Education Reform using Common Career Selective Programme (CCSP) to Promote Education-for-All (EFA)

Research objective

The main objectives of this research is to analyze the gaps in the current education system that limit equal access and the relevance to career aspirations. Examine the potential of the Common Career Selective Programme (CCSP), as a framework for aligning curriculum with lifelong learning and employability. Assess how CCSP can support the goals of Education-for-All (EFA) by making education more inclusive, equitable, and career-oriented. To identify policy measures required to integrate CCSP into Ghana’s pre-tertiary education system. And to provide actionable recommendations for policymakers on implementing of CCSP to drive systematic education reform.

Specific objectives:

Education reform

Education reform calls for new policies that bring about systematic changes across the entire structure of the education system, particularly in the design of courses and curricula. In Ghana, the Ministry of Education (MoE) together with the Ghana Education Service (GES) oversee policy formulation and the implementation of approved courses and programmes at the pre-tertiary level. The programmes are aimed at equitable quality formal education (Adu-Agyem & Osei-Poku, 2012). Educational reforms also go with Standard Based Curriculum (SBC) (Asante et al., 2024) development to attain education system for domestic and international recognition. Ghana's new educational reform over the years includes the introduction of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET), which was hope to close the gap between theory and hands-on training, and Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) to equip learners with the mindset and tools to solve problems, and innovate. The TVET review to assess its effectiveness in Ethiopia proposed practical implementation based on international best practice, and policy enactment across Africa (Hagos Baraki & van Kemenade, 2013). Currently, TVET is been implemented in many Africa countries and beyond. Education reform requires collaboration of all stakeholders. Regional organization such as the West Africa Examination Council (WAEC) (Nweze & Obu, 2022), an examination board mandated to harmonize standardized examination, and committed to excellent education, providing quality and reliable education assessment in the West Africa should be part of any major education reform.

Education in Ghana over the years has experienced education reforms (Kuyini, 2013). The proposed new education reform requires holistic approach devoid of intermittent interference during regime change. The reforms should cover all the pre-tertiary schools: Preparatory schools’ education could mimic Montessori education, which involves the children’s natural intrinsic interest. Primary Schools to provide formative learning of literacy and numeracy. Junior High Schools (JHS) to provide foundation to specialized advance subjects. Senior High Schools (SHS), TVET and STEM schools to provide career development programmes, as an entry point to the world of work. While tertiary education and higher educational institutes (HEI) could concentrate on Research, Development and Demonstration (RD&D) (Sweet & Palazzi, 2015) programmes tailored to fulfil lifelong Education-for-All (EFA).

Lifelong learning begins with theoretical understanding of personality inventory (PI), based on the Big-five factors of self-rating; Surgency, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, and intellect (Goldberg, 1993). Where bipolar and unipolar are useful in educational setting, to influence the correlation between course of study and career aspiration. The Holland RIASEC typology (Holland, 1997), relate personal characteristics to occupational structures, where Self-Directed Search (SDS), and personal career theory (PCT) view three components of the PCT as: (1) personal characteristics, (2) occupational knowledge, or (3) translation units, which serves as guidance for education and career. The PCT is fundamentally a matching system, probably developed informally over a lifetime. However, when this rudimentary matching system stalls or fails, then Holland's career choice theory is based on matching one's career interests with suitable jobs. Where the RIASEC’s interest define combination of other additional interest measures, to identify how students from various educational settings and Vocational choice theory allows individuals to freely choose careers based on their interests. According to Holland, individuals are attracted to certain careers because of their personality, and a number of variables that constitute their background.

Poor education in Ghana

The World Bank report in 2018 has warned that about 56 per cent of Ghana’s human capital will go waste in the 18 years because of the poor quality of the country’s education system. The Human Capital Index (HCI) measures the amount of capital that a child born in the country today can expect to attain by age 18. It stated that the poor quality of education would translate into lack of capacity to support sustainable national development. The report made public position Ghana 116 out of 157 countries. “The reality is that the education in Ghana is not of good quality”. Dr Guiffrida observed that although Ghana had enormous natural resources potential, the country had not been able to sustainably develop because of the weak capacity of human resources.

