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Systematic Review

Supplementing qualitative analysis with geometry in disaster management

[version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]
PUBLISHED 13 Jan 2025
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Abstract

Very little research has been conducted to rigorously study the application of geometry for qualitative analysis in the field of disaster management. The present work aims to examine how to enhance qualitative analysis in the field by applying geometry. Descriptive qualitative analysis was used as the main methodology with the support of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist and flow chart to describe not only the nature of qualitative analysis but also how the method can be enhanced by geometric application. The principal finding was that the field supplements qualitative analysis with geometry to improve the quality of research, considering the scratch programming language, machine-oriented learning, geometric effects, and the issue of awareness. This study provides a comprehensive approach to the topic by specifically addressing pluralism and flexibility.

Keywords

geometric application; pluralism; basic elements of geometry; Scratch; natural hazards

Introduction

Disaster management refers to the efforts of government institutions to manage various disasters, including not only natural hazards but also man-made emergencies, in cooperation with voluntary organizations, businesses, and local communities (Balci et al., 2024: 1-18; FEMA, 2021: 1-14). In the 21st century, colleges and universities in the United States have begun to systematically provide students with courses related to disaster management. The field has also developed various agreed-upon principles such as comprehensive emergency management, disaster management cycles, and integrated emergency management systems.

Disaster management studies have unique features compared with other research areas (Lindell, 2013: 812-815) and have helped practitioners assess, monitor, evaluate, or prepare for disasters by suggesting theoretical references. Given that no single discipline has successfully provided appropriate solutions for various problems in the field, disaster management research tends to adopt a multidisciplinary approach. In addition, considering that a disaster occurs within a short period, the issues of time and collective stress have always exerted pressure in the research field. Therefore, the research results should be provided to the field in a timely manner.

Qualitative analysis is relevant because it has already been actively applied to disaster management. However, although qualitative analysis has helped increase public understanding of disaster management, the technique is not without problems (Kusumastuti et al., 2021: 1-12; Staic and Grinsven, 2022: 1107-1110). For example, qualitative analysis has not fully addressed some critical issues such as the complexity of multidisciplinary studies, the need for urgency, and the rapid onset of stress. In this context, the present work poses the following research question: How can the field of disaster management improve qualitative analysis for more effective research?

While answering this research question, this study is novel and relevant to its research goal. Multiple researchers have continued to use qualitative analysis in their disaster management research, but no rigorous study has comprehensively studied the geometrical application of the method of qualitative analysis in the field (Gray et al., 2022; Jablonski, 2024: 1-9). This study may be considered pioneering in this context. In addition, this study investigated all aspects of geometry for qualitative analysis within the field of disaster management. Although this paper has relied on multiple disciplines, its scope and depth are clearly defined by referring to the scope of basic geometry and its in-depth application to the subject of disaster management.

The field of disaster management needs to leverage learning when potential problems (or potential directions) are identified with qualitative analysis are identified (Thompson, 2012: 198-199). There are always barriers to disaster management learning, whether at the individual, institutional, or societal level. Appropriate learning will help overcome the problems of decreasing or eliminating these challenges. In this regard, the field may apply extensive communication or cooperation among researchers, practitioners, and other stakeholders (Jillson et al., 2019: 1-14).

The present research aims to explore how to improve qualitative analysis in the field of disaster management, in particular by applying geometry, toward the ultimate goal of delivering effective research. Careful examination of the inevitable aspects of qualitative analysis is carried out, and then the importance of the basic elements of geometry in qualitative analysis is explored. The key finding is that the field needs to supplement qualitative analysis with geometry for better research results based on the Scratch programming language, computer-based learning, the effects of geometric thinking, and the issue of awareness.

Literature review

Two methods have been widely used in the research field: qualitative and quantitative analysis (Abuhamda et al., 2021: 71-74). Many researchers have supported the importance of qualitative analysis in comparison with quantitative analysis, with the basic concepts of qualitative analysis being suggested and then adopted in their work. A number of researchers have specifically applied qualitative analysis to case studies in various research fields, such as psychology, education, culture, pandemic management, and engineering management.

