Effect of a narrative and behavioral science intervention on climate mitigation willingness among young professionals in India: A pilot randomized controlled trial

Pallak Mallika Mannan; Vansh Maheshwari; Saurav Basu

doi:10.12688/f1000research.186701.1

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Brief Report

Effect of a narrative and behavioral science intervention on climate mitigation willingness among young professionals in India: A pilot randomized controlled trial

[version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

Pallak Mallika Mannan¹, Vansh Maheshwari ², Saurav Basu³

PUBLISHED 24 Jul 2026

Author details Author details

¹ Independent Researcher, New Delhi, India
² Newcastle University Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, UK
³ Department of Community Medicine, ESI‐PGIMSR, Medical College & Hospital and ODC EZ, Joka, Kolkata, India

Pallak Mallika Mannan
Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

Vansh Maheshwari
Roles: Formal Analysis, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

Saurav Basu
Roles: Supervision, Visualization, Writing – Review & Editing

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REVIEWER STATUS AWAITING PEER REVIEW

This article is included in the Climate gateway.

Abstract

Background

India is highly vulnerable to climate change, yet translating awareness into personal action remains a persistent challenge. While narrative persuasion is a promising tool for behavioural shift, its efficacy in non-Western, high-awareness cohorts remains largely unexplored. This study, the first randomized controlled trial of its kind in India evaluates whether an interactive climate narrative can increase mitigation willingness among young working professionals.

Methods

Working professionals in Delhi-NCR (N = 80) were randomized to either a gamified, climate-narrative intervention (n = 40) or an information-only control (n = 40). Personal Climate Mitigation Activities (PCMA) were assessed at baseline, post-intervention, and one-month follow-up. Linear mixed-effects models were employed to control for baseline imbalances.

Results

Despite high narrative engagement (“transportation”) in the intervention group, mixed-effects modelling revealed no significant group*time interaction for PCMA (P = 0.362). Crucially, a strong “ceiling effect” was identified, with participants displaying near-maximum willingness to adopt mitigation behaviours even at baseline. Narrative transportation did not correlate with immediate or sustained behavioural shifts (r = −0.05, P = 0.757).

Conclusion

This trial reveals a critical “value-action gap” among educated urban Indian professionals. Because baseline willingness is already exceptionally high, narrative-driven persuasion alone is insufficient to spur action. These findings pivot the climate communication paradigm, suggesting that future efforts must shift from trying to persuade an already willing audience to dismantling structural barriers and implementing environmental nudges that facilitate real-world behaviour change.

Keywords

Narrative intervention, narrative persuasion, behavior change, climate mitigation activities, randomized controlled trial

Corresponding author: Vansh Maheshwari

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work.

Copyright: © 2026 Mallika Mannan P et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

How to cite: Mallika Mannan P, Maheshwari V and Basu S. Effect of a narrative and behavioral science intervention on climate mitigation willingness among young professionals in India: A pilot randomized controlled trial [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]. F1000Research 2026, 15:1215 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.186701.1) First published: 24 Jul 2026, 15:1215 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.186701.1) Latest published: 24 Jul 2026, 15:1215 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.186701.1)

Introduction

Climate change is driven by increased greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere.¹ India is considered highly vulnerable countries to these changes, possessing limited capacity to cope with the exposure. A national survey revealed that while approximately 70% of Indians believe global warming is happening, only 31% attribute it to natural environmental changes, highlighting a gap in understanding anthropogenic causes.²

Overconsumption is a primary driver of environmental degradation, creating a significant lag in carbon mitigation efforts.³ While policy planners have addressed climate impacts for decades, there is growing evidence that relying solely on technological solutions is insufficient. Instead, encouraging behavioral shifts to reduce excessive consumption is essential.³

Adaptation behavior is influenced by cognitive, affective, and socio-cultural factors. Shifting from automatic, associative thinking to deliberate, analytic thinking is one pathway to cognitively process climate action.⁴ However, behavioral modification depends on individuals perceiving the risk of climate change as sufficiently serious and believing they are capable of effective adaptation. Thus, understanding community perceptions is critical for implementing effective climate plans.⁵

