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Opinion Article

Approaches to optimize the unnecessary caesarean section in Bangladesh

[version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations]
PUBLISHED 27 Mar 2025
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Abstract

In cases where vaginal delivery is not feasible and the mother's or the child's health is in danger, a Caesarean section (CS) is medically warranted. The World Health Organization (WHO) projects that between 10% and 15% of all births will have medically justifiable CS rates. Globally, WHO estimates that 6.2 million CSs are performed each year without medical justification. The determination to proceed with or forgo a CS can be understood as the result of weighing three key categories of influence: demand-side factors, supply-side factors, and clinical factors. Each of these categories contributes uniquely to the ultimate decision of whether to perform a CS, highlighting the multifaceted nature of this healthcare challenge. Within each input, there is also, often, a complex interplay. For example, there is a local narrative of mothers seeking an elective CS being "too posh to push", inextricably linking household socioeconomic factors and maternal preferences. On the supply side there are issues of the policy within the healthcare facility (private hospitals prefer CSs) and an interplay with time management and maximizing the efficiency of the facility. Bangladesh's CS has been on the rise; according to the most recent survey, it was 45%, far higher than the WHO recommendation. The private sector interacts with the high rates of CS in Bangladesh; MOH Bangladesh has little control over this sector. To optimize the CS rate, the nation must first recognize that needless CS is an issue and take all necessary action to address it.

Keywords

Caesarean Section, Maternal health, Bangladesh, Government regulation, Private Sector

Introduction

CS is justifiable when vaginal delivery is not possible due to medical conditions like labor dystocia, fetal malpresentation, abnormal or indeterminate fetal heart rate, suspected fetal macrosomia, etc. that can put the life of the mother and baby at risk. Though WHO expects that medically justified CS rates would not exceed 10%-15% of all births,1 in Bangladesh, CS rates have risen dramatically from 11% in 2011 to 45% in 2022.2 There is, however, no evidence of a dramatic increase in the medical need for CS. The increase appears to be driven by convenience and economic upliftment. The current rates are so high, that they have recast CS as a form of “normal delivery”, and urgent action is required to address the situation. Parturition is a natural physiological phenomenon. In specific situations, cesarean section may be necessary to safeguard the health of the woman and the infant. Even though the procedure itself carries inherent risks, the balancing of risks and harms means that too low a CS rate contributes to Introduction Caesarean section is warranted when vaginal birth is unfeasible owing to medical issues such as labor dystocia, fetal malpresentation, abnormal fetal heart rate, suspected fetal macrosomia, among others, that may jeopardize the lives of the mother and infant. Vaginal delivery is a normal, physiological phenomenon. In some situations, Caesarean section may be necessary to safeguard the health of the women and the infant.3 Despite the inherent hazards associated with the surgery, an excessively low Caesarean section rate results in heightened maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity due to the risk-harm balance. In contrast, excessive usage (i.e., the use of CS without medical rationale) has not demonstrated advantages. Excessive usage inflicts harm by subjecting both mother and infant to unwarranted risks, while also squandering essential human and financial resources.4,5 The World Health Organization estimates that 6.2 million Caesarean sections are conducted annually without medical reason.6 Consequently, the optimization of CS utilization represents a global problem and a public health dilemma.7,8

Discussion

Caesarean section is a significant surgical intervention, and before to its execution, the advantages must surpass the potential hazards.9,10 Current research suggests that neonates born via Caesarean section are at an increased risk of hypothermia, respiratory insufficiency, and necessitate admission to the critical care unit throughout the neonatal period. There is an elevated life-course risk of chronic conditions such as obesity, asthma, and atopic disorders.11 The hazards are significantly heightened if the Caesarean section is conducted before to 39 weeks of gestational age or electively before the onset of labor. Mothers who undergo Caesarean sections exhibit elevated incidences of postpartum hemorrhage, infection, and an increased likelihood of miscarriage and stillbirth in future pregnancies.12 Certain nations have a dual challenge concerning Caesarean section (CS) service, characterized by the detrimental effects of both unaddressed demand for CS and the delivery of hazardous CS procedures. Other nations encounter a triple burden, which compounds the overutilization of Caesarean sections with their pre-existing double burden.13,14 Considering the potential for substantial population growth in certain nations already experiencing the dual and triple burden of Caesarean sections (CS), it is likely that the overutilization of CS, unsafe administration of CS, and unmet demand for CS will pose considerable challenges to these countries in attaining their 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

