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Review

Hot topics in biodiversity and climate change research

[version 1; peer review: 2 approved]
PUBLISHED 30 Sep 2015
Author details Author details
OPEN PEER REVIEW
REVIEWER STATUS

Abstract

With scientific and societal interest in biodiversity impacts of climate change growing enormously over the last decade, we analysed directions and biases in the recent most highly cited data papers in this field of research (from 2012 to 2014). The majority of this work relied on leveraging large databases of already collected historical information (but not paleo- or genetic data), and coupled these to new methodologies for making forward projections of shifts in species’ geographical ranges, with a focus on temperate and montane plants. A consistent finding was that the pace of climate-driven habitat change, along with increased frequency of extreme events, is outpacing the capacity of species or ecological communities to respond and adapt.

Keywords

biodiversity, climate change, global change, conservation,

Introduction

It is now halfway through the second decade of the 21st century, and climate change impact has emerged as a “hot topic” in biodiversity research. In the early decades of the discipline of conservation biology (1970s and 1980s), effort was focused on studying and mitigating the four principal drivers of extinction risk since the turn of the 16th century, colourfully framed by Diamond1 as the “evil quartet”: habitat destruction, overhunting (or overexploitation of resources), introduced species, and chains of extinctions (including trophic cascades and co-extinctions). Recent work has also emphasised the importance of synergies among drivers of endangerment2. But the momentum to understand how other aspects of global change (such as a disrupted climate system and pollution) add to, and reinforce, these threats has built since the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports3 of 2001 and 2007 and the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment4 in 2005.

Scientific studies on the effects of climate change on biodiversity have proliferated in recent decades. A Web of Science (webofscience.com) query on the term “biodiversity AND (climate change)”, covering the 14 complete years of the 21st century, shows the peer-reviewed literature matching this search term has grown from just 87 papers in 2001 to 1,377 in 2014. Figure 1 illustrates that recent scientific interest in climate change-related aspects of biodiversity research has outpaced—in relative terms—the baseline trend of interest in other areas of biodiversity research (i.e., matching the query “biodiversity NOT (climate change)”), with climate-related research rising from 5.5% of biodiversity papers in 2001 to 16.8% in 2014.

7785e961-f82b-453f-8682-b0cd5827019d_figure1.gif

Figure 1. Relative growth of refereed studies on climate change and biodiversity, compared to non-climate-related biodiversity research.

Number of refereed papers listed in the Web of Science database that were published between 2001 and 2014 on the specific topic “biodiversity AND (climate change)” (blue line, secondary y-axis) compared to the more general search term “biodiversity NOT (climate change)”.

Interest in this field of research seems to have been driven by a number of concerns. First, there is an increasing societal and scientific consensus on the need to measure, predict (and, ultimately, mitigate) the impact of anthropogenic climate change5, linked to the rise of industrial fossil-fuel combustion and land-use change6. Biodiversity loss and ecosystem transformations, in particular, have been highlighted as possibly being amongst the most sensitive of Earth’s systems to global change7,8. Second, there is increasing attention given to quantifying the reinforcing (or occasionally stabilising) feedbacks between climate change and other impacts of human development, such as agricultural activities and land clearing, invasive species, exploitation of natural resources, and biotic interactions2,9. Third, there has been a trend towards increased accessibility of climate change data and predictions at finer spatio-temporal resolutions, making it more feasible to do biodiversity climate research10,11.

What are the major directions being taken by the field of climate change and biodiversity research in recent years? Are there particular focal topics, or methods, that have drawn most attention? Here we summarise major trends in the recent highly cited literature of this field.

