Smartphone dependence and addiction and bruxism in “NEET” young people in two coastal cities in Peru

Silvana Jackeline Yarlequé Mendoza; Katerine Estefani Zambrano Uceda; Luis Alexander Orrego-Ferreyros

doi:10.12688/f1000research.152778.1

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Research Article

Smartphone dependence and addiction and bruxism in “NEET” young people in two coastal cities in Peru

[version 1; peer review: 1 not approved]

Silvana Jackeline Yarlequé Mendoza¹, Katerine Estefani Zambrano Uceda¹, Luis Alexander Orrego-Ferreyros¹

PUBLISHED 01 Aug 2024

Author details Author details

¹ Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Estomatología, Universidad Cesar Vallejo, Piura, Piura, 20001, Peru

Silvana Jackeline Yarlequé Mendoza
Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Investigation, Project Administration, Resources, Writing – Original Draft Preparation

Katerine Estefani Zambrano Uceda
Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Investigation, Project Administration, Resources, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation

Luis Alexander Orrego-Ferreyros
Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Project Administration, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

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Abstract

Background

Excessive smartphone use has become a growing public health concern, especially among young people. Previous studies have suggested a possible relationship between excessive smartphone use and bruxism. However, the evidence on this relationship is still limited and inconclusive. This study aimed to determine the relationship between smartphone dependence and addiction and bruxism in “NEET” (not in education, employment or training) young people in two coastal cities in Peru: Piura and Chincha.

Methods

A cross-sectional, correlational, and exploratory study was conducted. The sample consisted of 195 "NEETs" young people who attended to dental office. Two data collection instruments were used: the Smartphone Dependence and Addiction Scale (EDAS-18) and the self-reported bruxism questionnaire (CBA). The Chi2 Pearson test was used to analyze the association between the variables.

Results

In Piura, a significant association was found between smartphone dependence or addiction and bruxism (49.3% of young people with smartphone dependence or addiction had bruxism, p-value = 0.003). However, in Chincha this relationship was not significant. In the latter city, bruxism showed a significant association with gender (men had a higher prevalence of bruxism, p-value = 0.034), but not with smartphone dependence or addiction (p-value = 0.171). In Piura, the proportion of bruxism was 3.77 times higher in those with smartphone dependence or addiction in the simple model (p-value = 0.004), and 5.38 times higher in the adjusted model (p-value = 0.001).

Conclusion

This study highlights the regional variability in the relationship between smartphone use and bruxism among “NEETs” young people. A significant association is evident in Piura but not in Chincha, which underscores the need for context-adapted interventions to address the effects of excessive technology use on oral health.

Keywords

Internet Addiction Disorder, Bruxism, Young Adult, Unemployment, NEET

Corresponding author: Luis Alexander Orrego-Ferreyros

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work.

Copyright: © 2024 Yarlequé Mendoza SJ et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

How to cite: Yarlequé Mendoza SJ, Zambrano Uceda KE and Orrego-Ferreyros LA. Smartphone dependence and addiction and bruxism in “NEET” young people in two coastal cities in Peru [version 1; peer review: 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2024, 13:861 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.152778.1) First published: 01 Aug 2024, 13:861 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.152778.1) Latest published: 01 Aug 2024, 13:861 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.152778.1)

Introduction

Smartphones were introduced to the market in 2007 and have since become an indispensable part of life for millions of people worldwide.¹ By 2021, the GSM Association of the Global System for Mobile Communications reported that 75% of people in the world owned a smartphone.²^,³ According to the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEI), in the first three months of 2023, 89.2% of people aged 6 and over in the country had access to the Internet from a cell phone; this figure exceeds by 7.8% that obtained in 2019.⁴ This increase can be justified by its multiple functions such as facilitating communication, vast access to information; it also fulfills the function of a computer, a camera, an entertainment game, a multimedia player and provides access to e-books and thousands of entertainments, education and social interaction applications.⁵^,⁶

On the other hand, because of the Covid-19 pandemic and the lockdown, changes in lifestyle were generated,⁷ so that it was necessary to adapt to virtuality. Also, the figures of young people who are not in education, employment, or training (NEETs) increased, who before the pandemic represented 16.73% of the young population and became 26.82%, this represents a great barrier that limits economic growth and development in the country.⁸

The term addiction can be defined as a pathological behavioral condition in which one cannot think or judge rationally due to certain ideas or objects,⁹ this addiction leads to a lack of ability to properly manage actions that can have harmful results.⁷

Considering the negative impact that smartphone addiction has, it is thought that it is a conditioning factor for the appearance and development of different disorders such as bruxism, which is a condition that consists of a repetitive pattern of the masticatory muscles characterized by clenching and grinding the teeth.¹⁰^,¹¹ The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between dependence and addiction to the smartphone with bruxism in young NEETs in two coastal cities in Peru: Piura and Chincha.