The most recent data from the Lancet CS series, encompassing over 99% of global births from 169 countries, indicates that the Caesarean section rate exceeds the recommended threshold in several nations.15 The global CS rate exhibits an average yearly growth of 4.4%, as indicated by trend analysis of data from 150 countries spanning from 1994 to 2014.16 The average yearly growth is significantly greater in emerging nations than in industrialized countries.17 The prevalence of Caesarean sections without medical justification seems to be concentrated in lower-risk pregnancies (nulliparous, term, single, vertex presentation), which account for around 60% of all Caesarean section cases.18 The study could not incorporate the indication-based CS rate, which may have provided further insights, as it was outside the scope of this work.

Caesarean section in Bangladesh

In Bangladesh, 65% of all deliveries take place in healthcare facilities: 45% in private hospitals, 18% in state hospitals, and 2% in NGO hospitals.2 The present Caesarean section rate in Bangladesh is 45%. Private hospitals constitute 85% of all Caesarean sections (CS), over which the Bangladeshi government exerts minimal control and monitoring. Efforts to decrease the Caesarean section rate in Bangladesh inevitably necessitate governmental engagement in the private sector. The decision to undertake or abandon a Caesarean section may be comprehended as the outcome of evaluating three primary areas of influence: demand-side considerations, supply-side factors, and clinical aspects1921 (refer to Figure 1). Each category individually influences the final conclusion regarding the performance of a CS, underscoring the complex nature of this healthcare issue. Each input frequently has a complicated interaction. For instance, a local narrative suggests that ladies opting for elective Caesarean sections are “too posh to push,” so intertwining socioeconomic issues with maternal preferences. The supply side has challenges related to healthcare facility policies, since private hospitals favour Caesarean sections, alongside considerations of time management and operational efficiency.

8fb0bcf4-bc4b-4912-9e5d-76e06524ea5c_figure1.gif

Figure 1. Conceptual framework of factors associated with caesarean deliveries in Bangladesh adapted from Gosh et al.21

Figure 1 clarifies the ramifications of the CS decision, highlighting four primary areas of impact: maternal health cost/benefit, neonatal health cost/benefit, patient economic burden, and institutional economic burden. This highlights the extensive ramifications of CS decisions, which extend beyond urgent medical factors to include long-term health effects and cost impacts for people and broader healthcare systems.

In Bangladesh, private hospitals significantly contribute to the high incidence of Caesarean sections, mostly owing to their profit-driven model. These institutions usually prioritize rapid and efficient services, often resulting in the unnecessary frequency of conducting CS. In contrast to public hospitals, which may have budget constraints and delayed care, private hospitals provide timely surgical operations, typically seen by patients as a safer and more regulated choice for birthing.

The presence of skilled surgeons and the adaptability of arranging consultations beyond standard government hours contribute to the higher frequency of Caesarean sections at private institutions. The convenience, along with enhanced socioeconomic conditions, enables an increasing portion of the population to bear the expenses of Caesarean sections, hence solidifying its choice over vaginal birth. Furthermore, some women and their families regard Caesarean sections as a safer alternative, swayed by the hygienic, well-equipped settings of private hospitals in contrast to the frequently congested and seemingly less sanitary surroundings of public hospitals.