Ghana is the last but one country on the latest World Bank Human Capital Index (HCI), which looked at the performance of basic and secondary school candidate in harmonized test scores globally. The Poverty ravaged Niger was the only country Ghana was able to beat on the ranking with a score of 307 which was way below the average score of 391 for Lower Middle-Income (LMI) Countries. The five lowest-ranked countries which are all in Africa are Niger, 305; Ghana, 307; Mali, 307, Seirra Leone, 316; and the Democratic Republic of Congo, 318. Ghana’s low ranking could be blamed on the poor quality of education of education in the country at the basic and secondary schools’ level, the report stated.

“For Ghana, although children attend school for an average of 12 years from basic to secondary level, if you measure the results of their test scores, you will realize that the amount of content they have learnt is just equivalent to what someone in another country will learn in about 6 years. It means that young people are learning at only half capacity. Ghana’s enrolment is high, but what the children learn leaves so much to be desired” Henry Kerali, the Country Director of the World Bank office in Ghana explained. He added that the only way to reverse the trend is for the country to invest in its human resources to imbibe the right innovation and technology that would help make the best use of the natural resources.

Policy outcomes and implications

The data analyzed from Ghana Senior High Schools Annual Digest 2019/2020, put the number of year one students (SHS 1) is 400,612. The number of year two students (SHS 2) is 426,219. And the number of year three students (SHS 3) at 354,126. The total number of students per one academic year is 1,180,957. The limited number of courses studied dwindles the human capacity index of the graduate students the schools produce. Annually, more than 350,000 SHS students graduate, only to be confronted with another challenge of choosing a course for further studies at a tertiary institution, different from the course they studied in the high schools. Again, most graduates pursue a career different from the courses they studied in the high schools, and their intrinsic individual abilities, career interests, and career goals are in variance. This problem requires a call-to-action for education reform and new curriculum.

Curriculum reforms globally adhered to the six-step approach to curriculum development (Khan & Abu Salek, 2019). Step 1: Problem Identification and General Needs Assessment. Step 2: Targeted Needs Assessment. Step 3: Goals and Objectives. Step 4: Educational Strategies. Step 5: Implementation. And Step 6: Evaluation and Feedback.

Common Career Selective Programme

To address the challenges of young people learning at half capacity of education in Ghana, the poor quality of education, and the problem of courses offered selection, the method adopted is course and curricula modification (CCM), to assess the potential of Common Career Selection Programme (CCSP), as an alternative solution to these challenges. The CCSP provides equal access of education using CCM, where the content of courses and curricula plays a key role in the education reform, to modernize and improve the quality of teaching and learning.

The CCSP concept is a modification of the 7 main courses into 18 Major courses (CCSP-18), as Courses Offered. It consists of Course Header, where every student is mandated to selected one out of the 18 courses. Courses Abstract, which provide a brief summary, as a quick overview of the major course. Courses Description, provide detail content of the major course, the main focus, goals, and scope of the course. Other requirements of the major courses include; Course Curriculums, Core Subjects, Selective Subjects, Elective Subjects, Language and Culture studies, Subject Combinations and others subject options for the major courses.

The CCM of the seven main courses are modified as follows:

The CCSP is a structured basic educational knowledge and training programme, designed to help students to explore within a broader curriculum of education, for individuals to harness their innate abilities through the various career paths, under education and training within educational setting. Where the pedagogies of the Basic School, Senior High School, Senior High Technical School, Technical and Vocational Education and Training, and Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics schools, to deliver basic educational knowledge and training. In addition, the CCSP provides tabulated list of career options of the major courses, and career requirement for specific qualification, skills and experience as a condition to perform certain professions. The Table 1 shows modified courses and curricula for the CCSP.