Qualitative analysis has played many roles in helping stakeholders understand disaster victims’ perspectives, experiences, and other social issues in the field of disaster management (Mueller et al., 2023: 1-6). During a short period of disaster response, many people have urgently demanded numerical data. Without quick quantitative analysis, they would face many challenges in responding to the occurrence of disasters. However, in particular, when realizing that decision-makers have been able to conceptualize disaster victims’ aspirations, disaster situations, response capacities, and other complicated matters, thanks to qualitative analysis, the importance of its usage has been equally maintained in the field.

Geometry, a branch of mathematics, takes its name from “geo” (or place) and “metric” (or measurement). Many people, including housewives, farmers, students, and workers, directly or indirectly use geometry in their daily lives (Chivai et al. 2022: 1-15; Walle, 2001: 306-312), such as in determining proportions and ratios. Geometry has thus become an inevitable aspect of human life given its application to real-life problems.

More recently, geometry has been explicitly applied to the concept of social distancing during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (Yurtyapan and Yilmza, 2021: 188-201). Social distance refers to the required physical distance (about six feet) between individuals to prevent the spread of coronavirus infection. To maintain this distance, individuals apply geometry to ensure safety and ultimately protect their lives.

Geometry has also proven valuable to several professionals, such as architects, land developers, engineers, artists, and writers, who have applied geometric knowledge to their fields. In addition, geometry has been vital in facilitating the understanding of complicated practices through the comparison of objects, shapes, and their connections (Kutluca, 2013: 1509-1510). The application of geometric principles has helped workers improve their professional skills, including the examination, expression, and generalization of concepts in their practice.

For instance, Kazi Mustafa, Alejandro Prieto, and Marc Ottele (2021) studied how to apply the subject of geometry to the construction industry, while creating green and sustainable concrete (Mustafa et al., 2021). Many negatively considered the increase in lichens and mosses on facades, resulting from related random and bad growth conditions. However, lichens and mosses have various environmental benefits. These researchers fully utilized surface geometry as a significant analysis variable and then systematically facilitated moss growth in concrete façade panels. Geometry has been proven to be a design guideline.

Geometric thinking refers to the development of thoughts using geometry, as well as how an individual rationalizes the use of geometric figures and related spatial connections. Two distinctive processes, visualization and reasoning, have been frequently used in geometric thinking (Gunhan, 2014: 3-4). Visualization refers to the creation of new objects, shapes, and connections. Reasoning refers to the formal development of conceptual systems for examining not only spaces but also shapes as well as the application of logical thinking to draw conclusions.

The geometric application process consists of two steps: perception and representation (Greenstein, 2014: 74-75). Perception means that practitioners see or develop an image by depending entirely on their own senses, thus enabling them to establish connections between their perceptions and various types of data. This perception is followed by a relevant representation or description of the image(s) by referring to geometry. Representation is not purely a copy of perception, but rather a reconstruction of coordinated percepts or abstracts.

Geometry consists of several sub-branches, such as Euclidean geometry, non-Euclidean geometry, differential geometry, analytic geometry, and topology. Many researchers, educators, and practitioners have examined the issue of geometry from their own perspectives. Euclid (300 BC), regarded as the father of modern geometry, introduced not only the axiomatic method, but also mathematical rigor into the area of geometry. Pythagoras formed his Pythagorean theorem approximately 1,000 years ago (Dani and Papadopoulos, 2019). Many other geometers have continued to make geology one of the most actively researched areas.

In 1957, Pierre van Hiele and Dina van Hiele-Geldof, both educators in the Netherlands, developed their own theories toward decreasing the difficulties of students in learning geometry. Their key idea was that students should follow five levels of geometric understanding: recognition, analysis, informal deduction, formal deduction, and rigor (Kalyankar, 2019: 31-48). Their theory has been widely used in many nations, including the former Soviet Union and the United States, where it has allowed students to learn geometry through a step-by-step process.

Geometry has been applied to many other areas in addition to mathematics and geometry. For example, geometry education has played many roles in teaching and researching topics such as geometric measurement, spatial thinking, and teaching development (Jones and Tzekaki, 2016: 109-149). Many educators have made efforts to facilitate systematic learning of geometry among their students, particularly the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education (IGPME).