Methods

Type and design study

The research was cross-sectional, correlational, and has exploratory design. Our study has adhered to the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) guidelines for cross-sectional studies. The study was approved with Official Letter from the Research Ethics Committee of the School of Stomatology N° 0109-2023-/UCV/P dated December 20, 2023. We adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Participants

The population consisted of 200 patients from the “Odontofamily” dental office in Chincha and 600 patients from the dental department at the “Catacaos Maternal and Child Center” in Piura, from late December 2023 to January 2024. Applying a non-probabilistic convenience sampling for a finite population, a sample of 82 people was established for Chincha and 113 for Piura. The inclusion criteria for the study were: patients of both sexes, between 15 and 29 years old who attended to dental office and the Maternal and Child Center in Chincha and Piura from late December 2023 to January 2024, who were able to sign the written informed consent or informed assent and who did not have any of these three statuses: employed, student or in training. The exclusion criterion was patients with any mental disability or incapacity that prevents them from giving their consent to participate in the study.

Instrument and procedures

The two variables studied were “smartphone dependence and addiction” and “bruxism”. Two questionnaires were used as data collection instruments, the first is the Smartphone Dependence and Addiction Scale (EDAS-18), which consists of 18 items and proposes three levels of intensity: without dependence (18-37 points), dependence (38-64 points) and addiction (65-90 points).¹² For the evaluation of bruxism, the self-reported bruxism questionnaire (CBA) was used, which consists of 11 questions. Where a score of 0 to 18 indicates improbable bruxism, 19 to 24 indicates probable symptoms of bruxism and 25 or more indicates definite symptoms of bruxism.¹³

Statistical analysis

As for the statistical analysis of the data, an Excel spreadsheet created with Google Sheets was used to store the data. Then they were examined using JASP 0.18.3. For descriptive statistics, a descriptive table was made with the demographic characteristics, the frequency of bruxism and smartphone dependence or addiction. In addition, scatterplot was created to visually display the scores obtained.

To evaluate the relationship between “smartphone dependence and addiction” and “bruxism”, the Pearson's Chi-square (χ²) test was used. The odds ratio of bruxism according to smartphone dependence or addiction was also calculated through logistic regression. A simple model and an adjusted model were created incorporating the sex and age group variables. The analysis was carried out with a confidence level of 95% (p<0.05).

Results

Table 1 shows that in the city of Chincha, the distribution by sex of young “NEETs” is similar. The group between 25 and 29 years of age stands out with 41.4%. Regarding bruxism, 56.8% are considered to have improbable symptoms, while 22.2% present probable symptoms, and 20.1% show definite symptoms. Regarding smartphone dependence or addiction, a significant 63.4% show dependence, and 2.4% show addiction.

Table 1. Sociodemographic characteristics of “NEET” young people in two coastal cities in Peru.

City	n (%)
Chincha
Sex
Female	41 (50.0)
Male	41 (50.0)
Age (years)
15 to 19	17 (20.7)
20 to 24	31 (37.8)
25 to 29	34 (41.4)
Bruxism
Unlikely bruxism	46 (56.8)
Probable symptoms of bruxism	18 (22.2)
Definite symptoms of bruxism	17 (20.1)
Smartphone dependence or addiction
No dependence or addiction	28 (34.1)
Dependence	52 (63.4)
Addiction	2 (2.4)
Piura
Sex
Female	87 (77.0)
Male	26 (23.0)
Age (years)
15 to 19	29 (25.7)
20 to 24	36 (31.9)
25 to 29	48 (42.5)
Bruxism
Unlikely bruxism	68 (60.7)
Probable symptoms of bruxism	21 (18.7)
Definite symptoms of bruxism	23 (20.5)
Smartphone dependence or addiction
No dependence or addiction	39 (34.5)
Dependence	70 (61.9)
Addiction	4 (3.5)

On the other hand, in Piura, a higher proportion of female participants (77.0%) is observed. The 25-29 age group also stands out with 42.5%. Regarding bruxism, 60.7% report unlikely symptoms, while 18.7% have probable symptoms and 20.5% present definite symptoms. Smartphone dependence or addiction is also notable, with 61.9% showing dependence and 3.5% addiction.