Actionable recommendations

The seven points CCSP actionable recommendations are:

Agricultural Careers and Careers Requirements

Agricultural workers help to provide one of the main basic human needs, which is food. They work to produce all the food that we eat, and also some produce the materials that are used to make clothes, which also form part of the main basic needs of mankind. Careers in the Agriculture is listed in Table 2. Requirements: Agricultural Extension Officers have degrees or diplomas from Agricultural Colleges or a bachelor’s degree from a university. Mechanization and irrigation produced food on a larger scale. In the rural areas, most farmers and fishermen do not have formal education.

Administration - Administration, Secretarial and Office Support Studies

The Commercial Course offers learners basic educational knowledge in Administration, Secretarial and Office Support Studies, that equip students with the skills and experience required, to manage administrative tasks and support organizational operations effectively. This area of study is essential for the roles in business, government, education, healthcare, and other sectors.

Administration, Secretarial, and Office Support Careers and Career Requirements

Organizations such as industries, businesses, the private sector, and other government agencies require workers in offices and administrative sectors, to ensure the efficient and smooth running of such organizations. Table 3 shows a list of Administration, and Office Support careers. Requirements: Most administrative and office support workers have degree from universities, or Diploma from higher school education. Other employers prefer college, vocational or secretarial and high schools job seekers.

Business and Finance - Business, Accounting, Banking, and Financial Studies

The Business, Accounting, Banking, and Financial Studies, provide the basic educational knowledge and training of a comprehensive field that covers various aspects of commerce, finance, and economic transactions. Sales and process of promoting and selling goods or services. Business activity of making, buying, or selling goods or services for profit. Banking the business conducted or services offered by a bank, including holding money for savings and checking accounts or issuing loans. Financial studies of how individuals, businesses, and organizations manage and use financial resources. This field is vital for understanding the dynamics of how businesses operate, how sales drive growth, and how financial systems underpin the economy, providing a foundation for careers in various industries.

Careers in Business, Accounting, Banking, and Financial Services, Career Requirements

Workers in the areas of sales, service, Banking and finance inform people about products or services and persuade them to buy. Most sales workers sell their products in the markets and in shops and super markets. There are other sales representatives ready to answer questions about a product or to demonstrate how a product works. Careers in Sales, Business, Banking, and Finance options in listed in Table 4. Requirements: Companies that employ sales workers prefer to have at least high school education. Usually, they receive on-the-job training. Insurance sales agents, stockbrokers and other financial services employ people with a degree or college education. Wholesale, retail and manufacturing sale representatives prefer to have people with college or university degree.

Management - Management, Leadership, Politics, and Authority Studies

The Management, Leadership, Politics, and Authority Studies, provide the basic educational knowledge which delve into the principles and practices of guiding organizations, influencing political systems, and exercising power and authority. These fields are crucial for understanding how societies are organized, decisions are made, and leadership is exercised across various sectors. Management studies cover business, organizational behavior, financial management. Leadership ensures ethics, local and global politics, and international relations. Authority studies include sociology of power, legal authority and public administration. This course is vital for equipping individuals with the knowledge and skills to lead organizations, influence public policy, and understand the complex dynamics of power in society.

Management, Leadership, Politics, and Authority Careers and Career Requirements

Management, Leadership, Politics, and Authority work force, called managers are the leaders of businesses and organizations. All businesses and organizations need managers to plan and administer activities and policies and to train and supervise other employees. Some managers are elected officials; they develop policies and laws and direct activities. The levels of management are different with different amount of authority and responsibility. Upper managers and chief executive officers, president and vice president have the most authority. Table 5 provide an option of careers in the Management, Leadership, Politics, and Authority. Requirements: Most managers, elected officials and management analysts are college graduates and many have advance degrees. Some organizations offer formal training programmes for their managers.