Computational geometry has been supported in computer science, where algorithms are examined from a geometric perspective. In addition to applying computational geometry to the study of geometric problems in computers, geometric methods are now being used for human-related analysis in computer science (Gong et al., 2019: 1-47). Geometric methods rely on the application of geometric concepts while embodying geometric attributes and constraints, spatial information, or machine learning.

Specifically, some researchers have discussed the basic elements of geometry in their study areas. A few researchers have also advocated for the significance of triangulation in the fields of nursing and health research (Foss and Ellefsen, 2002: 243-244; Sandelowski, 1995: 572-573), maintaining that triangulation contributes to understanding the complexity of human behavior, operationalizing the comprehensive aspect of nursing, and accommodating not only qualitative but also quantitative research.

A few researchers have advocated the value of a rectangle and polygon in the area of knowledge-based systems (Long et al., 2020: 1-14). In dealing with spatial data in the application of information technology, researchers have made efforts to form a compact representation of spatial knowledge. As a result, the rectangle represents small storage, and the polygon has a qualitative directional relationship between/among some extended objects. Thus, geometry has been dynamically used to signify a compact representation.

Regardless of research boundaries, the majority of the above-mentioned studies have depended heavily on the aspects of traditional validation, reliability, and generalization, among others, particularly toward the goal of robust research or a naturalistic paradigm. However, given that politics, economy, culture, and other contingencies have been rapidly evolving in the 21st century, the aforementioned aspects of qualitative analysis, or the position of fundamentalism, should not be fully fixed (Tobin and Begley, 2004: 393-394). Instead, an infinite variety of methodological factors are required.

Similarly, pluralism has been considered in qualitative analysis, along with the exploration of how multiple factors are integrated with one another (Ganzevles et al., 2021: 1-17). In other words, it has become necessary to include different viewpoints, techniques, and discussions from various researchers in qualitative analysis. Pluralism may be partially or fully addressed through flexible relationships among researchers, practices, and other methodological approaches. Certainly, different researchers need to provide not only different goals, but also proportional paths.

Similarly, when Zhang et al. (2022) examined the role of social media during the occurrence of natural hazards in China, they relied heavily on the technique of multimodal data analysis, such as the function of pluralism (Zhang et al., 2022). To increase the extent of disaster information accuracy via mass media, these researchers did not attempt to analyze related unimodal or bimodal data, but multimodal data to include various texts, videos, and other images. This method successfully monitored rainstorms in Henan by 2021.

Very few studies have attempted to rigorously apply geometry to qualitative analysis in the field of disaster management, although a few studies have discussed the application of geomatics to the field in an effort to suggest innovative measures (Li et al., 2007). Geomatics, as a sub-study of geography, includes the collection, analysis, interpretation, and distribution of multiple types of data on the Earth’s surface (also known as geospatial data). The application of geomatics to disaster management involves the unprecedented use of remote sensing, satellite positioning, geographic information systems (GIS), and other technologies to prevent natural hazards.

Given the above discussion, this study attempts to comprehensively explore the application of geometry to qualitative analysis. For comprehensiveness, this research has tried to cover the multiple components of previous frames on how to directly or indirectly apply geometry to qualitative analysis. Furthermore, rather than applying traditional approaches, this study makes use of flexible approaches as well as pluralistic perspectives on geometrical applications. Thus, the present work will serve as a guide for improving the paradigm of qualitative analysis in the field of disaster management.

Methods

Qualitative analysis involves collecting qualitative data in the field of disaster management and then thoroughly analyzing them. The analysis was much more holistic than expected, covering the interpretation of theories, perspectives, and attitudes, among others. As a major methodology, descriptive qualitative analysis entails describing the characteristics of the subject by directly using qualitative data (Nassaji, 2015: 129-130). Thus, descriptive qualitative analysis focuses on describing what happened in the field more than why or how.

The process of descriptive qualitative analysis generally consists of three major steps: designing descriptive qualitative analysis, implementing qualitative data analysis, and ensuring rigorous findings (Chivanga and Monyai, 2021: 13-15; Colorafi and Evans, 2016: 17-23). In designing the descriptive qualitative analysis, this study considered the subject from the perspective of naturalistic inquiry (i.e., how to improve qualitative analysis), particularly without manipulating the unfolding events. Figure 1 shows the structure of the descriptive qualitative research.

d80eba3e-84a8-484c-ae82-267583566473_figure1.gif

Figure 1. Research design referring to geometry.

