Benefit packages for chronic disease outpatients in the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme in 32 Chinese counties

Benefit packages selection

The BPCDO we used were found on official websites. Two steps were used when selecting the BPCDO.

Step one: in order to select a representative sample, the geography, number of counties in each area and their economic development were taken into consideration. According to the administrative divisions of China, the whole country has 2,860 counties distributed into Eastern (697), Central (1086) and Western regions (1077)²¹. According to Chinese National Bureau of Statistics criteria, there are also 592 poverty-stricken counties located in the Eastern (72), Central (204) and Western regions (316). Each part of China also has its own Top One Hundred Rich Counties. According to this information, we selected 32 counties as sample counties which were distributed in the Eastern (eight counties including one rich county and one poor county), Central (12 counties including one rich county and two poor counties) and Western regions (12 counties including one rich county and three poor counties) to model a representative sample of China’s rural areas.

Step two: in order to find the BPCDO statements in step one, we used the Google search input terms “cooperative medical schemes” and “chronic diseases” in Chinese. The selection of 32 plans was based on the following criteria: (1) The plan was on an official website, that is, a website of the NRCMS Office, Health Bureau or local government; (2) The final version of the plan was selected if more than one version was located for the same county; (3) Plans that did not mention the types of chronic disease and the amount of reimbursement were omitted; (4) No more than two counties from the same province were selected in order to avoid the inclusion of more than two counties with the same guidelines; (5) The plan was chosen if it met the demands of step one, until all plans required were obtained.

According to the above process, 32 plans (counties) were selected across 20 provinces between the 11 November and the 4 December 2009. The names, province, and economic development statuses of the selected counties are shown in Table 1. The website of each plan is included in the appendix.

Analytical framework and classification of diseases

The research used the Busse et al. conceptual framework to study coverage decisions as published by the World Bank²². This is based on the idea that a benefit package is decided by coverage and benefit entitlements, including breadth (population coverage), depth (service coverage), and height (cost of coverage). This can be represented by a three-dimensional coverage model (Figure 1).

Figure 1. The three-dimensional universal coverage model²².

This paper compares the different plans according to the three dimensions of coverage. We recorded the main points of every plan including reimbursement scope, chronic diseases selected, the deductible line, co-payment ratio and ceiling, methods of cost control, whether an expert panel had been created, and how many times enrolment of beneficiaries is carried out per year. We have attempted to determine the reasoning behind the different packages and produce recommendations for how it should operate. We classified the types of diseases covered according to the ICD-10.

Who is “Entitled”?

Concerned that the number of beneficiaries could get out of control, the NRCMS offices have put a very strict procedure in place to avoid “moral hazard”. As with all BPCDO, one cannot be a beneficiary unless two conditions are met: the first is that they are a member of the NRCMS; the second is that they have a chronic disease. The first stipulation is easy to authenticate, but for the second, the counties differ in the methods used to judge if a person has a chronic disease or not.

Typically, there are two methods of judgment. One is where the NRCMS office empowers a county-level hospital to make the decision, usually the People’s Hospital in the applicant’s county, although some counties use different county-level hospitals according to the different townships. Another method, more often used, is where the NRCMS office uses a specifically created expert panel made up of delegates from different county-level hospitals (usually the People’s Hospital, Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Maternity & Child Care Centre etc.) to assess whether patients have a chronic disease. The NRCMS office convenes the experts to decide who should be eligible beneficiaries; generally, different diseases have different experts assigned to make the decision. Once a patient becomes a beneficiary, he/she can receive subsidies in the following years, although they must undergo a regular audit to check that they have continued membership of the NRCMS. Out of our 32 research counties, 14 counties had set up expert panels for this purpose. Of the remaining counties, eight counties had not set up a panel and the other counties did not mention whether they had an expert panel.