Technical/Vocational - Technical, Construction, Repairs, and Maintenance, Fashion and Catering Studies

The Technical/Vocational - Technical, Construction, Repairs, and Maintenance Fashion and Catering Studies (TVET), provide basic educational knowledge that focuses on basics of design, building, fitting, mechanics, technicians and other specialized sectors such as Fashion, Clothing, and Catering Services. For effective working of automobiles, electricals, electronics, structures, infrastructure, and systems, these workforces are inevitable. These fields are essential for creating and maintaining the built environment, ensuring safety and sustainability. Construction, Maintenance, Repairs and Technical skills is prerequisite as Interdisciplinary Civil Engineering, Architecture, Environmental Engineering and Urban Planning and many others, to ensure that infrastructure meets current and future needs.

Careers in Technical, Construction, Maintenance, and Repairs, and Career Requirements

Most workers in the field of construction help in the building of houses, roads, bridges, culverts, shops and other commercial building. Maintenance and repair workers help to maintain machinery and other properties and fix them when they are faulty or not working properly. Construction, Maintenance, and Repairs careers shown in Table 6 offers option in this category. Requirements: Most workers in this field of careers have a minimum of JHS or SHS. Others learn or attend either a technical or a vocational school, whiles others have degrees from university. Mostly the fitters learn their skills through on-the-job training.

Industrial Technology - Production, Manufacturing and Industrial Studies

The Industrial Technology - Production, Manufacturing, and Industrial Studies, provide the basic educational knowledge of broad field that encompasses various aspects of creating goods and managing industrial processes. Production teaches the process of transforming raw materials into finished goods through various methods and processes. Manufacturing provides steps through which raw materials are transformed into a final product. Industrial Studies is an interdisciplinary field that examines industrial processes, systems, and organizations to improve efficiency, productivity, and sustainability. Technological Integration provide the use of control systems for operating equipment. Applications of Health and Safety in addition to Research and Development (R&D). This field is dynamic and continuously evolving with advancements in technology and shifts in global markets, making it a vital area of study for improving industrial efficiency and innovation.

Careers in Production, Manufacturing, and Industry, and Career Requirements

Workers in this category are involved in making or preparing goods either by hand or machine. These products range from simple wooden objects such as tables and chairs to complex computer parts. Some production workers are involved in food processing. Production, Manufacturing, and Industrial careers options is provided in Table 7. Requirements: Most workers in this group have to study at college, technical or vocational school. Others pursue apprenticeship programs. In other area, JHS or SHS level is required, while in other sectors formal education and Bachelor’s or Master’s degree is required.

Home Science - Home Economic, and Personal Services Studies

The Home Science - Personal Services, and Home Economics Studies, provide the basic educational knowledge that focuses on skills and knowledge related to individual well-being, family management, and consumer services. These fields prepare individuals for careers in service-oriented industries and equip them with practical skills for managing personal and household needs. Personal Services include Cosmetology and Beauty, Fitness and Personal Training, Health and Wellness. Home Economics covers Family and Consumer Sciences, Textiles and Clothing, and Home Management, Food and Nutrition. Personal Services and Home Economics Studies are integral for preparing individuals to provide essential services that enhance quality of life, foster healthy living, and support personal and family well-being.

Careers in Personal Services, and Home Economic, and Career Requirements

Some of the workers in this category require special skills to perform personal task for people. Many personal services are the type of services people can do themselves but for one reason or the other they prefer that specialist in these areas perform these tasks. Careers in Personal Services, and Home Economics in listed in Table 8. Requirements: Most workers in this field require formal education or training. However, at least Junior school level may be required, other workers receive on the job training, some may have to attend special training and have degree.

Hospitality and Tourism - Hospitality, Hotelier, Travel and Tourism Studies

The Hospitality and Tourism - Hospitality, Hotelier, Travel and Tourism Studies, is to provide the basic educational knowledge of Hospitality and tourism industries, such as hotels, restaurants, travel agencies, event planning and tourism management. It provides the framework of the importance of customers and perspective of global tourism and travel trend and destination management.

Careers in Hospitality, and Tourism, Hotelier, and Travel and Tour, Career Requirements

People who work in the field of tourism and hospitality provide services that help people to enjoy their vacations and leisure times. Some hospitality services plan their activities, which include recreational services. Other makes the guest happy while they enjoy live programs and services. Table 9 is the list of careers in the Hospitality, and Tourism industries. Requirements: At least high school education is required in most tourism and hospitality services. Travel and tour services also prefer people with vocational education, technical, college, polytechnic or university graduate.