Table 2 shows that in Chincha, sex presents a significant association with bruxism, with a p-value of 0.034, where men present higher prevalence (55.0%) of probable or definitive bruxism. However, age and smartphone dependence or addiction did not show statistically significant differences.

Table 2. Factors related to bruxism in “NEET” young people in two coastal cities in Peru.

City	Bruxism		p-value
City	Unlikely bruxism	Probable symptoms of bruxism or definite symptoms of bruxism	p-value
Chincha
Sex			0.034^*
Female	28 (69.3)	13 (31.7)
Male	18 (45.0)	22 (55.0)
Age	(years)		0.195
15 to 19	7 (41.2)	10 (58.8)
20 to 24	21 (67.7)	10 (32.3)
25 to 29	18 (54.5)	15 (45.4)
Smartphone dependence or addiction			0.171
No dependence or addiction	13 (46.4)	15 (53.6)
Dependence or addiction	33 (62.3)	20 (37.7)
Piura
Sex			0.141
Female	49 (57.0)	37 (43.0)
Male	19 (73.1)	7 (26.9)
Age (years)			0.150
15 to 19	22 (75.9)	7 (24.1)
20 to 24	19 (54.3)	16 (45.7)
25 to 29	27 (56.2)	21 (43.7)
Smartphone dependence or addiction			0.003^*
No dependence or addiction	31 (79.5)	8 (20.5)
Dependence or addiction	37 (50.7)	36 (49.3)

* Values with statistical significance.

In Piura, although sex and age did not show significant associations, smartphone dependence or addiction did show a significant correlation, with a p-value of 0.003. Here it is observed that those with smartphone dependence or addiction present a higher prevalence (49.3%) of probable or definite bruxism.

Table 3 presents PR through two models: a simple model and an adjusted model. In the simple model we observe that, in the population of young “NEETs” in Piura, the proportion of bruxism is 3.77 times higher in those with smartphone dependence or addiction, with a 95% CI [1.53-9.30]. In the adjusted model of the same population of young “NEETs” from Piura, this association is amplified since the group with smartphone dependence or addiction has a proportion of bruxism 5.38 times higher than those without such dependence (95% CI [2.05-14.12]).

Table 3. Ratio of Bruxism Proportions by Smartphone Dependence/Addiction in NEET Youth in Two Peruvian Coastal Cities.

City	Simple Model				Adjusted model
City	PR	CI 95%		p-value	PR	CI 95%		p-value
Chincha
Sex
Female					Ref.
Male					3.03	0.21	1.33	0.174
Age (years)
15 to 19					Ref.
20 to 24					0.29	0.08	1.06	0.061
25 to 29					0.51	0.14	1.77	0.286
Smartphone dependence or addiction
No dependence or addiction	Ref.				Ref.
Dependence or addiction	0.52	0.21	1.33	0.174	0.54	0.20	1.45	0.222
Piura
Sex
Female					Ref.
Male					0.35	0.12	1.01	0.052
Age
15 to 19 years old					Ref.
20 to 24 years old					3.46	1.09	10.96	0.035*
25 to 29 years old					3.12	1.03	9.39	0.043*
Smartphone dependence or addiction
No dependence or addiction	Ref.				Ref.
Dependence or addiction	3.77	1.53	9.30	0.004*	5.38	2.05	14.12	0.001*

* Values with statistical significance.

The population of young “NEETs” in Chincha shows a different pattern. The proportion of bruxism in those with smartphone dependence is 0.52 times that of those without dependence or addiction (95% CI [0.21-1.33]). Regarding the adjusted model for Chincha, the proportion of bruxism continues to show no significant association with sex, age or smartphone dependence or addiction. These observations suggest that in Chincha, bruxism is not strongly associated with sex, age, or smartphone dependence in the population studied.

Discussion

Our study revealed a significant association between bruxism and smartphone dependence or addiction in Piura, contrasting with the lack of significant relationship in Chincha. The significant association in Piura indicates that excessive smartphone use may be contributing significantly to the prevalence of bruxism in this population. The lack of a significant relationship in Chincha suggests that other factors may be more directly related to bruxism in this area, or that the way in which technological dependence affects individuals may vary depending on the urban environment and its specific characteristics.⁸