In the implementation of qualitative data analysis, both data collection and analysis (e.g., coding and qualitative content analysis) as well as qualitative data representation were carried out. Text data were collected through search engines (e.g., Google.com, ScienceDirect, SCOPUS, Oxford University Press, etc.) using the keywords “research methods,” “disaster management,” and “effects of geometry,” among others. These were then coded as qualitative analysis, geometric thinking, or disaster management. Similarly, the eligibility criteria were whether a specific text would be much related to qualitative methods, geometry, and disaster management or not. The data were flexibly interpreted, and the appropriate content was rewritten to achieve the goal of the research.

Many traditional factors have been considered to ensure rigorous findings, such as credibility, reliability, objectivity, authenticity, and application. Referring mainly to objectivity, which is relative neutrality, this work tried to include pluralistic viewpoints equally, such as the academic demand in the 21st century and how to easily or simply embody qualitative analysis. To ensure the rigor of the major findings, we describe an increasing trend in disaster management.

To enhance the systematic elements of descriptive qualitative analysis, this study specifically used the PRISMA checklist with flow chart as a supporting tool (please refer to the data availability statement). This study’s thorough inclusion of all essential methodological components was made possible in large part by the PRISMA checklist with flow chart (Sinha et al., 2024: 1–20). The PRISMA checklist with flow chart assists with text selection, result synthesis, research limitations, and other related issues. Descriptive qualitative analysis embodies the rigorous structure of the research thanks to the PRISMA checklist with flow chart.

Results: Qualitative analysis characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages

Characteristics

In outlining human experiences, behavioral patterns, or views on appropriate topics, qualitative analysis in the field of disaster management is expressed in various forms, such as research documents, questionnaires, interview transcripts, focus groups, observational data, and other secondary analyses. At the same time, the task of defining and identifying core texts (or materials) from multiple texts is crucial for achieving the research goal.

The humane (or ethical) aspect of disaster management has questioned the use of qualitative analysis in the field (Mezinska et al., 2016). When pursing scientific evidence, the field is directly or indirectly involved in human subjects (or affected people). All research data must be balanced between theories and practices via qualitative analysis to protect human subjects during the related research. In a sense, where disaster research settings are intended to protect human participants, dependence on qualitative analysis is sharply requested.

Interpretation has emerged as a significant technique in the field, with some forms strongly advocated, such as summarizing, explicating, and structuring (Mayring, 2014: 39-42). Summarizing essentially aims to reduce the volume of text materials, explicating provides supplemental materials for doubtful components of text materials, and structuring helps to filter out some parts of the text materials according to own criteria.

Qualitative analysis was used to develop qualitatively based text. Because a considerable amount of text materials in the field are frequently understood within a particular context, researchers have to focus on grasping related contexts by referring to the origins and effects of the materials. Qualitative analysis should not be considered as a fixed tool but rather as a flexible method that should be properly adapted to specific research.

Advantages

Qualitative analysis can be used to examine disaster management theories, policies, opinions, values, cultures, and other elements in depth (Rahman, 2017: 104-105). Thus, the method can be applied to provide deep insights into disaster management under a specific research design, enabling the analysis of detailed aspects of disaster management, such as the characteristics of a specific hazard, individual actions, and societal reactions. Moreover, the interrelationships between the occurring disaster(s) and related human performance may be described in depth or specifically.

Numerical data provide accurate inferences in disaster management research, particularly in the absence of emotional bias. In contrast, qualitative analysis may be used to examine and describe some non-measurable variables that numerical data cannot reveal. Because qualitative analysis is not dependent on the use of numerical data, the interpretation of qualitative data may flexibly go beyond the boundary of quantitative analysis. Thus, qualitative analysis may compensate for the limitations of the quantitative analysis.

Given that qualitative analysis does not address the collection or standardization of data, the method generally applies some form of naturalistic observation, which takes place in naturally occurring contexts (Madrigal and McClain, 2012). Qualitative analysis helps researchers to flexibly comply with user data as they emerge during the study. In this environment, qualitative analysis considers multiple subjects of disaster management in their natural settings, similar to the function of crowd-watching.