The current procedure to be designated as a beneficiary is very complicated. The applicant has to get certification from his/her village community first, and then go to a township hospital to confirm the basic health information in person, and submit a form with certification that he/she is suffering from at least one type of chronic disease. Certification must be provided by a county-level hospital or higher (Municipal hospital or Provincial hospital) if the applicant has been an inpatient. If the applicant was not an inpatient, they must provide evidence that they are suffering from at least one chronic disease from a level higher than a county hospital.

Sometimes, evidence of the severity of the disease must be provided by the applicant. For example, hypertension in phase III (ICD I10.XO5) will receive a subsidy, but not in phase II (ICD I10.X04), so the applicant has to show evidence that his/her condition is serious and should be in phase III. The township hospital will collect the information provided by the applicant and transfer it to the county NRCMS Office. The latter will then decide whether the applicant becomes a beneficiary. It takes a long time for a patient to become a beneficiary as the roll is updated slowly; of our 32 research counties, one county updated their beneficiary roll every month, three counties did this four times per year, three counties did this bi-annually, and ten counties did this annually. The other 15 counties did not mention how often they updated their beneficiary roll.

What is covered?

Selection of diseases. The chronic diseases listed in each BPCDO vary from between 4 and 28 diseases. In total, 41 types of chronic diseases are included in the 32 BPCDO, the frequency of inclusion of each type of chronic disease is listed in Table 2. No single chronic disease has been selected by all benefit packages, and some types of common chronic diseases, like coronary heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), were only selected by under half the counties. Some counties have also selected endemic conditions such as sequelae of earthquake injuries and thalassemia.

Drugs and tests. Most counties listed some drugs and tests in their BPCDO. Some counties specified the scope of prescription according to disease, some even specified a detailed drug list for each disease, and some counties only prescribed within the Catalogue of Basic Medicines of the State, while others did not mention the scope of prescription. Of the 32 counties, 15 stipulated a maximum number of days for each prescription which varied from between 7 and 60 days. In addition, doctors are asked by the NRCMS office to prescribe in duplicate, so one copy is to be left at the hospital and the other copy is to be forwarded to the NRCMS office as evidence of reimbursement.

Hospital choice. Some counties demand that beneficiaries must be treated within their county’s hospital, whereas others demand that special diseases must be treated at approved hospitals only. For example, mental disorders must be treated in the county mental hospital otherwise there can be no reimbursement. No county reimburses patients treated at a village clinic.

How much cost-sharing is provided?

To control the cost of reimbursement, a co-payment rate, deductible line and ceiling have been set up by many counties.

Deductible line and ceiling. Four counties have set a deductible line between 100 and 1000 Yuan, five counties have no deductible line, and others have not mentioned it. As for the ceiling, 15 counties have set a ceiling for reimbursement at 500 to 45000 Yuan depending on the disease. Two of the counties have set the ceiling in conjunction with inpatient expenses.

Co-payment rate. The co-payment rate for most counties is between 60% and 80%, and is applicable for all types of chronic diseases. Some counties stipulate rates according to the disease and the level of the hospital, as different diseases have different reimbursement rates.

Reimbursement frequency. Although inpatients can receive reimbursement as soon as they leave hospital, outpatients with a chronic disease are treated differently. Of the 32 counties, only four counties provide immediate reimbursement. Eight counties stated that they provide reimbursements once per quarter; five indicated that reimbursement is issued biannually, and twelve counties indicated that reimbursements are only issued annually. The other three counties did not mention how often they provide reimbursements.

Table 3 lists the generosity of cost-sharing within 32 BPCDO according to the number of selected chronic diseases, deductible line, reimbursement percentage, ceiling, the maximum days per prescription and the reimbursement frequency.

High mortality diseases and those with a heavy burden of disease should be included in the priority list

As mentioned in the analysis framework, the population coverage, service coverage, and cost coverage, can be represented as a cube. If any of the sides change, the shape of the cube changes too. Since it is impossible to allow infinity for any of the three dimensions, the BPCDO needs to balance the three factors. Among the three factors, disease selection is the core component as it directly influences the coverage of the population and the service coverage.