Research in environmental psychology suggests that the arts, specifically stories and visuals, can influence attitudes and beliefs by making the “invisible” nature of climate change felt closely in the present and imagined future.⁶ Narrative persuasion, which embeds messages within a story featuring identifiable characters and a plot, enhances message retention and persuasion through identification and transportation.⁷

Despite high climate concern, data regarding the willingness to engage in climate actions remains scarce, and behavioral change interventions are rarely utilized in India. This study is believed to be the first in India to utilize a narrative intervention, examining whether persuasive narrative text can increase the willingness of young working professionals to adopt personal mitigation activities.

Methods

Study design

This study was designed as a feasibility and acceptability randomized controlled trial to assess the effectiveness of a narrative and behavioral science intervention. The study was conducted from April 2023 to August 2024. The study was undertaken after obtaining ethical clearance from the Institutional Ethics Committee at IIPH-Delhi (Certificate number: IIPHD_IEC_S_2023) and was prospectively registered with the Clinical Trial Registry of India (Registration number: CTRI/2023/03/051206). As an open-label study, participants were informed of the purpose and time commitment, and fully written informed consent was obtained before their participation. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles stated in the Declaration of Helsinki and other applicable guidelines.

Participants

Participants were working professionals aged 23 to 35 residing in the Delhi NCR region. Inclusion criteria required participants to be comfortable with English and to have read at least one climate change story previously. The population of interest included fiction readers with moderate risk perception, specifically those who believed global warming is human caused but did not view the risks as severe or personally important.

During screening, individuals were asked “How worried are you about global warming?”. Only those responding “somewhat worried” or “not very worried” were selected. Individuals selecting the category as “very worried” were excluded.

Sample size and randomization

Eighty participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to either the intervention or control group (n = 40 each) using a computer-generated randomization sequence.

Interventions

The intervention was delivered via a website designed specifically for the study.

Intervention group (Narrative & Engagement): Upon entry, participants chose a “climate change savior” avatar. This process included reinforcing messages (e.g., “That’s a great choice!”). Participants then read a story adapted from In Flight Entertainment by Helen Simpson, set in the Indian subcontinent. The interface included a progress bar and completion of the task triggered “joyful” reinforcement (Supplementary Figure 1). This approach aimed to reduce psychological distance and promote engagement.

Control group (Information only): Participants received objective information regarding good nutritive practices without behavioral science elements or narrative components. Navigation was limited to simple “next” and “close” buttons.

Outcomes and measures

Outcomes were assessed at baseline (Pre), immediately post-intervention (Post), and at a one-month follow-up using items adapted from prior research on climate mitigation,⁸ climate views⁹ and narrative research¹⁰ (Supplementary Table 1).

• Primary Outcome: Personal Climate Mitigation Activities (PCMA) (8 items). Assessed willingness to adopt specific actions (e.g., reducing plastic, conserving water).
• Secondary Outcomes:
- o Perception about Climate Change (PACT) (2 items): Assessed beliefs regarding global warming.
- o Future Impact (FI) (4 items): Assessed perceived future risks (e.g., floods, water scarcity).
- o Transportation and Identification (5 items): Measured engagement with the story (Intervention group only).

Statistical Analysis

Data were analyzed using R Version 4.6.0. Due to non-normal distribution, continuous data are presented as medians with interquartile ranges (IQR). Baseline differences were assessed using the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test and Chi-squared/Fisher’s Exact Test.

To evaluate the intervention effect, a series of linear mixed-effects models were utilized. This approach was chosen to model the repeated-measures structure and to statistically control for significant baseline differences (confounding) in age, gender, and education identified during the randomization check. The definitive intervention effect was evaluated by the statistical significance of the Group * Time interaction term. A Pearson’s correlation was used to test the mechanism between Transportation scores and changes in PCMA. A P-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Participant characteristics

Of the 80 participants randomized, 12 were lost to follow-up, leaving 68 for final analysis (Intervention: n = 37; Control: n = 31). Distribution of sex and education did not differ significantly between groups ( Table 1). The intervention group was significantly younger (Median 25.0 vs. 27.0, P = 0.042) and had a significantly lower baseline PCMA score compared to the control group (Median 3.25 vs. 3.50, P = 0.043). There were no significant baseline differences in PACT or FI scores.

Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the study participants.

Characteristic	Overall N = 68	Control N = 31	Intervention N = 37	P-value ¹
Age, Median (IQR)	26.0 (23.0, 28.5)	27.0 (25.0, 29.0)	25.0 (22.0, 28.0)	0.042 ¹
Gender, n (%)				0.07 ²
Female	46 (68%)	25 (81%)	21 (57%)
Male	22 (32%)	6 (19%)	16 (43%)
Education, n (%)				0.08 ²
Sciences	50 (75%)	26 (87%)	24 (65%)
Others (Commerce and Humanities)	17 (25%)	4 (13%)	13 (35%)
Baseline PACT, Median (IQR)	3.50 (3.00, 4.00)	3.50 (3.00, 4.00)	3.50 (3.50, 4.00)	0.30 ¹
Baseline PCMA, Median (IQR)	3.44 (3.00, 3.75)	3.50 (3.25, 3.88)	3.25 (2.88, 3.63)	0.043 ¹
Baseline FI, Median (IQR)	3.50 (3.00, 4.00)	3.75 (3.25, 4.00)	3.25 (3.00, 3.75)	0.075 ¹

1 Wilcoxon rank sum test,

2 Chi-squared test

Intervention effects

For the intervention effects ( Table 2), the group × time interaction was not statistically significant for PCMA (B = 0.67, 95% CI: −0.79, 2.1, P = 0.362), PACT (B = −0.28, 95% CI: −0.71, 0.14, P = 0.184), or FI (B = 0.92, 95% CI: −0.53, 2.4, P = 0.211). Across both time points, the intervention group maintained significantly lower scores than the control group on PCMA (P = 0.029) and FI (P = 0.042).

Table 2. Adjusted linear mixed-effects models predicting climate change outcomes.

Characteristic	PCMA			PACT			FI
Characteristic	Beta	95% CI	P-value	Beta	95% CI	P-value	Beta	95% CI	P-value
Group
Control	—	—		—	—		—	—
Intervention	−2.2	−4.1, −0.23	0.029	0.25	−0.27, 0.77	0.345	−1.2	−2.4, −0.05	0.042
Time
Pre	—	—		—	—		—	—
Post	0.43	−0.66, 1.5	0.430	−0.07	−0.38, 0.25	0.673	−0.27	−1.3, 0.81	0.622
Age	−0.11	−0.26, 0.04	0.160	0.04	0.00, 0.08	0.055	−0.05	−0.12, 0.03	0.219
Gender
Female	—	—		—	—		—	—
Male	0.94	−0.98, 2.9	0.332	0.14	−0.36, 0.64	0.581	−0.03	−1.0, 0.94	0.950
Education
Sciences	—	—		—	—		—	—
Others (Commerce and Humanities)	−0.22	−2.2, 1.8	0.826	0.00	−0.52, 0.52	0.99	−0.34	−1.3, 0.67	0.501
*Intervention Time**	0.67	−0.79, 2.1	0.362	−0.28	−0.71, 0.14	0.184	0.92	−0.53, 2.4	0.211

Item-level analysis

A “ceiling effect” was observed as participants uniformly reported high initial concern regarding global warming and its future impacts, with a majority of the individual perception items scoring the maximum median of 4 (Supplementary Table 2). For within-group changes in behavioral willingness, the control group showed a small, significant increase in willingness to manage AC temperatures (P = 0.037), while the intervention group showed a marginal, non-significant trend (P = 0.053) (Supplementary Table 3). No other items showed significant pre-post change. Fisher’s Exact test found no significant difference between groups regarding beliefs in reducing catastrophic harm (P = 0.282).