Disadvantages

Policymakers in the field of disaster management have preferred to rely on the results of quantitative analysis over those of qualitative analysis because the former may provide clearer information on disaster management or related performance than the latter (Apollonio and Bero, 2017: 1-10). Public officials have attributed less credibility to qualitative analysis than to quantitative analysis, and policymakers have often sought evidence-based policy problems, strategies, or measures during their decision-making.

The process of qualitative analysis applies subjective interpretation, given that qualitative data do not consist of pre-specified responses to questions, but rather of multiple written phrases (CanView Team, 2019). Researchers depend on their experience or skills to consolidate qualitative data. When two researchers analyze qualitative data, their individual interpretations may draw different results because of their unique personal backgrounds. Thus, subjective interpretation has been evaluated as less impartial than objective interpretation.

Qualitative analysis requires intensive labor and a significant amount of time. This method seeks to gather and compile the perspectives, opinions, and experiences of many individuals, which requires considerable time and planning. Moreover, because qualitative analysis yields a large volume of text transcripts, research notes, and information, the process requires considerable research effort.

Discussion: Enhancing qualitative analysis with basic elements of geometry

Basic elements of geometry

There are four fundamental elements of geometry, namely, points, lines, planes, and their combinations (Pereira et al., 2021: 1-7). In particular, the first three elements are considered the basic building blocks in geometry, which may be used to describe any object in the real world. These three terms have not been evaluated as identified terms in geometry, as they may be explained by referring to appropriate descriptions or examples. Although they are undefined, they can certainly define other geometric properties.

To elaborate, a point, as the most basic object in geometry, is represented by a dot. A point has a position or location in space but no width, length, size, or shape. Thus, a point does not have any dimension. A line, which is a set of points, extends indefinitely in either direction. A line as a one-dimensional figure does not have width. Being formed by two points, a line is a straight path. A line segment forms part of a line, has two endpoints, and has a finite length.

The plane is a flat surface with no thickness or depth. It consists of multiple points and forms a two-dimensional figure that is infinitely flat in any direction. A triangle is a plane, as are quadrilateral, perimeter, and area (Venema, 2012: 35-68). Various figures such as angles, trapezoids, and cylinders are formed by a combination of points, lines, and planes. These figures are useful in explaining geometric applications because they summarize what words try to convey. An angle, which has a common endpoint (called the vertex), is shaped by two noncollinear rays (called sides).

Enhancing strategies

The visual programming language Scratch can be used as a basic tool for the application of geometry to qualitative analysis because it helps to create systematic figures and promote innovative thinking (Ikrenovic-Momcilovic, 2020: 1-8). Scratch facilitates easy, interesting, and effective geometry learning in addition to providing different perspectives on a specific object. In this context, the use of Scratch may enable researchers to improve their ability to apply geometry to qualitative analyses.

The exact application of Scratch varies depending on the individual viewpoints. Researchers may opt to omit some of its features to avoid complicating the theoretical process of qualitative analysis. For reader-centered studies, researchers must not make the objects too complicated; they must also know how to create objects with multiple texts. Objects should be simple and realistic. When doing so, their scratches grow into a big idea (in the absence of Scratch, individuals may sketch objects using pencils, erasers, and A4 paper).

Researchers in the field of disaster management may improve their geometric thinking through computer-assisted learning (Suanse and Yuenyong, 2021: 1-14). In many regions, the flipped classroom, which teaches the subject of geometry online before students participate in traditional classes, has been applied. Due to the COVID-19 outbreak, the effects of computer-based learning (without fear of infection) have increased considerably compared to face-to-face learning.

Other implications

In appropriately addressing geometric applications, not only the basic elements of geometry (e.g., points, lines, planes, and their combinations) but also enhancing strategies (e.g., scratch and computer-based learning) will improve the characteristics (e.g., various forms of text data, interpretation, and qualitatively based data) and advantages (e.g., deep insights, examination beyond numerical data, and naturalistic observation) of qualitative analysis. These two factors also offset the disadvantages (e.g., lack of evidence, subjectivity, and intensive time and labor) of the method.

