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Opinion Article

China invests two times as much as USA on honey bee research

[version 1; peer review: peer review discontinued]
PUBLISHED 20 Jul 2015
Author details Author details
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PEER REVIEW DISCONTINUED

This article is included in the Agriculture, Food and Nutrition gateway.

Abstract

Honey bees are in no doubt the most beneficial insects to humans due to their widespread use for pollination of our crops. In this paper we compare the recent investment into honey bee research in China and USA. We show that China has invested more heavily into honey bee research than USA since 2007.  The recent funding increase promised by the White House Pollinator Task Force, hopefully, will reduce the funding gap between the two countries.

Keywords

China, USA, honey bee research, funding

Introduction

It is well known that honey bees (Apis mellifera in North America and Europe, but also A. cerana in Asia) are the most beneficial insects to humans due to the pollination services they provide to our fruits and vegetables (Gallai et al., 2009). The most recent estimated value of honey bees in the US was $15 billion per year (Morse & Calderone, 2000). This is likely underestimated: in Michigan alone, the value of fruits and vegetables that resulted from honey bee pollination was close to 1 billion per year (http://bees.msu.edu/2010/bees-worth-a-billion-in-michigan/), after adjusting for the honey bee dependency factor of each crop. For example, soybean only increases 10% of its yield after honey bee pollination, so only 10% of the total production value was used for this calculation.

Funding in China

In the following discussion, we show that the US lagged behind China in governmental investment in honey bee research. China does not seem to have suffered from the same Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) that the US has endured since the fall of 2006 (Cox-Foster et al., 2007). The most recent survey conducted by Vander (Vander Zee et al., 2012) found annual colony loss in China was below 10%. Yet, since 2008, China has invested much more than the US in honey bee research. In their Earmarked Fund for Chinese Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System, (shortened as CARS [sic]), a chief scientist, Jie Wu was chosen, who then assembled a team of 19 additional scientists nationwide (Wu, 2009). These scientists were organized into 6 laboratories, though most members in each laboratory were not located at the same institution (Table 1). A total of $19 million USD has been granted to these scientists since 2008. In addition, 21 honey-bee-specific experimental stations were funded at a slightly lower level with a total of $10.2 million USD across the two funding periods (Table 2). An independent project for pear pollination in northern China was funded for 15 million RMB (~$2.5 million USD), also by the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture (personal communication). This was directed by Youquan Shao in Shanxi, who also receives funds from CARS (#5 in Table 2). He was specifically instructed to help farmers use honey bees for pear pollination instead of hand pollination, which was common in some northern provinces of China (Ya et al., 2003).

Table 1. Names and locations of honey bee scientists funded by the Earmarked Fund for Chinese.

Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System (CARS45). Each of these scientist receives 700,000 RMB (~120,000 USD), but the chief scientist, Jie Wu receives 1,000,000 RMB (~160,000 USD) per year from 2008 to 2015. Total funding per person during the entire period = 5.6 million RMB (~0.9 million USD). Total funding for all scientists ~19 million USD. Funding amounts were obtained from Wu (2009). Names were obtained from http://finance.people.com.cn/GB/8215/47807/59262/14712388.html.