Audio Visual, and Physical Arts: Audio Visual, Performing and Literary Arts, Sports and Music - Sports, and Design Studies

The Sports, Music and Entertainment Studies (SMES), provide the basic educational knowledge of interdisciplinary field which focuses on preparing students for careers in sports, music and entertainment industries. The course provides combine creative technical and artistic skills. Sports management, athlete representation, music production, concert and event promotion, Film, Radio and Television production.

Careers in Audio Visual, Performing and Literary Arts, Sports and Music - Sports, and Design Studies, and Career Requirements

Millions of people are actively involved in sporting events and enjoy the excitement of competition. Entertainment activities amuse many audiences. Others, like beauty contests and concert performances, are also enjoyed by thousands of people. Some workers specialized in certain sporting and athletic activities. Sports, Music, and Entertainment career options are provided in Table 10. Requirements: For many careers in the sports and entertainment group, there are no specific educational requirements before one cold engage in such activities. Most of the people engaged in sports or entertainment have natural talent and they practice or train for hours in a day. Many athletes earn degrees while they compete in college athletics programs. Officials of sports were in most cases sports personnel and may specialize in coaching or as trainers. Other attends colleges or earns degree from university.

Multimedia Arts: Radio and Television, Media, Communication, Journalism Studies

The Multimedia Arts – Radio and Television, Media, Communication, and Journalism Studies, provides basic educational knowledge that covers a diverse range of disciplines focused on creative, analysis, and interpretation of audio visual and media content. The Art studies involve exploration of Visual Arts, Performing Arts and Literary Arts. It focuses on both practical skills and creativity which require theoretical and practical tutelage. Media studies examine production, distribution, and consumption of media content, such as film, television, radio, and online platforms. Communication studies delve into the ways people share information through various channels, including Journalism, and digital communication. Design studies focus on the principles and practices of creativity, fashion, graphic design, industrial design, and interior design.

Art, Media, Communication, and Design Careers, and Career Requirements

Occupations in the areas of art, media, communications, and design, express their thought, feeling, ideas and current affairs in their work, provide beauty to the lives of their customers. Others express their ideas through information processing. An option of careers in Art, Media, Communication, and Design has been provided in Table 11. Requirements: A greater number of artists have natural artistic abilities. Some artists have to undergo training, while some have no formal training. However, others have a degree in fine arts from a university, college, or school of art. Most designers have diploma from polytechnics. In the field of communication, a bachelor’s degree or master’s degree is a requirement.

Law and Legal Arts - Law, Legal Systems, and Human Rights Studies

The Law and Legal Systems - Law, Legal Systems, and Human Rights Studies, is to provide basic educational knowledge involve in the exploration of legal principles, institutions, and practices that govern societies. This field encompasses analysis of laws, the role of legal institutions, constitutions and the impact of legal systems on individuals and communities. It is essential for understanding the frameworks that maintain order, protect rights, and resolve disputes. The Course provides foundation of law, civil law, criminal law, public law, international law, corporate and commercial law, dispute resolution, legal systems and institutions. The basics of Law and Legal practice are critical for training legal professionals, shaping public policy, and understanding the legal foundations that support justice and governance in society.

Careers in Law, Legal Systems, and Human Rights, and Career Requirements

Workers in these categories help people to protect and preserve their rights and freedom. Law is one of the basic social institutions without which no society could exist if people could do just what they pleased. Within every society each person has some obligation towards one another. Table 12 provides the list of careers in Law, and Legal Practice. Requirements: Most lawyers have college education and degree from a Law schools and universities. Most judges have been lawyers. Workers in the paralegals usually have an associate or a bachelor’s degree, and may have specialized legal training.

Education - Education, Training Teaching and Learning, and Faculty Studies

The Education – Education, Training, Teaching, and Learning studies to offer basic educational knowledge of teaching, training and education studies as academic and professional field focused on the theory and practice of facilitating learning and skill development, as pre-requisite entry requirement to teacher training colleges and universities.