Filtering and categorising the publications

To select papers, we used the Web of Science indexing service maintained by Thomson Reuters, using the term “biodiversity AND (climate change)” to search within article titles, abstracts, and keywords. This revealed 3,691 matching papers spanning the 3-year period 2012 to 2014. Of these, 116 were categorised by Essential Science Indicators (esi.incites.thomsonreuters.com) as being “Highly Cited Papers” (definition: “As of November/December 2014, this highly cited paper received enough citations to place it in the top 1% of [its] academic field based on a highly cited threshold for the field and publication year”), with five also being classed as “Hot Papers” (definition: “Published in the past two years and received enough citations in November/December 2014 to place it in the top 0.1% of papers in [its] academic field”). The two academic fields most commonly associated with these selected papers were “Plant & Animal Science” and “Environment/Ecology”.

Next we ranked each highly cited paper by year, according to its total accumulated citations through to April 1 2015, and then selected the top ten papers from each year (2012, 2013 and 2014) for detailed assessment. We wished to focus on data-oriented research papers, so only those labelled “Article” (Document Type) were considered, with “Review”, “Editorial”, or other non-research papers being excluded from our final list. Systematic reviews that included a formal meta-analysis were, however, included. We then further vetted each potential paper based on a detailed examination of its content, and rejected those articles for which the topics of biodiversity or climate change constituted only a minor component, or where these were only mentioned in passing (despite appearing in the abstract or key words).

The final list of 30 qualifying highly cited papers is shown in Table 1, ordered by year and first author. The full bibliographic details are given, along with a short description of the key message of the research (a subjective summary, based on our interpretation of the paper). Each paper was categorised by methodological type, the aspect of climate change that was the principal focus, the spatial and biodiversity scale of the study units, the realm, biome and taxa under study, the main ecological focus, and the research type and application (the first row of Table 1 lists possible choices that might be allocated within a given categorisation). Note that our choice of categories for the selected papers was unavoidably idiosyncratic, in this case being dictated largely by the most common topics that appeared in the reviewed papers. Other emphases, such as non-temperature-related drivers of global change, evolutionary responses, and so on, might have been more suitable for other bodies of literature. We also did not attempt to undertake any rigorous quantification of effect sizes in reported responses of biodiversity to climate change; such an approach would have required a systematic review and meta-analysis, which was beyond the scope of this overview of highly cited papers.

Table 1. Summary information on the 30 most highly cited papers related to climate change effects on biodiversity, for the period 2012–2014.

Summary of the ten most highly cited research papers based on the search term: “biodiversity AND (climate change)”, for each of 20129,13,14,23,26,32,34,36,40,45, 20131517,21,27,30,31,33,37,39 and 20141820,22,24,25,28,29,35,38, as determined in the ISI Web of Science database. Filters: Reviews, commentaries, and opinion pieces were excluded, as were papers for which climate change was not among the focal topics of the research. The first row of the Table is a key that shows the possible categorisations that were open to selection (more than one description might be selected for a given paper); n is the number of times a category term was allocated.

AuthorsYearTitleJournal/Vol/PgDOIMain MessageTypenClimate ChangenSpatial
Scale
nBiodiversity
Scale
nRealmnBiomenTaxonnUsenEcological
Focus
N
Author 1
Author 2
Author 3
…then et al.
2012
2013
2014
Article titlePublication details
Journal, volume
Page range
Digital Object IdentifierKey findings of
the paper
Methods
development
Meta-analysis
New model
Experiment
New field data
Database
Statistical

9
3
5
5
6
14
8
Observed
Retrospective
validation
Reconstruction
Future forecast
Experimental
9

2
1
19
2
Local
Regional
Global
Multiscale
7
14
7
2
Population
Species
Community
Ecosystem
7
14
8
6
Terrestrial
Marine
Other
24
8
1
Montane
Polar
Boreal
Temperate
Subtropical
Tropical
Desert
Island
Riverine
Lacustrine
Pelagic
Benthic
Abyssal
Global
Any
9
3
4
11
6
4
2
0
1
0
3
5
1
4
2
Plant
Invertebrate
Amphibian
Reptile
Fish
Bird
Mammal
All
16
4
4
4
4
2
3
5
Theoretical-
Fundamental
Applied-
Management
Strategic-
Policy