Name (first LAST)InstituteUpper AdministrationCity, ProvinceResponsibility
1. Jie WUInstitute of Apicultural
Research
Chinese Academy of
Agricultural Sciences
BeijingChief Scientist, in charge of
the entire national program
2. Wei SHIInstitute of Apicultural
Research
Chinese Academy of
Agricultural Sciences
BeijingDirector of the “Breeding and
Pollination Lab”
3. Songkun SUCollege of Honey Bee
Sciences
Fujian Agriculture and
Forestry University
Fuzhou, FujianBreeding techniques in 2
4. Yunbo XUEKey Laboratory for Honey
Bee Genetics and Queen
Breeding
Jilin Provincial Institute of
Apicultural Science
Jilin, Jilin ProvinceGermplasm preservation in 2.
5. Youquan SHAOBee Laboratory, Horticulture
Research Institute
Academy of Agricultural
Sciences of Shanxi Province
Taiyuan, ShanxiManagement of pollinating
colonies in 2.
6. Ting ZHOUInstitute of Apicultural
Research
Chinese Academy of
Agricultural Sciences
BeijingDirector of Pest Control and
Product-Quality Monitoring
Lab
7. Qin LIANGCollege of Honey Bee
Sciences
Fujian Agriculture and
Forestry University
Fuzhou, FujianPest and disease control in 6.
8. Liming WUInstitute of Apicultural
Research
Chinese Academy of
Agricultural Sciences
BeijingPesticide residue and its
reduction in 6.
9. Linsheng YUCollege of Animal Science
& technology
Anhui Agricultural UniversityHefei, AnhuiRisk assessment in 6.
10. Jing ZHAOInstitute of Apicultural
Research
Chinese Academy of
Agricultural Sciences
BeijingBee product quality control
in 6.
11. Bingfeng ZHOUHoney Bee Ecology
Laboratory
Fujian Agriculture and
Forestry University
Fuzhou, FujianDirector of Beekeeping
Technology and Tools Lab
12. Zhijiang ZENGInstitute of Honey Bee
Research
Jiangxi Agricultural
University
Nanchang, JiangxiBeekeeping for A. mellifera
in 11.
13. Jianke LIInstitute of Apicultural
Research
Chinese Academy of
Agricultural Sciences
BeijingMigratory beekeeping and
tools in 11.
14. Shaoyu HEInstitute of Eastern Honey
Bee Research
Yunnan Agricultural
University
Kunming, YunnanHive bodies and honey
combs in 11.
15. Baohua XUCollege of Animal Sciences
and Veterinary Medicine
Shandong Agricultural
University
Taian, ShandongNutrition and feed in 11.
16. Fuliang HUCollege of Animal SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhou, ZhejiangDirector of Product Processing
and Development Lab.
17. Wenjun PENGInstitute of Apicultural
Research
Chinese Academy of
Agricultural Sciences
BeijingDeep processing in 16.
18. Jie DONGInstitute of Apicultural
Research
Chinese Academy of
Agricultural Sciences
BeijingUtilization of bioactive
components in 16.
19. Xiaoqing MIAOCollege of Honey Bee
Sciences
Fujian Agriculture and
Forestry University
Fuzhou, FujianProduct development for
human health.
20. Zhijun ZHAOInstitute of Agricultural
economics and development
Chinese Academy of
Agricultural Sciences
BeijingEconomics of bees and
beekeeping.

Table 2. Names and locations of honey bee experimental stations funded by the Earmarked Fund for Chinese.

Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System (CARS45). Each of these scientists receives 500,000 RMB (~83,000 USD per year 2011–2015. Eleven of them received 300,000 per year during 2008 to 2010. Total funding for all experimental stations ~10.2 million USD. Funding amounts were obtained from Wu (2009). Names were obtained from http://finance.people.com.cn/GB/8215/47807/59262/14712388.html.

Name (first, LAST)Station NameUpper AdministrationCity, Province
21. Jinzu LIUBeijing Experimental
Station
Beijing Apiculture CompanyBeijing
22. Yingsheng ZHANGJinzhong Experimental
Station
Bee Breading ApiaryJinzhong, Shanxi
23. Chunying YUANXingcheng Experiment
Station
Safety Supervision Bureau of Animal
Production
Shenyang, Liaoning
24. Qingsheng NIUJiling Experiment StationJilin Provincial Institute of Apicultural
Science
Jilin, Jilin province
25. Fuchao GAOMudang River
Experimental Station
Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural
Sciences
Ha’rbin, Heilongjiang
26. Ting JIYangzhou Experimental
Station
Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, Jiangsu
27. Qiyun HUAJinhua Experimental
Station
Academy of Agricultural Sciences of
Jinhua
Jinhua, Zhejiang
28. Xiangjin MENGHefei Experimental
Station
Master Station of Animal Husbandry
Technology Promotion
Hefei, Anhui
29. ikun ZHANGTaian Experimental
Station
Bee Breeding Center of Shandong
Province
Taian, Shandong
30. Zhongyin ZHANGXinxiang Experimental
Station
Henan Institute of Science and
Technology
Xinxiang, Henan
31. Yanting LIWuhan Experimental
Station
Baochun Royal Jelly CompanyWuhan, Hubei
32. Yuexiong LUOGuangzhou Experimental
Station
Guangdong Institute of EntomologyGuangzhou, Guangdong
33. Zheng XUNanning Experimental
Station
Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous
Region Beekeeping Advising Center
Nanning, Guangxi
34. Jinglin GAODanzhou Experimental
Station
Chinese Academy of Tropical
Agriculture Environment and Plant
Protection Institute
Danzhou, Hainan
35. Rongguo DAIChongqing Experimental
Station
Chongqing Academy of Animal
Husbandry
Chongqing, Sichuan
36. Shunhai WANGChengdu Experimental
Station
Sichuan Apiculture Technology
Exploring Institute
Chengdu, Sichuan
37. Xuewen ZHANGHonghe Experimental
Station
Yunnan Agricultural AcademyKunming, Yunnan
38. Qinhong YANGYan’an Experimental
Station
Beekeeping Experimental Station of
Yan’an
Yan’an, Shanxi
39. Wenzhong QITianshui Experimental StationInstitute of BeekeepingTianshui, Gansu
40. Biao WANGGuyuan Experimental StationBeekeeping Experimental Station of
Guyuan
Guyuan, Ningxia
HuiAutonomous Region
41. Shidong LIUWulumuqi Experimental
Station
Bee Breeding Farm of Xinjiang
Uygur Autonomous Region
Wulumuqi, Xinjiang Uygur
Autonomous Region