Geometry has contributed to directly or indirectly building the architecture of qualitative analysis in the field of disaster management (Ajmera, 2020: 960-962). Geometric applications include the use of means, units, and orders that constitute the entire picture of qualitative analysis. These components are interrelated with qualitative analysis and thus contribute to forming not only a coherent structure, but also a sense of continuity in various studies. Hence, the effects of geometric applications on qualitative analyses are perceived to be substantial.

Supplementing qualitative analysis with geometry will ultimately provide new perspectives and insights into the field of disaster management, given that multiple or mixed strategies frequently offer a deeper understanding of the subject compared with a single method (Martha et al., 2007: 1047-1049). Geometric applications will help address many critical problems, such as the complexity of multidisciplinary research, timing issues, or the rapid onset of collective stress, thus enabling the faster dissemination of research results for practical use. By providing clear, simplified, and logical figures or frames, qualitative analysis may alleviate the above-mentioned problems in a timely manner. Thus, geometry will serve as another baseline for qualitative analysis to promote further and better research.

Qualitative researchers need to be fundamentally aware of the importance of geometry in their research (Ozyildirim Gumus et al., 2021: 1097-1099). Such awareness involves increasing their enthusiasm for geometry and carrying out appropriate actions for its application in qualitative analysis. Thus, the capacity to be aware of or attuned to the issue of geometry is essential to further expand its use in qualitative analysis. In addition, a higher level of awareness gives individual researchers insights into the exact application of geometry, enabling them to gain further knowledge on the topic and apply it to qualitative analysis in new ways.

The results of this study will contribute to the expansion of previous research on qualitative analysis in the field of disaster management. Although some researchers or practitioners have indirectly integrated geometric figures into their disaster management documents, very few studies have proposed the necessity of applying geometry to qualitative analysis in the field. The literature has been almost silent on the supplementary role of geometry in qualitative analyses in the field. In addition, qualitative analysis has been criticized because of the lack of a complete picture of related research (Krance and Cananes, 2021). In this context, this work will further the theoretical advancement of the existing qualitative analysis, while emphasizing the construction of geometric figures using a straightedge, compass, pencil, or computer-based tool package. Geometrical applications have not been a new technique but are in substantial demand for disaster management.

Conclusion

Despite the high frequency of qualitative analysis in the research field of disaster management, very little research has attempted to rigorously discuss how this method can be enhanced through geometry. The objective of this study was to explore how to improve qualitative analysis, specifically by applying geometric principles in the field. Toward this end, this work describes not only the whole process of qualitative analysis but also the ways in which it can be strengthened by geometric application.

The pivotal finding is that the field must complement the method of qualitative analysis with clear and simplified geometric application toward improving the quality of researches. When considering that all documents should be written in an easy and simple manner in the field of disaster management, geometric applications must be substantially embodied. Only if those documents are difficult for the public to understand within a short period of emergency response, in particular without appropriate geometrical frame(s), can they not be an effective information channel for disaster management. These key tenets will ultimately lead to decreased human losses, economic damage, and psychological impacts in disaster areas. While reading and understanding easy writing, the public may learn to deal with various disasters better than before. At the same time, the field must apply the basic elements of geometry, Scratch and sketching, technology-oriented learning to enhance outcome of qualitative analyses.

One advantage of this research is that it flexibly considered various disciplines and pluralistic perspectives in discussing the issue of geometric application in qualitative analysis. Admitting that the field of disaster management has been a typical case of multidisciplinary studies, not only geometry but also qualitative analysis had to keep pace with the occurrence of various disasters in this paper. The major topic was thus more comprehensively addressed than in many previous researches. However, some scholars who prefer to use the traditional form of qualitative analysis to facilitate a deep understanding of the research subject may consider the pioneering effort of this work as a deviation and, thus, a limitation.

Future researchers may expand the application of geometry, which is the key tenet of this study, in disaster management studies. Supplementing qualitative analysis with geometry may provide them with an opportunity to directly or indirectly contribute to the whole-community approach. In addition to using geometry to increase the quality of qualitative analysis, these researchers may find ways to persuade more traditional scholars to adopt new trends.

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Ethical approval and consent were not required.

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Ha KM. Supplementing qualitative analysis with geometry in disaster management [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]. F1000Research 2025, 14:69 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.158475.1)
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