Nonetheless, these activities elicit considerable apprehension. The excessive utilization of Caesarean sections not only subjects’ women and infants to unwarranted surgical hazards but also burdens the healthcare system by reallocating resources that could be employed more efficiently in other areas. The absence of oversight in private hospitals intensifies this problem, since several facilities do not engage in the government's Maternal and Neonatal Health (MNH) initiatives, which prioritize evidence-based procedures and compliance with national and international health objectives. Having one Caesarean section significantly elevates the likelihood of undergoing a Caesarean section in any future pregnancy.

Global evidences to reduce nonclinical caesarean sections

Diana et al.3 proposed, based on a review of literature, that two kinds of interventions can effectively lower the Caesarean section rate in a nation.

  • A. Clinician-focused:

    • a. Clinical practices: i. Trial of labor following Caesarean section and vaginal birth after Caesarean section (VBAC) ii. External cephalic version for breech presentation, iii. Judicious administration of oxytocin during labor augmentation,

    • b. Nonclinical Approaches: i. Audit and feedback mechanisms for facility deliveries, ii. Clinical practice guidelines, iii. Head stop policies (consultation with another obstetrician regarding Caesarean section), iv. Financial incentives for healthcare providers.

  • B. Patient-Centered Strategies:

    • a. Prenatal Assistance: i. Continuous prenatal social support, ii. Prenatal public health education.

    • b. Intrapartum Assistance: i. Continuous labor surveillance, ii. Non-pharmacological analgesic interventions for labor pain

    Cochrane and another meta-analysis examined and endorsed the aforementioned strategies under three specific interventions: i. For women and families, ii. For service providers, and iii. For organizations or facilities. The widespread implementation of partographs (Currently known as Labour Care Guide) has the potential to reduce the Caesarean section rate.22

Conclusions

The need for regulatory and educational interventions

The high incidence of caesarean sections in Bangladesh, especially among private facilities, necessitates immediate intervention. The government must enforce regulatory measures to align private healthcare providers with the norms of public institutions. This may encompass compulsory involvement in MNH programs, compliance with clinical protocols, and routine evaluations of CS practices.

Public education initiatives are essential. Women and their families must to be apprised of the possible hazards linked to unnecessary caesarean sections and the advantages of vaginal birth when medically appropriate. Enhancing the engagement of qualified midwives and advocating for active, health-conscious lives among women of reproductive age may further diminish the necessity for elective caesarean sections.

In accordance with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specifically SDG-3, Bangladesh should prioritize the reduction of superfluous caesarean section rates as an integral component of its overarching plan to enhance maternal and new born health. The incorporation of skilled midwives during birthing may result in a decrease in caesarean section births. By tackling the economic, clinical, and policy-related variables that contribute to elevated caesarean section rates, the nation may strive for more fair and safe delivery practices, therefore enhancing health outcomes for both women and children. The authors of the Lancet series and FIGO policy statement call for increased research on strategies aimed at decreasing the incidence of needless caesarean sections. They concede that the initial step towards success is the acknowledgment of the issue at the national level.23

Ethics and consent

Ethical approval and consent were not required.

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Rahman A, Hasan ASM, Dewan F et al. Approaches to optimize the unnecessary caesarean section in Bangladesh [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2025, 14:340 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.162420.1)
NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.
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Current Reviewer Status: ?
Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW
ApprovedThe paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested
Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.
Not approvedFundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions
Version 1
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PUBLISHED 27 Mar 2025
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Reviewer Report 28 Apr 2025
Abdul Halim, Centre for Injury Prevention and Research Bangladesh (CIPRB), Dhaka, Bangladesh 
Approved with Reservations
VIEWS 9
The article seems to be a literature review – it could rather a systemic review with data from meta-analysis methods which has not been included. However, the quoted information based on the reference looks convincing.  
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Halim A. Reviewer Report For: Approaches to optimize the unnecessary caesarean section in Bangladesh [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2025, 14:340 (https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.178619.r373948)
NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Version 1
VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 27 Mar 2025
Comment
Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article:
Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested
Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.
Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions
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