13

17

7
Trait
Population
dynamics
Biogeography
Physiology
Behaviour
Distribution
Genetic
Migration-
dispersal
Networks
Threatened
species
Community
dynamics
Biotic
interactions
Global change
5

7
3
10
1
16
0

8
1

3

4

2
3
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Gattringer, A.,
Thuiller, W.,
et al.
2012Extinction
debt of high-
mountain
plants under
twenty-first-
century
climate
change
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2/619–622
10.1038/nclimate1514European Alps
plants will
suffer average
21stC range
contractions
of 50% but
population
dynamics will
lag, causing
extinction debt
New model,
Database
Future forecastRegionalCommunity,
Species
TerrestrialMontanePlantStrategic-PolicyPopulation
dynamics,
Distribution
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over space
and time
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to experimental
warming was
linear/
cumulative,
with no obvious
saturating
or threshold
impacts
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of feedbacks)
but strong
regional
heterogeneity
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Ecosystem
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dynamics,
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Akçakaya, H.R.,
Araújo, M.B.,
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under climate
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alone a good
indicator
of species
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to global
warming?
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to consider
direct
measures
of extinction
risk, as well
as measures
of change
in habitat
area, when
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climate change
impacts on
biodiversity
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Database
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Management
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by gradual
warming, with
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species
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competitors
at a
geographically
variable pace
DatabaseObservedRegionalCommunityTerrestrialMontanePlantTheoretical-
Fundamental
Trait, Physiology,
Community
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vegetation
model shows
that climate
change is
likely to cause
significant
shifts in
vegetation
types in
Europe
New modelFuture forecastRegionalCommunityTerrestrialMontane,
Boreal,
Temperate
PlantTheoretical-
Fundamental,
Applied-
Management
Biogeography,
Distribution
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Pringle, C.S.,
Martin, T.G.,
Rhodes, J.R.
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between
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habitat loss
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biodiversity:
a systematic
review and
meta-analysis
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18/1239–1252
10.1111/j.1365-
2486.2011.02593.x
In synergy with
other threats,
maximum
temperature
was most
closely
associated
with habitat
loss, followed
by mean
precipitation
decrease
Meta-analysis,
Database
ObservedGlobalPopulation,
Community
TerrestrialGlobalAllStrategic-PolicyGlobal change,
Distribution
Schloss C.A.,
Nunez, T.A.,
Lawler, J.J.
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limit ability of
mammals to
track climate
change in
the Western
Hemisphere
Proceedings of the
National Academy of
Sciences of the United
States of America/
109/8606–8611
10.1073/
pnas.1116791109
Many
mammals in
the Western
Hemisphere
will be unable
to migrate
fast enough
to keep pace
with climate
change
Database,
Statistical
Future forecastRegional -
Western
Hemisphere
SpeciesTerrestrialMontane,
Polar, Boreal,
Temperate,
Subtropical,
Tropical, Desert
MammalApplied-
Management
Distribution,
Migration-dispersal
Sunday J.M.,
Bates, A.E.,
Dulvy, N.K.
2012Thermal
tolerance and
the global
redistribution
of animals
Nature Climate Change/
2/686–690
10.1038/nclimate1539Thermal
tolerance
determines
the ranges of
marine, but
not terrestrial,
ectotherms
Database,
Statistical
ObservedGlobalSpeciesTerrestrial,
Marine
GlobalInvertebrate,
Amphibian,
Reptile, Fish
Theoretical-
Fundamental,
Applied-
Management
Biogeography,
Physiology,
Distribution
Urban, M.C.,
Tewksbury, J.J.,
Sheldon, K.S.
2012On a collision
course:
competition
and dispersal
differences
create
no-analogue
communities
and cause
extinctions
during
climate
change
Proceedings of the
Royal Society
B-Biological Sciences/
279/2072–2080
Interspecific
competition
and dispersal
differences
between
species will
elevate future
climate-driven
extinctions
Methods
development
Future forecastLocalCommunityTerrestrialMontaneAllTheoretical-
Fundamental
Community
dynamics, Biotic
interactions,
Migration-dispersal
Zhu, K.,
Woodall, C.W.,
Clark, J.S.
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migrate: lack
of tree range
expansion
in response
to climate
change
Global Change Biology/
18/1042–1052
10.1111/j.1365-
2486.2011.02571.x
Tree species in
the US showed
a pattern of
climate-related
contraction
in range, or
a northwards
shift, with <5%
expanding. No
relationship
between