Mechanism of action

Participants in the intervention group reported high engagement ( Figure 1), with median scores of 4 for “Imagined being the character” and 3 for “Felt fully absorbed”. However, Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed no significant relationship between engagement (Transportation score) and the change in willingness (PCMA change score) (r = −0.05, P = 0.757).

Figure 1. Distribution of scores for Transportation and Identification items.

Discussion

This study assessed the impact of narrative persuasion and behavioral science techniques on climate mitigation willingness among young working professionals. Contrary to the hypothesis, the results indicated no significant interaction effect between the intervention and time on PCMA scores. This is comparable to other studies suggesting that narrative style intervention may not always translate into behavior change¹¹ or exert only a small impact on persuasion.¹² While participants in the intervention group reported high levels of engagement with the story, this transportation did not translate into an immediate or sustained increase in behavioral willingness.

Several factors may explain these null findings. First, a “ceiling effect” at baseline significantly limited the room for improvement. Participants in both groups were already “somewhat” or “not very” worried, yet their baseline willingness to using LED bulbs or reducing plastic was already near maximum. This suggests that the barrier to climate action may not be a lack of willingness or awareness, but rather structural barriers where individuals intend to act but fail to do so due to external constraints. Prior literature posits that education and awareness, may be insufficient precursors for behavior change,¹³ while economic, institutional and socio-cultural barriers may constrain adoption of mitigation activities.¹⁴

Second, baseline imbalances from randomization complicated the interpretation of results. The intervention group was significantly younger and started with lower PCMA scores than the control group. Although linear mixed-effects models were used to statistically adjust for these confounders, the inherent differences suggest that the two groups may have had different starting motivations. The control group, being slightly older, may have already established more sustainable household habits, whereas the younger intervention group may have had less agency over their household infrastructure.

Third, the duration and intensity of the intervention may have been inadequate. While the transportation scores were high, literature often highlights that deeper behavioral changes typically require repeated reinforcement.¹⁵ The lack of correlation between transportation scores and PCMA change reinforces the possibility that while the story was entertaining, it was presented in third person perspective and did not successfully link the narrative world to the participants’ real-world behavioral choices. First person narratives have greater persuasive potential when compared to third person narratives.¹⁶

While our study is a novel application of narrative intervention in India, it is limited by a small sample, a short one-month follow-up, and reliance on self-reported willingness rather than observed behavior.

Conclusion

A brief, one-time narrative intervention combined with gamified elements was not sufficient to significantly increase the willingness for climate mitigation activities among young Indian professionals. Future research should explore longitudinal interventions, use of culturally specific narratives paired with structural “nudges”, and objective measures of behavior change.

Ethics approval

The study was undertaken after obtaining ethical clearance from the Institutional Ethics Committee at IIPH-Delhi (Certificate number: IIPHD_IEC_S_2023) and was prospectively registered with the Clinical Trial Registry of India (Registration number: CTRI/2023/03/051206). The study was conducted in accordance with the principles stated in the Declaration of Helsinki and other applicable guidelines.

Consent to participate

As an open-label study, participants were informed of the purpose and time commitment, and fully informed consent was obtained.

Data availability statement

Effect of a narrative and behavioral science intervention on climate mitigation willingness among young professionals in India: A pilot randomized controlled trial.

Study data, participant information sheet, questionnaire and supplementary tables and figures are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.32964200.¹⁷

Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0).

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express their gratitude to the participants for their time and engagement with this study.

