splitting time and maintain the high rotational speed in the air for a longer time in order to complete a larger rotation degree, thus causing the trunk rotation speed at the time of landing to be too fast; In addition, if the rotation Angle completed in the air stage is insufficient, it will also be manifested as a phenomenon such as excessive torsion Angle of the shoulders and feet at the moment of landing.

Authors’ note

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article. Authors confirmed that the data and the paper are free of plagiarism.

Ethical Approval: This research has been carried out with the approval of Maha Salakan University under the Ethic code:511-359/2023.

Date of Manufacture: 30 November 2023 expire: 29 November 2024.

Consent: The research obtained written consent from the participants, all of whom signed a consent form.

Data availability

Dryad: kinematic characteristics analysis of highly difficult movements “324c+1d” of the first level wushu athletes.

This project contains the following underlying data:

- Simi data - athlete a (the 3d kinematic data of each node of the body of the first-level wushu athlete a during the whole movement process of “324c+1d” from the start of the run-up to the landing.)
- Simi data - athlete b (the 3d kinematic data of each node of the body of the first-level wushu athlete b during the whole movement process of “324c+1d” from the start of the run-up to the landing.)
- Simi data - athlete c (the 3d kinematic data of each node of the body of the first-level wushu athlete c during the whole movement process of “324c+1d” from the start of the run-up to the landing.)
- The left and right knee sector angle data of athlete a (the 3d kinematic data of knee fan angle of first-level wushu athlete a in completing the difficult wushu movement “324c+1d".)
- The left and right knee sector angle data of athlete b (the 3d kinematic data of knee fan angle of first-level wushu athlete b in completing the difficult wushu movement “324c+1d".)
- The left and right knee sector angle data of athlete c (the 3d kinematic data of knee fan angle of first-level wushu athlete c in completing the difficult wushu movement “324c+1d".)
- Athlete a (the 3d kinematic data of the angular velocity change of the shoulder axis when the first-level wushu athlete a completes the wushu difficulty movements “324c+1d".)
- Athlete b (the 3d kinematic data of the angular velocity change of the shoulder axis when the first-level wushu athlete b completes the wushu difficulty movements “324c+1d".)
- Athlete c (the 3d kinematic data of the angular velocity change of the shoulder axis when the first-level wushu athlete c completes the wushu difficulty movements “324c+1d".)
- Figure 1 (the characteristic action diagram of the action process of “324c+1d")
- Supporting forms (supporting forms contains all of the data tables i use in the article.)

License (cc0 1.0)

Reviewer sharing link: https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.7pvmcvf28

Acknowledgements

In this research, Dr. Chairat Choosakul gave me great help and gave me a lot of good advice for my research. I am very grateful for his help. In addition, I also want to thank the Wushu athletes who participated in this research, who completed the test in accordance with the test requirements to provide support for the completion of the research. Finally, I would like to thank the professors and my friends who have given me support in this research.

References

Bo S; The college wushu routine athletes in the game difficulty to choose the characteristics of (a master’s degree thesis, Huazhong university of science and technology).2012. Reference Source
Xiuli Z: Analysis of terms in Sports Biomechanics undergraduate textbook. Journal of Hebei University of Physical Education. 2012; 05: 30–32.
Yabing X: Under the new rules for implementation of competitive wushu training methods of exploration and research (a master’s degree thesis, Yunnan normal university).2007. Reference Source

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Author details Author details

¹ Department of Health and Sport Science, Faculty of Education, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44000, Thailand

Xikui Guo
Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

Chairat Choosakul
Roles: Methodology, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing

Competing interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information

The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work.