climate velocity
and rate of
seedling
spread
DatabaseObservedRegionalPopulationTerrestrialMontane,
Temperate,
Subtropical
PlantTheoretical-
Fundamental
Distribution,
Migration-dispersal
Anderegg, W.R.L.,
Plavcova, L.,
Anderegg, L.D.,
et al.
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legacy:
multiyear
hydraulic
deterioration
underlies
widespread
aspen forest
die-off and
portends
increased
future risk
Global Change Biology/
19/1188–1196
10.1111/gcb.12100Accumulation
of drought-
induced
hydraulic
damage to
trees over
multiple
years leads
to increased
forest mortality
rates and
increased
vulnerability
to extreme
events
New field data,
Experiment
Observed,
Experimental
LocalPopulationTerrestrialTemperatePlantTheoretical-
Fundamental
Physiology,
Population
dynamics
Boetius, A.,
Albrecht, S.,
Bakker, K.,
et al.
2013Export of
algal biomass
from the
melting Arctic
sea ice
Science/339/1430–143210.1126/
science.1231346
Anomalous
melting of
summer
Arctic sea-ice
enhanced the
export of algal
biomass to
the deep-sea,
leading to
increased
sequestering
of carbon
to oceanic
sediments
New field dataObservedRegionalEcosystemMarinePolar, Pelagic,
Benthic
PlantTheoretical-
Fundamental
Global change
Foden W.B.,
Butchart, S.H.M.,
Stuart, S.N.,
et al.
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the World's
Most Climate
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Vulnerable
Species: A
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Trait-Based
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of all Birds,
Amphibians
and Corals
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pone.0065427
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associated with
heightened
sensitivity and
low adaptive
capacity to
climate change
can be used
to identify
the most
vulnerable
species and
regions
Database,
Methods
development
Future forecastGlobalSpeciesTerrestrial,
Marine
AnyAmphibian,
Invertebrate,
Bird
Applied-
Management,
Strategic-Policy
Threatened
species,
Distribution, Trait
Franklin, J.,
David, F.W.,
Ikeami, M.,
et al.
2013Modeling
plant species
distributions
under future
climates: how
fine scale
do climate
projections
need to be?
Global Change Biology/
19/473–483
10.1111/gcb.12051The spatial
resolution
of models
influences
the location
and amount
of forecast
suitable habitat
under climate
change
Methods
development,
Database,
Statistical
Future forecastRegionalSpeciesTerrestrialTemperate,
Montane
PlantApplied-
Management
Distribution
Hannah, L.,
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Ikegami, M.,
et al.
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change,
wine, and
conservation
Proceedings of the
National Academy of
Sciences of the United
States of America/
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change
will have a
substantial
impact on
suitable habitat
for viticulture,
potentially
causing
conservation
conflicts
Statistical,
Database
Future forecastGlobalSpeciesTerrestrialTemperatePlantApplied-
Management
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Harvey B.P.,
Gwynn-Jones, D.,
Moore, P.J
2013Meta-analysis
reveals
complex
marine
biological
responses to
the interactive
effects
of ocean
acidification
and warming
Ecology and Evolution/
3/1016–1030
10.1002/ece3.516Biological
responses
of marine
organisms are
affected by
synergisms
between ocean
acidification
and warming
Meta-analysis,
Experiment
Future forecastMultiscalePopulationMarinePelagic,
Benthic,
Abyssal
Plant,
Invertebrate,
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Fundamental,
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dynamics
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et al.
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habitat shifts
of Pacific top
predators in
a changing
climate
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3/234–238
10.1038/nclimate1686For a forecast
rise of 1–6C
in sea-surface
temperature,
predicts up
to a +/-35%
change in
core habitat
of top marine
predators
New model, New
field data
Future forecastRegionalEcosystemMarineTemperate,
Pelagic
Bird, Fish,
Mammal, Reptile
Theoretical-
Fundamental,
Strategic-Policy
Distribution,
Migration-dispersal
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Higgins, S.I.
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generation
dynamic
global
vegetation
models:
learning from
community
ecology
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features
of next-
generation
dynamic global
vegetation
models,
illustrates
how current
limits could
be addressed
by integrating
community
assembly
rules
New model,
Methods
development
Retrospective
validation, Future
forecast
GlobalPopulation,
Ecosystem
TerrestrialBoreal,
Temperate,
Subtropical,
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through life
history
Global Change Biology/
20/251–264
10.1111/gcb.12382Tree species in
eastern US are
not migrating
sufficiently to
track climate
change, and
are instead
responding
with faster
turnover rates
in warm and
wet climates
Database, New
model
ObservedRegionalSpeciesTerrestrialTemperate,
Subtropical
PlantStrategic-
Policy
Migration-
dispersal,
Population
dynamics