References

1. Prowse M, Snilstveit B: Impact evaluation and interventions to address climate change: a scoping study. J. Dev. Eff. 2010; 2(2): 228–262. Publisher Full Text
2. Leiserowitz A, Thaker J, Carman J, et al.: Climate change in the Indian mind, 2022. Yale University New Haven, CT: Yale Program on Climate Change Communication; 2022.
3. Wiedmann T, Lenzen M, Keyßer LT, et al.: Scientists’ warning on affluence. Nat. Commun. 2020; 11(1): 3107. Publisher Full Text
4. Van Valkengoed AM, Steg L: Meta-analyses of factors motivating climate change adaptation behaviour. Nat. Clim. Chang. 2019; 9(2): 158–163. Publisher Full Text
5. Di Falco S, Sharma-Khushal S: Cognitive drivers, and the effect of information on climate change adaptive behaviour in Fiji Islands. Environ. Sci. Pol. 2019; 92: 245–254. Publisher Full Text
6. Corbett JB, Clark B: The arts and humanities in climate change engagement.2016. Publisher Full Text
7. Hinyard LJ, Kreuter MW: Using narrative communication as a tool for health behavior change: a conceptual, theoretical, and empirical overview. Health Educ. Behav. 2007; 34(5): 777–792. Publisher Full Text
8. Sinatra GM, Kardash CM, Taasoobshirazi G, et al.: Promoting attitude change and expressed willingness to take action toward climate change in college students. Instr. Sci. 2012; 40(1): 1–17. Publisher Full Text
9. Chryst B, Marlon J, Van Der Linden S, et al.: Global warming’s “six Americas short survey”: Audience segmentation of climate change views using a four question instrument. Environ. Commun. 2018; 12(8): 1109–1122. Publisher Full Text
10. Schneider-Mayerson M, Gustafson A, Leiserowitz A, et al.: Environmental literature as persuasion: An experimental test of the effects of reading climate fiction. Environ. Commun. 2023; 17(1): 35–50. Publisher Full Text
11. Cheney LC, Kohler C, Legge Muilenburg J: A woman in transition: can drama deliver a cancer awareness message?. J. Cancer Educ. 2006; 21(3): 129–132. Publisher Full Text
12. Shen F, Sheer VC, Li R: Impact of narratives on persuasion in health communication: A meta-analysis. J. Advert. 2015; 44(2): 105–113. Publisher Full Text
13. Bandura A: The assessment and predictive generality of self-percepts of efficacy. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry. 1982; 13(3): 195–199. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
14. Dioba A, Kroker V, Dewitte S, et al.: Barriers to pro-environmental behavior change: A review of qualitative research. Sustainability. 2024; 16(20): 8776. Publisher Full Text
15. Rookes TA, Nimmons D, Frost R, et al.: Effectiveness of complex behaviour change interventions tested in randomised controlled trials for people with multiple long-term conditions (M-LTCs): systematic review with meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2024; 14(6): e081104. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
16. Graaf A, Sanders J, Hoeken H: Characteristics of narrative interventions and health effects: A review of the content, form, and context of narratives in health-related narrative persuasion research. Review of communication research. 2016; 4: 88–131. Publisher Full Text
17. Mallika Mannan P, Maheshwari V, Basu S: Effect of a narrative and behavioral science intervention on climate mitigation willingness among young professionals in India: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Dataset. figshare. 2026. Publisher Full Text

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Version 1

VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 24 Jul 2026

Author details Author details

¹ Independent Researcher, New Delhi, India
² Newcastle University Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, UK
³ Department of Community Medicine, ESI‐PGIMSR, Medical College & Hospital and ODC EZ, Joka, Kolkata, India

Pallak Mallika Mannan
Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

Vansh Maheshwari
Roles: Formal Analysis, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

Saurav Basu
Roles: Supervision, Visualization, Writing – Review & Editing

Competing interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information

The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work.

Article Versions (1)

version 1

Published: 24 Jul 2026, 15:1215

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.186701.1

Copyright

© 2026 Mallika Mannan P et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Mallika Mannan P, Maheshwari V and Basu S. Effect of a narrative and behavioral science intervention on climate mitigation willingness among young professionals in India: A pilot randomized controlled trial [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]. F1000Research 2026, 15:1215 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.186701.1)

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[1] 1. Prowse M, Snilstveit B: Impact evaluation and interventions to address climate change: a scoping study. J. Dev. Eff. 2010; 2(2): 228–262. Publisher Full Text

[2] 2. Leiserowitz A, Thaker J, Carman J, et al.: Climate change in the Indian mind, 2022. Yale University New Haven, CT: Yale Program on Climate Change Communication; 2022.