Our study shows that chronic diseases included in BPCDO vary, not only in number, but also in type. It is unreasonable to assume that the NRCMS fund could include all chronic diseases, so there needs to be an objective criterion for choosing the types of disease for inclusion. We think that high-mortality diseases, and the heavier-burden diseases (based on DALYs) should be taken into account to determine priorities. According to the China Statistical Yearbook 2007, the top 10 causes-of-death in rural China are malignant tumors (24.8%), cerebral vascular disease (20.6%), diseases of the respiratory system (17.2%), heart disease (14.8%), injury and intoxication (9.0%), digestive system diseases (2.7%), endocrine nutritional/metabolic diseases (1.5%), diseases of the genitourinary system (1.2%), nervous system diseases (0.8%) and mental disorders (0.6%).

According to the disease surveillance points system in rural China in 2002 (which can be seen as the initial stage of the death registration system), the highest proportion of deaths due to chronic diseases are caused by cancers, cerebrovascular disease, COPD, ischemic heart disease, hypertensive disease, liver disease and tuberculosis^23,24. We were not able to obtain detailed information regarding burden of diseases for rural China, but the World Health Organization listed the leading causes of chronic disease in 2004 as: (according to the percentage of total DALYs in sequence), lower respiratory infections, unipolar depressive disorders, ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, COPD, refractive errors, hearing loss, adult onset diabetes and diabetes mellitus²⁵. Our study found that most of the previously listed common diseases appeared in some BPCDO. However, there are still counties which have omitted very common chronic diseases, such as ischemic heart disease and COPD. From the national perspective, our opinion is that the cause of death diseases and the heavier burden diseases (DALYs) should be used as primary-priority-setting criteria.

From synthesis of the information of leading cause-of-death diseases in rural areas in 2005, and morbidity of chronic diseases in rural areas in 2008 (China Health Statistical Yearbook 2009), we think the following 21 types of chronic diseases should be included at a national level: hypertensive diseases, diabetes mellitus, COPD, malignant tumours, sequelae of cerebrovascular disease, pulmonary heart disease, schizophrenia, chronic rheumatic heart diseases, inflammatory diseases of female pelvic organs, chronic viral hepatitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis of liver, atherosclerotic heart disease, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic nephritic syndrome, leukemia, heart failure, chronic renal failure, cardiomyopathy, Parkinson’s disease, chronic active hepatitis, chronic bronchitis and epilepsy. Patients suffering from other types of chronic diseases should get aid from the Medical Financial Assistance Scheme, not from the NRCMS. From the province perspective, the list can be adjusted according to the local spectrum of disease, which county managers can implement. For each province, the causes of death and burden of diseases in rural areas requires further research.

Comparison with inpatient benefit packages

The most obvious difference between inpatient and outpatient benefit packages is their reimbursement rate. The overall real reimbursement rate for inpatients was 15% in 2007, but only 4% for outpatients²⁶. Therefore, the introduction of BPCDO intends to increase the reimbursement for chronic disease outpatients.

Inpatient benefit packages were introduced at the same time as the NRCMS in 2003 and, with development over the past few years, have developed some common principles which must be adhered to. For example, all inpatient benefit packages have a deductible line and ceiling; the higher the hospital level, the higher the deductible line and the lower the co-payment rate. To some extent, these policies have achieved their goals to induce inpatients to the low-level hospitals, and encourage doctors to use less expensive and higher-quality drugs. However, the BPCDO was introduced later and is less specific. Our study found that some of the BPCDO do not mention their maximum days per prescription or how many times they update their beneficiary roll per year. Forty percent of BPCDO lacked a deductible line, ceiling or co-payment rate. Some BPCDO (which we searched but did not use) did not even list the types of diseases they would reimburse. These obscure BPCDO must create difficulties for the practitioners and patients.