Analysis of trends, biases and gaps

Based on the categorisation frequencies in Table 1 (counts are given in the n columns adjacent to each category), the “archetypal” highly cited paper in biodiversity and climate change research relies on a database of previously collated information, makes an assessment based on future forecasts of shifts in geographical distributions, is regional in scope, emphasises applied-management outcomes, and uses terrestrial plant species in temperate zones as the study unit.

Many papers also introduced new methodological developments, studied montane communities, took a theoretical-fundamental perspective, and considered physiological, population dynamics, and migration-dispersal aspects of ecological change. Plants were by far the dominant taxonomic group under investigation. By contrast, relatively few of the highly cited paper studies used experimental manipulations or network analysis; lake, river, island and marine systems were rarely treated; nor did they focus on behavioural or biotic interactions. Crucially, none of the highly cited papers relied on paleoclimate reconstructions or genetic information, despite the potential value of such data for model validation and contextualisation12. Such data are crucial in providing evidence for species responses to past environmental changes, specifying possible limits of adaptation (rate and extent) and fundamental niches, and testing theories of biogeography and macroecology.

At the time of writing, 5 of the 30 highly cited papers listed in Table 1 (16%) also received article recommendations from Faculty of 1000 experts (f1000.com/prime/recommendations)9,1316 with none of the most recent (2014) highly cited papers having yet received an F1000 Prime endorsement.

Key findings of the highly cited paper collection for 2012–2014

A broad conclusion of the highly cited papers for 2012–2014 (drawn from the “main message” summaries described in Table 1) is that the pace of climate change-forced habitat change, coupled with the increased frequency of extreme events15,17 and synergisms that arise with other threat drivers9,18 and physical barriers19, is typically outpacing or constraining the capacity of species, communities, and ecosystems to respond and adapt20,21. The combination of these factors leads to accumulated physiological stresses13,15,22, might have already induced an “extinction debt” in many apparently viable resident populations14,2325, and is leading to changing community compositions as thermophilic species displace their more climate-sensitive competitors13,26. In addition to atmospheric problems caused by anthropogenic greenhouse-gas emissions, there is mounting interest in the resilience of marine organisms to ocean acidification27,28 and altered nutrient flows16.