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Published: 17 Jun 2024, 13:638

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.151397.1

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Guo X and Choosakul C. Kinematic characteristics analysis of highly difficult movements "324C+1D" of the first level Wushu athletes [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2024, 13:638 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.151397.1)

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Reviewer Report 16 Jul 2024

Dewangga Yudhistira, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia

Approved with Reservations

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.166041.r295977

ABSTRACT
1. Background: need to briefly describe the problem and objectives
2. Method: need to write method, participants, number, gender. data collection techniques, data analysis techniques, applications used
3. Results: the presentation of the results is not ... Continue reading

ABSTRACT
1. Background: need to briefly describe the problem and objectives
2. Method: need to write method, participants, number, gender. data collection techniques, data analysis techniques, applications used
3. Results: the presentation of the results is not yet comprehensive
4. Conclusion: the conclusion is not clear

INTRODUCTION
The Introduction does not explain in detail the importance of this research. Why only wushu, it must be seen from a different perspective like other martial arts sports. The citation from Xiaong 2007 needs to be strengthened by the latest studies. Hasn't stated the problem clearly. The research objectives are also not coherent with the problem. Lack of previous research studies. Major revisions are needed to prepare a good introduction with a presentation like the inverted pyramid principle.

Method
The sample is too small so the results cannot be generalized well. The research method is also unclear. Improvements are needed with detailed explanations by separating sub-chapters: research methods and design, participants and research procedures, data analysis techniques. The suggested method used is single subject research

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Presentation of results and discussion needs to be supported by previous studies

CONCLUSION
No conclusion yet?

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Partly
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Partly
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Partly
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Partly

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: strength and conditioning, martial art, sport science and exercise, sport philosophy

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above.

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Reviewer Report 09 Jul 2024

Armando Monterrosa Quintero, Universidad Surcolombiana, Neiva, Huila, Colombia

Approved with Reservations

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.166041.r295975

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?
In the introduction, only Wushu is discussed. However, recent literature includes numerous articles on other martial arts that also analyze kinematic aspects. Including this information ... Continue reading

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?
In the introduction, only Wushu is discussed. However, recent literature includes numerous articles on other martial arts that also analyze kinematic aspects. Including this information could enrich the context of the manuscript and make it more comprehensive.
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?
It is essential to explain the characteristics of the sample, as having only 3 participants is insufficient for conducting a robust statistical analysis or a meaningful review.
Are sufficient details of the methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?
More details about the materials and methods, especially the procedures used for the analysis, should be provided to ensure that other researchers can accurately replicate the study.
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?
The statistical analysis is limited to the description of the factors and does not include specific statistical tests. It is advisable to include statistical tests to strengthen the interpretation of the results.
Are all source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?
Yes, the source data are available, but the protocol needs to be described in more detail, step by step, to ensure the full reproducibility of the study.
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?
It is important to clarify the conclusions further, specifying precisely which moment is determinant for the execution of the studied technique. This will provide a clearer and more applicable understanding of the obtained results.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

No
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

No
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Partly
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

No
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Partly
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

No

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: Biomechanics, martial arts, performance, anthropometry

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above.

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Armando Monterrosa Quintero, Universidad Surcolombiana, Neiva, Colombia
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16 Jul 2024 | for Version 1

Dewangga Yudhistira, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia

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Approved With Reservations

ABSTRACT
1. Background: need to briefly describe the problem and objectives
2. Method: need to write method, participants, number, gender. data collection techniques, data analysis techniques, applications used
3. Results: the presentation of the results is not yet comprehensive
4. Conclusion: the conclusion is not clear

INTRODUCTION
The Introduction does not explain in detail the importance of this research. Why only wushu, it must be seen from a different perspective like other martial arts sports. The citation from Xiaong 2007 needs to be strengthened by the latest studies. Hasn't stated the problem clearly. The research objectives are also not coherent with the problem. Lack of previous research studies. Major revisions are needed to prepare a good introduction with a presentation like the inverted pyramid principle.

Method
The sample is too small so the results cannot be generalized well. The research method is also unclear. Improvements are needed with detailed explanations by separating sub-chapters: research methods and design, participants and research procedures, data analysis techniques. The suggested method used is single subject research

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Presentation of results and discussion needs to be supported by previous studies

CONCLUSION
No conclusion yet?

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Partly
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Partly
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Partly
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Partly

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

strength and conditioning, martial art, sport science and exercise, sport philosophy

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above.