Comparison with the general outpatients benefit package

As well as the BPCDO, there are also benefit packages for general outpatients with reimbursement for minor illnesses. More than half of the counties have general outpatients benefit packages since the NRCMS was implemented. There are two types of general outpatients benefit packages. The Household Medical Saving Account (HMSA) is one of these packages and, as its name suggests, some of the insured contribution (for example, 7–15 Yuan per capita per year, accounts for 40–70% of the premium) is a compulsory deposit in the HMSA. This can then be used for both outpatient and inpatient medical expenses for anyone within the family. This type of benefits package is used more often in Western China which is economically underdeveloped (91% of western counties in 2004)²⁷ as the HMSA means a lower premium, attracting more people to join the NRCMS. However, in the east of China, only 33% of counties chose the HMSA in 2004²⁷, the remaining counties which have a general outpatient reimbursement, chose another type of benefit package termed “risk pool”. Risk pools work in the following way: the total fund of the NRCMS is divided into an inpatients and outpatients fund, the outpatients account for about 10–20% of the total fund, and when an insured member sees a doctor as an outpatient they receive 20–30% reimbursement; however, the ceiling is only 50–200 Yuan per capita per year. There were 1% of counties in the west of China and 13% in the east that implemented a risk pool in 2004²⁷. Some researchers revealed that the function of the HMSA is similar to private savings, which violates the underlying political principle of “cooperation” and cannot achieve the stated aim of “solidarity” in the NRCMS²⁸. The effect of reduced impoverishment by the HMSA is not as obvious as that of the risk pool²⁹, so there is a tendency for more and more counties to choose risk pools at the present³⁰.

Besides the differences mentioned above, there are three points of difference between the general outpatient benefits package and the BPCDO. Firstly, the general outpatient benefits package allows outpatients get reimbursement from a village clinic (only licensed clinics, normally one village has one licensed clinic), but the BPCDO does not. Secondly, general outpatients benefit packages reimburse patients immediately (the hospital cashier), but the beneficiaries of the BPCDO need to wait for several months and possibly up to a year. Thirdly, the ceiling and reimbursement rates for the general outpatients benefits package are far less than the BPCDO³¹, which is the main reason why the BPCDO is separate from general outpatients benefits package. However, the percentage of funds that should be allocated to outpatients requires further research.

It is necessary to introduce a uniform policy at the national level?

Saltman and Figueras argue that decentralized management in the health system is possibly beneficial for efficiency and immediate responses to new problems, but the experiences of many countries have demonstrated that major policy framework decisions in health systems should be made at the central level³². Our research confirmed this theory and we found that the BPCDO display great differences between different counties. Another study also found substantial differences in NRCMS policy design between regions³³. Only 6 of the 32 BPCDO include all of the essential factors. Some counties’ policies appear reasonable, others do not, and some even include obvious errors. For example, patients who are suffering infectious pulmonary tuberculosis are eligible for free medical treatment at an infectious diseases hospital³⁴, but some of the BPCDO still include this condition in their lists. We think that uniform principles of BPCDOa at the national level might avoid some unanticipated mistakes. A national policy on BPCDO should at a minimum include eight key components: (1) a specific list of types of disease using the ICD classification; (2) a specified deductible line; (3) co-payment rate; (4) a reimbursement ceiling; (5) maximum days per prescription; (6) the process of becoming a beneficiary, such as what evidence patients should provide, and whether it is decided by an expert panel; (7) how many times the beneficiary roll is updated per year; (8) whether beneficiaries receive reimbursement immediately, and if not, when they will receive it. In addition, the percentage of the chronic disease outpatient’s fund in relation to the total NRCMS fund should be specified.

Limitations

Methodologically, our study had two potential limitations. All of the plans came from websites which may lead to “online bias” as not all counties announce their plans on the internet. We had difficulties in testing whether they carried out their plans according to their written documents. Secondly, the omission of counties with incomplete information on their websites might have led us to depict a more positive picture than exists in reality.