Comparing our findings with those of Prado et al.,¹⁴ we note that both studies highlight a worrying correlation between intensive smartphone use and oral health problems such as bruxism. What distinguishes our research is the focus on young “NEETs”,¹⁵ this specificity proposes that technological dependence is a generalized problem that has greater effects in groups with certain sociodemographic and economic characteristics.¹⁶^,¹⁷ The observation by Carrillo et al.¹⁸ on the impact of lifestyle changes, such as increased physical inactivity during confinement, and its relationship with increased bruxism, finds a parallel in our results. However, our study was conducted outside periods of confinement, suggesting a more persistent and less circumstantial problem. This aligns with the findings of Emodi-Perlman et al.¹⁹ and Tinastepe and Iscan,²⁰ who evidence a link between smartphone use and bruxism and reinforce our findings within a global context. On the other hand, the research by Chen et al.²¹ expands the picture by linking sleep problems and Internet addiction to health disturbances, which enriches our understanding of how the overuse of digital technologies may affect other aspects of physical and mental well-being as well.²⁰^,²¹

Among the strengths of our study is the focus on young “NEETs”, a segment of the population that is rarely the focus of attention in research on oral health and technology. This specific demographic focus offers crucial insights into how the particularities of this group may influence their relationship with technology and its impact on health.

Despite its strengths, our study faced limitations, such as the reliance on self-reports to assess bruxism; this approach, although practical and widely used, may lead to response biases given that participants may underestimate or overestimate their smartphone use or the presence of bruxism symptoms.²² While these methodological challenges are relevant, they do not delegitimize the validity of our findings. Rather, they highlight the importance of conducting future research using mixed methods, combining self-reports with clinical examinations for bruxism and digital tracking of smartphone use. These more diversified methodological approaches would allow us to validate and deepen our findings, and to explore in greater detail the complex dynamics underlying the relationship between technology and oral health.

The identification of a significant relationship between bruxism and smartphone dependence or addiction among socially and economically vulnerable youth, such as the “NEETs” group, underscores the urgent need to study technology dependence, and to consider strategies to prevent bruxism and other related oral health problems.²³ In addition, it is crucial to foster a collaboration between health professionals, educators, parents, and policy makers to create a supportive environment that facilitates young “NEETs” to adopt more balanced and healthy lifestyles. Future actions should include more detailed research that explores the underlying mechanisms of this relationship and evaluates the efficacy of specific interventions for this population.

Ethics and consent

The study was approved with Official Letter from the Research Ethics Committee of the School of Stomatology N° 0109-2023-/UCV/P dated December 20, 2023. We adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Written consent was obtained from all participants.

Data availability

Underlying data

Figshare: Dataset ninis. DOI: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25970653.v2.²⁴

Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0).

Extended data

Figshare: Smartphone Addiction and Dependence Scale – 18 items (SADS-18). DOI: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.26210552.v1.²⁵

Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0).

Figshare: Self-reported bruxism questionnaire (SRBQ). DOI: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.26210573.v1.²⁶

Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0).

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Author details Author details

¹ Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Estomatología, Universidad Cesar Vallejo, Piura, Piura, 20001, Peru

Silvana Jackeline Yarlequé Mendoza
Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Investigation, Project Administration, Resources, Writing – Original Draft Preparation

Katerine Estefani Zambrano Uceda
Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Investigation, Project Administration, Resources, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation

Competing interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information

The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work.

Article Versions (1)

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Published: 01 Aug 2024, 13:861

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.152778.1

© 2024 Yarlequé Mendoza SJ et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Yarlequé Mendoza SJ, Zambrano Uceda KE and Orrego-Ferreyros LA. Smartphone dependence and addiction and bruxism in “NEET” young people in two coastal cities in Peru [version 1; peer review: 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2024, 13:861 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.152778.1)

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Reviewer Report 14 Dec 2024

Ali Ceylan, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey Universitesi, Karaman, Karaman, Turkey

Not Approved

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.167577.r347972

Dear author(s),

Your study may be unique in terms of technology use and reflecting jaw problems; however, I think that an inadequate research form was prepared at the data collection stage. I would like to express my ... Continue reading

In the introduction part of the article, after providing general information about the changes caused by the smartphone in the human body and posture, hypotheses that can explain the relationship between it and bruxism should be included. In this respect, I think the introduction part of the article is insufficient.
Literature reviews on whether or not there is a relationship between regional differences and bruxism should be included.