[3] 3. Wiedmann T, Lenzen M, Keyßer LT, et al.: Scientists’ warning on affluence. Nat. Commun. 2020; 11(1): 3107. Publisher Full Text

[4] 4. Van Valkengoed AM, Steg L: Meta-analyses of factors motivating climate change adaptation behaviour. Nat. Clim. Chang. 2019; 9(2): 158–163. Publisher Full Text

[5] 5. Di Falco S, Sharma-Khushal S: Cognitive drivers, and the effect of information on climate change adaptive behaviour in Fiji Islands. Environ. Sci. Pol. 2019; 92: 245–254. Publisher Full Text

[6] 6. Corbett JB, Clark B: The arts and humanities in climate change engagement.2016. Publisher Full Text

[7] 7. Hinyard LJ, Kreuter MW: Using narrative communication as a tool for health behavior change: a conceptual, theoretical, and empirical overview. Health Educ. Behav. 2007; 34(5): 777–792. Publisher Full Text

[8] 8. Sinatra GM, Kardash CM, Taasoobshirazi G, et al.: Promoting attitude change and expressed willingness to take action toward climate change in college students. Instr. Sci. 2012; 40(1): 1–17. Publisher Full Text

[9] 9. Chryst B, Marlon J, Van Der Linden S, et al.: Global warming’s “six Americas short survey”: Audience segmentation of climate change views using a four question instrument. Environ. Commun. 2018; 12(8): 1109–1122. Publisher Full Text

[10] 10. Schneider-Mayerson M, Gustafson A, Leiserowitz A, et al.: Environmental literature as persuasion: An experimental test of the effects of reading climate fiction. Environ. Commun. 2023; 17(1): 35–50. Publisher Full Text

[11] 11. Cheney LC, Kohler C, Legge Muilenburg J: A woman in transition: can drama deliver a cancer awareness message?. J. Cancer Educ. 2006; 21(3): 129–132. Publisher Full Text

[12] 12. Shen F, Sheer VC, Li R: Impact of narratives on persuasion in health communication: A meta-analysis. J. Advert. 2015; 44(2): 105–113. Publisher Full Text

[13] 13. Bandura A: The assessment and predictive generality of self-percepts of efficacy. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry. 1982; 13(3): 195–199. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[14] 14. Dioba A, Kroker V, Dewitte S, et al.: Barriers to pro-environmental behavior change: A review of qualitative research. Sustainability. 2024; 16(20): 8776. Publisher Full Text

[15] 15. Rookes TA, Nimmons D, Frost R, et al.: Effectiveness of complex behaviour change interventions tested in randomised controlled trials for people with multiple long-term conditions (M-LTCs): systematic review with meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2024; 14(6): e081104. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[16] 16. Graaf A, Sanders J, Hoeken H: Characteristics of narrative interventions and health effects: A review of the content, form, and context of narratives in health-related narrative persuasion research. Review of communication research. 2016; 4: 88–131. Publisher Full Text

[17] 17. Mallika Mannan P, Maheshwari V, Basu S: Effect of a narrative and behavioral science intervention on climate mitigation willingness among young professionals in India: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Dataset. figshare. 2026. Publisher Full Text

Effect of a narrative and behavioral science intervention on climate mitigation willingness among young professionals in India: A pilot randomized controlled trial

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Keywords

Introduction

Methods

Study design

Participants

Sample size and randomization

Interventions

Outcomes and measures

Statistical Analysis

Results

Participant characteristics

Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the study participants.

Intervention effects

Table 2. Adjusted linear mixed-effects models predicting climate change outcomes.

Item-level analysis

Mechanism of action

Figure 1. Distribution of scores for Transportation and Identification items.

Discussion

Conclusion

Ethics approval

Consent to participate

Data availability statement

Acknowledgements

References

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Open Peer Review

Comments on this article Comments (0)

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Reviewer Status

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