Careers in Teaching, Education, and Training, and Career Requirements

Workers in this professional group offer systematic information to students based on subjects. They teach many kinds of skills and cultural values to students of all ages. A variety of methods of teaching are employed, including practical, laboratory, workshops, presentations, demonstrations, excursions, research, the use of computers and information technology, and project presentations. While others practice a Dual Education System. Career options in Teaching, Education, and Training are provided in Table 13. Requirements: Almost all teachers need a bachelor’s degree. Others are required to complete a professional teacher training program before they can teach. Some pre-school teachers and teacher’s aides do not need a degree. Many high school teachers and most college and university faculty have advanced degrees. Those teaching in the universities have a doctorate degree others require a minimum of a master’s degree.

Social Science - Humanities, Community, Civil Protection, and Social Studies

The Social Science - Humanities, Community, Civil Protection, and Social Studies, provide basic educational knowledge of societal structures, the role of community engagement, and strategies for ensuring public safety and well-being. The study is essential for understanding and improving the quality of life in various communities through effective governance, social support systems, emergency management, Police, Military, and Para-Military Services for defense and protection.

Humanities, Community, Civil Protection, and Social Services Careers, and Career Requirements

People engaged in community and social services provide assistance to society, in order to improve the quality of life in their neighborhood and in the societies in which they find themselves. People depend on these workers to help them individually or as a group. They also help families solve their problems. Counselors in particular help people identify their problem and find solutions. Other social workers offer assistance in emergency cases. Careers in Community, Civil Protection, and Social Services has been provided in Table 14. Requirements: At least a High School level of education is the minimum requirement for all branches of the forces such as the Army, Air-force, Police, Fire, Prison, Customs, and Immigration services and other voluntary services. A diploma or university degree may be preferred in some cases or a professional qualification. Most members of the Clergy attend seminaries, other field within the community and social services require degree from a university.

Health Science - Health Care, Medicine, and Allied Health Studies

The Health Science - Health Care, Medicine, and Allied Health Studies, provide basics educational knowledge of scientific, social, and behavioral aspects of health care and wellness, focusing on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases and the promotion of overall health. This interdisciplinary field of study integrates knowledge from biology, chemistry, medicine, psychology, and public health to improve individual and community health outcomes. HSS cover basics of Biomedical Sciences, Public Health, Clinical Medicine, Nursing and Allied Health Professions, Nutrition and Dietetics, Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Mental Health and Psychology, Health Informatics and basics herbal medicine. Health Science Studies are fundamental for advancing healthcare practices, improving patient outcomes, and promoting public health on a global scale.

Careers in Health Care, Medicine, and Allied Health Services, and Career Requirements

Workers in this category provide a wide range of services, which help people live healthier and happier lives. They prevent, diagnose and treat illnesses. And in some case complex surgical operation or transplant could be performed. Table 15 provide several career options in the Health Science and Health care services. Requirements: Preparation towards health care careers can take many years of studies. In most cases a Bachelor’s degree has to be obtained before the actual medical training begins. In other areas a Bachelor’s, Master’s or Associate degrees has to be obtained. And most healthcare assistance may have to attend specialized institutions to acquire a degree or diploma.

Engineering Science - Engineering, Innovation and Mathematics Studies

The Engineering Science - Engineering, Innovation, and Mathematics Studies, provide the basic educational knowledge of a broad interdisciplinary field that integrates principles of engineering, scientific methods, and mathematical analysis to solve real-world complex technical problems by focusing on core concepts in physics, chemistry, materials science, and mathematics. Engineering Science focuses on applying scientific principles to real-world engineering problems. Bridge the gap between theoretical science and practical engineering applications such as Aerospace, Biological, Civil, Chemical, Computer, Environmental, Electrical and Electronics. Mathematics for Engineering provides the quantitative tools needed for problem-solving and system modeling.