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22 Views

09 Jul 2024 | for Version 1

Armando Monterrosa Quintero, Universidad Surcolombiana, Neiva, Huila, Colombia

22 Views Cite this report Responses(0)

Approved With Reservations

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?
In the introduction, only Wushu is discussed. However, recent literature includes numerous articles on other martial arts that also analyze kinematic aspects. Including this information could enrich the context of the manuscript and make it more comprehensive.
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?
It is essential to explain the characteristics of the sample, as having only 3 participants is insufficient for conducting a robust statistical analysis or a meaningful review.
Are sufficient details of the methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?
More details about the materials and methods, especially the procedures used for the analysis, should be provided to ensure that other researchers can accurately replicate the study.
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?
The statistical analysis is limited to the description of the factors and does not include specific statistical tests. It is advisable to include statistical tests to strengthen the interpretation of the results.
Are all source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?
Yes, the source data are available, but the protocol needs to be described in more detail, step by step, to ensure the full reproducibility of the study.
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?
It is important to clarify the conclusions further, specifying precisely which moment is determinant for the execution of the studied technique. This will provide a clearer and more applicable understanding of the obtained results.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

No
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

No
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Partly
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

No
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Partly
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

No

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Biomechanics, martial arts, performance, anthropometry

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above.

Respond to this report

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[1] Bo S; The college wushu routine athletes in the game difficulty to choose the characteristics of (a master’s degree thesis, Huazhong university of science and technology).2012. Reference Source

[2] Xiuli Z: Analysis of terms in Sports Biomechanics undergraduate textbook. Journal of Hebei University of Physical Education. 2012; 05: 30–32.

[3] Yabing X: Under the new rules for implementation of competitive wushu training methods of exploration and research (a master’s degree thesis, Yunnan normal university).2007. Reference Source

Kinematic characteristics analysis of highly difficult movements "324C+1D" of the first level Wushu athletes

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Keywords

1. Introduction

2. Methods

2.1 Participants

Table 1. Basic statistics of athletes participating in the test.

2.2 Instrument

3. Results and discussion

3.1 “324c+1d” action process description and stage division

Figure 1. The main technical link diagram of the “324C+1D” action.

3.2 Analysis of kinematic characteristics of the difficult movement “324c+1d” of the first level wushu athletes

Table 2. Time of take-off stage(s).

Table 3. Peak swing arm speed during takeoff (m/s).

Table 4. Peak value of shoulder-hip torsion Angle in run-up start stage (°).

Table 5. Shoulder and foot torsion Angle at take-off stage (°).

Table 6. Left and right ankle joint angles during take-off and extension (°).

Table 7. Left and right knee joint angles during take-off and extension (°).

Table 8. Left and right hip joint angles during take-off and extension (°).

Table 9. Center of Gravity Speed in the run-up direction (m/s).

Table 10. Peak vertical velocity of the center of gravity during takeoff (m/s).

Table 11. Vertical movement distance of Center of gravity during take-off (m).

Table 12. Center of gravity lifting Angle at time of liftoff(°).

Table 13. Time required for vacating phase(s).

Table 14. Right leg swing Speed in the airborne phase (m/s).

Table 15. Angular velocity of shoulder shaft rotation during the flight stage (°/s).

Table 16. Vertical velocity of the center of gravity in the take-off stage (m/s).

Table 17. Vertical height of the Center of gravity at the time of departure and landing (m).

Table 18. Vertical movement distance of the Center of gravity in the unloading stage (m).

Table 19. Shoulder and foot torsion Angleat landing stage (°).

Table 20. Knee sector Angle during landing cushion stage (°).

Table 21. Vertical velocity of center of gravity at landing time (m/s).

Table 22. Vertical movement distance of Center of gravity in landing buffer stage (m).

4. Conclusion

4.1 The technical characteristics of run-up and take-off stages

4.2 The technical characteristics of the flight stage

4.3 The technical characteristics of landing stage

Authors’ note

Data availability

Acknowledgements

References

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