Notice that these numbers (Table 1 and Table 2) do not include competitive funding from the Ministry of Agriculture (USDA equivalent in China) nor the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, the NSF equivalent in China) for honey bee research. Unlike the US, in China the NSFC must award 4–6 grants to honey bee research each year, while in US, only the best among animal behavior or physiology (NSF) are funded by NSF, even in USDA grants, honey bee research must be competed in entomology and nematology, so there is no guarantee that honey bee specific proposals will be funded.

It is also quite clear that the funding provided by CARS enabled Chinese scientists to conduct many basic research projects, as evidenced by the acknowledgement of CARS in their papers (Figure 1). The number of publications per year increased significantly (P=0.03, one tailed t-test) after CARS funded the three scientists (we assumed a two year delay in publications so we compared before and after 2010). The majority of scientists were to conduct applied research and they published mostly in Chinese trade magazines.

e53e8547-4f4e-4a0e-8e29-04983e37468a_figure1.gif

Figure 1. Number of articles published in refereed journals by three scientists in China (Songkun Su, Jianke Li and Zhijiang Zeng, respectively for A, B and C, respectively).

Nearly all papers published after 2010 acknowledged CARS funding (dark column).

China has a total of 50 such groups within the apicultural system, most of them with larger group sizes than the honey bee group (CARS45). They are planning a third phase of this project (starting in 2016), and per scientist allocation is expected to increase from 700,000 yuan to 1 million (=$164,000 per year per person).

Funding in the US

In the US, after the initial announcement of CCD in 2006, the USDA gave the four honey bee labs (now only three are left) an “Area Wide” program for honey bee research, totaling $4 million. Then there was a CAP (Coordinated Agricultural Project) grant specific to honey bees in 2008; entitled the “Sustainable Solutions to Problems Affecting Health of Managed Bees,” this project was managed by Dr. Keith Deplane, University of Georgia and shared by about a dozen honey bee scientists (of which Zachary Y. Huang is a consortium member). Another NIFA-CAP project was funded in 2011, for a total of $5.0 million (http://beeinformed.org), directed by Dennis vanEngelsdorp (University of Maryland). Notice that with the exception of the Area Wide Program, the two CAP grants were also competitive funding and they were funded because they won the competitive over many other, non-honey bee proposals. The original request for proposals for these two grants were not specifically limited for pollinator research. However if we exclude these two grants, then we would not have an even lower figure compared to China. Even with these two grants included, we show that the total investment into honey bee research is about 1:2.5, US:China (Table 3). We did not include other grants won competitively from NIFA, NSF or NIH, because they were not specifically designed for honey bee or pollinator research.

Table 3. Comparative investment (millions in USD) into honey bee research in China and USA between 2008 and 2015.

Competitive grants are excluded in both countries except the NIFA grants in USA. We used a ratio of 1 USD = 6.1 Chinese Yuan for currency conversion. Data for USA is from Purcell-Miramontes (2013), data for China was obtained from Wu (2009).

China
1. CARS scientists (Table 1)19.0
2. CARS stations (Table 2)10.2
3. Pear Pollination Project2.5
Total31.7
USA
Area-wide program to Honey Bee Labs5.0
NIFA-CAP (UGA, 20098511805718),
competitive (2008)
4.1
NIFA-CAP (BeeInformed, 2011-67007-30355),
competitive (2011)
5.0
Total14.1

Competitive or not?

We are not proposing that the funding mechanism is superior in China because competition presumably improves proposal quality. Perhaps a middle road is the best: set aside research money for honey bees specifically, or pollinators in general, both in the USDA and NSF, such that a limited “quota” of proposals are funded each year for honey-bee-specific research. This will ensure both quality (through competition) of studies as well as proper resource partition for honey bee research. Given that honey bees are so important to food production, we argue that honey bees are vitally important for our food security. Undoubtedly, two recently released White House Documents (Pollinator Health Task Force, 2015a; Pollinator Health Task Force, 2015b) might create just such a specific funding mechanism so that food production by honey bees can be ensured. We therefore welcome this much needed change in the right direction.

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Xie X, Luo S and Huang Z. China invests two times as much as USA on honey bee research [version 1; peer review: peer review discontinued]. F1000Research 2015, 4:291 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.6621.1)
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