Engineering Science, Innovation and Mathematics Careers, Career Requirements

Professional in Engineering Science and Mathematics field like mechanical, electrical, civil, and chemical engineering have the ability, knowledge, experience and problem-solving skills. They develop analytical and critical thinking skills to tackle engineering challenges. Using Innovation and Research to supports technological advancements in emerging areas like renewable energy, robotics, and Artificial Intelligence (AI). Careers in Engineering and Mathematics is shown in Table 16, and offer alternative careers options. Requirements: Most engineers require basic strong foundation in Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Computer Science to pursue a degree in Engineering Science and Mathematics. Professionals in this field require Bachelor’s Degree (BEng/BSc), Master’s Degree (MEng/MSc), or PhD (Doctorate).

Life, Physical, and Astronomical Science Studies

The Life, Physical and Astronomical Science Studies, provide the basic educational knowledge of a wide range of disciplines that explore the natural world, from the molecular mechanisms of life, to the fundamental principles governing the universe. These fields are crucial for advancing scientific knowledge, technological innovation, and understanding the complexities of the environment and living organisms. Life Science Studies include Biology, Biochemistry, Botany, Zoology, Microbiology. While Physical Science Studies covers Physics, Chemistry, Earth Science and Astronomy. The foundational for scientific discovery and innovation, addressing global challenges, and improving the quality of life through a deeper understanding of natural phenomena.

Life, Physical, and Astronomical Science Careers, and Career Requirements

Careers within these categories, mostly scientists, their discoveries and redevelopment help us to understand the functions of the world in which we live. There are areas where prevention is needed and where new development is required. Life, Physical, and Social Science careers in Table 17, offers option of career types in this category. Requirements: Most scientists have doctorate degree. A minimum of bachelor’s degree is required. In most cases these scientists and doctor of philosophy (PhD) undertake research with research assistance.

Computer Science – Computer, Technology, IoT, Robotics and Coding Studies

The Computer Science – Computer, Technology, IoT, Robotics and coding Studies focus on the basic educational knowledge of understanding, designing and applying modern technological systems and programming languages of coding to solve real word problems. Study tools and systems such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Cybersecurity, Data Science, Cloud Computing and Human-Computer Interaction (HCI).

Careers in Computers, Technology, Internet-of-things, Computer, and Coding, and Career Requirements

Workers in this group use computer and technology to prepare or analyze a variety of complicated procedures. Business and organization cannot function efficiently without these professionals who design complicated items like the microprocessor clip, computers, automobile, aircraft and other complex projects. Careers in the Technology, Internet-of-things, Computer, and Coding in provided in Table 18. Requirements: Almost all the professionals in the fields of Computer Science and Technology, either have to complete their education at a technical institution, college, polytechnic or university. Most employers require a bachelor’s degree.

Transportation - Aviation, Shipping, Railways and Vehicular Studies

The Transportation - Aviation, Shipping, Railways and Vehicular Studies, provide basic educational knowledge in planning, design, management and optimization of transportation systems and facilities. It emphasizes sustainability, efficiency and safety. The transportation sector include; Air, Rail, Road, and Water transportation. The study provides knowledge acquisition in the systems and network of Aviation, Aircraft and Airport systems. It also includes; Maritime, Shipping, Harbour, Port freight and forward, import and export systems, railway and train service system, Heavy duty vehicles and light trucks, commercial Buses and private cars used to move people, goods and services efficiently and safely.

Careers in Transportation - Aviation, Shipping, Railways and Vehicular Studies, and Career Requirements

People, goods and services moving from one place to another depend greatly on transport services. These services range from air, sea, rail and road transportation, worker in the field of transport help passengers and goods to move from one place to another. Transportation, and Facilities careers Table 19 provide an option of water, rail, road and air transportation. Requirements: At least all qualified drivers should have basic formal education and should possess valid driver’s license. Aircraft pilot should have bachelor’s degree. Many water transportation workers have professional training or bachelor’s degree from Maritime University or nautical college. Air transportation requires special training relating to aviation and airport systems.