Methods

Why was the population in the 15-29 age group included? Was power analysis performed when determining the sample size before the study? Or was a pilot study conducted during the study and a power analysis conducted as a result? Was a power analysis performed at the end of the study? If so, these should be presented in the statistics section. If not, the sample size may be of concern in terms of bias.
Was daily smartphone usage time recorded by the researcher? For example, was 4 hours considered as a cut-off value and above this value was categorized as heavy

Discussion

What was the reason for the regional difference in the relationship between bruxism and smartphone addiction? At this point, if the daily smart phone usage time of the participants was recorded, it may be important to share these results. Or for what reason and justification did you explain this difference? It is unclear.
What do you think is the basis for the different results between gender and bruxism? Which parameter may have caused this difference between the sexes? I think there are not enough questions in the data collection methods. The underlying causes of bruxism should be investigated and these should be included in the research form. For example, swallowing problems, sleep problems or psychogenic factors may also cause bruxism. The fact that only evaluation questions about telephone use were asked does not make the research unique.
The fact that the discussion is not sufficiently addressed according to the results of the findings, and that the cause-effect relationship related to the significant parameters is not fully established, makes the study uncertain.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Partly
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

No
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

No
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Partly
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Partly
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

No

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: exercise, diabetes mellitus, diabetes mellitus, physiotherapy and rehabilitation, spine health, swallowing, smartphones

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above.

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Reviewer Response 05 Sep 2025

ALİ CEYLAN, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey Universitesi, Karaman, Turkey

05 Sep 2025

Reviewer Response

As a referee for this study, I believe that the necessary corrections should be made and responses to the criticisms should be provided.
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
As a referee for this study, I believe that the necessary corrections should be made and responses to the criticisms should be provided.
As a referee for this study, I believe that the necessary corrections should be made and responses to the criticisms should be provided.
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
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Reviewer Response 05 Sep 2025

ALİ CEYLAN, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey Universitesi, Karaman, Turkey

05 Sep 2025

Reviewer Response

As a referee for this study, I believe that the necessary corrections should be made and responses to the criticisms should be provided.
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
As a referee for this study, I believe that the necessary corrections should be made and responses to the criticisms should be provided.
As a referee for this study, I believe that the necessary corrections should be made and responses to the criticisms should be provided.
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
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Ali Ceylan, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey Universitesi, Karaman, Turkey

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14 Dec 2024 | for Version 1

Ali Ceylan, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey Universitesi, Karaman, Karaman, Turkey

8 Views Cite this report Responses(1)

Not Approved

In the introduction part of the article, after providing general information about the changes caused by the smartphone in the human body and posture, hypotheses that can explain the relationship between it and bruxism should be included. In this respect, I think the introduction part of the article is insufficient.
Literature reviews on whether or not there is a relationship between regional differences and bruxism should be included.

Methods

Why was the population in the 15-29 age group included? Was power analysis performed when determining the sample size before the study? Or was a pilot study conducted during the study and a power analysis conducted as a result? Was a power analysis performed at the end of the study? If so, these should be presented in the statistics section. If not, the sample size may be of concern in terms of bias.
Was daily smartphone usage time recorded by the researcher? For example, was 4 hours considered as a cut-off value and above this value was categorized as heavy

Discussion

What was the reason for the regional difference in the relationship between bruxism and smartphone addiction? At this point, if the daily smart phone usage time of the participants was recorded, it may be important to share these results. Or for what reason and justification did you explain this difference? It is unclear.
What do you think is the basis for the different results between gender and bruxism? Which parameter may have caused this difference between the sexes? I think there are not enough questions in the data collection methods. The underlying causes of bruxism should be investigated and these should be included in the research form. For example, swallowing problems, sleep problems or psychogenic factors may also cause bruxism. The fact that only evaluation questions about telephone use were asked does not make the research unique.
The fact that the discussion is not sufficiently addressed according to the results of the findings, and that the cause-effect relationship related to the significant parameters is not fully established, makes the study uncertain.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Partly
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

No
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

No
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Partly
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Partly
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

No

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

exercise, diabetes mellitus, diabetes mellitus, physiotherapy and rehabilitation, spine health, swallowing, smartphones

Respond to this report

Responses (1)

Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article:

Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested

Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.

Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions

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Smartphone dependence and addiction and bruxism in “NEET” young people in two coastal cities in Peru

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Keywords

Introduction

Methods

Type and design study

Participants

Instrument and procedures

Statistical analysis

Results

Table 1. Sociodemographic characteristics of “NEET” young people in two coastal cities in Peru.

Table 2. Factors related to bruxism in “NEET” young people in two coastal cities in Peru.

Table 3. Ratio of Bruxism Proportions by Smartphone Dependence/Addiction in NEET Youth in Two Peruvian Coastal Cities.

Discussion

Ethics and consent

Data availability

Underlying data

Extended data

References

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