Although models used to underpin the forecasts of climate-driven changes to biotic populations and communities have seen major advances in recent years, as a whole the field still draws from a limited suite of methods, such as ecological niche models, matrix population projections and simple measures of change in metrics of ecological diversity7,12,29. However, new work is pushing the field in innovative directions, including a focus on advancements in dynamic habitat-vegetation models3032, improved frameworks for projecting shifts in species distributions29,33,34 and how this might be influenced by competition or predation35,36, and analyses that seek to identify ecological traits that can better predict the relative vulnerability of different taxa to climate change37,38.

In terms of application of the research to conservation and policy, some offer local or region-specific advice on ecosystem management and its integration with other human activities (e.g., agriculture, fisheries) under a changing climate18,24,35,39. However, the majority of the highly cited papers used some form of forecasting to predict the consequences of different climate-mitigation scenarios (or business-as-usual) on biodiversity responses and extinctions2022,33,40, so as to illustrate the potentially dire consequences of inaction.

Future directions

The current emphasis on leveraging large databases for evidence of species responses to observed (recent) climate change is likely to wane as existing datasets are scrutinised repeatedly. This suggests to us that future research will be forced to move increasingly towards the logistically more challenging experimental manipulations (laboratory, mesocosm, and field-based). The likelihood of this shift in emphasis is reinforced by the recent trend towards mechanistic models in preference to correlative approaches41. Such approaches arguably offer the greatest potential to yield highly novel insights, especially for predicting and managing the outcomes of future climate-ecosystem interactions that have no contemporary or historical analogue. Along with this work would come an increasing need for systematic reviews and associated meta-analysis, to summarise these individual studies quantitatively and use the body of experiments to test hypotheses.

Technological advances will also drive this field forward. This includes the development of open-source software and function libraries that facilitate and standardise routine tasks like validation and sensitivity analysis of projection or statistical models42,43, as well as improved access to data layers from large spatio-temporal datasets like ensemble climate forecasts10 and palaeoclimatic hindcasts44. An increasing emphasis on cloud-based storage and use of off-site high-performance parallel computing infrastructure will make it realistic for researchers to undertake computationally intensive tasks31 from their desktop.

These approaches are beginning to emerge, and a few papers on these topics already appear in the highly cited paper list (Table 1). This includes the innovative exposure of coral populations to varying carbon dioxide concentrations, and the meta-analyses of tundra plant response to experimental warming45 and marine organisms to ocean chemistry27. Such work must also be underpinned by improved models of the underlying mechanisms and dynamic processes, ideally using multi-species frameworks that make use of ensemble forecasting methods for improved incorporation of scenario and climate model uncertainty10. Such an approach can account better for biotic interactions41 via individual-based and physiologically explicit “bottom-up” models of adaptive responses31. Lastly, there must be a greater emphasis on using genetic information to integrate eco-evolutionary processes into biodiversity models46, and on improving methods for making the best use of retrospective knowledge from palaeoecological data12.

Comments on this article Comments (2)

Version 1
VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 30 Sep 2015
  • Reader Comment 18 Dec 2015
    Petr Keil, iDiv, Germany
    18 Dec 2015
    Reader Comment
    Oh, I am sorry, the papers that include climate change indeed did grow faster -- I made a mistake in my previous comment. But I maintain that Figure 1 is ... Continue reading
  • Reader Comment 18 Dec 2015
    Petr Keil, iDiv, Germany
    18 Dec 2015
    Reader Comment
    I think that the y-axes in Figure 1 should be changed, so that there is only one axis for both of the curves -- the curves should use the same ... Continue reading
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Brook BW and Fordham DA. Hot topics in biodiversity and climate change research [version 1; peer review: 2 approved]. F1000Research 2015, 4(F1000 Faculty Rev):928 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.6508.1)
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NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.
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Rhodes J. Reviewer Report For: Hot topics in biodiversity and climate change research [version 1; peer review: 2 approved]. F1000Research 2015, 4(F1000 Faculty Rev):928 (https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.6984.r10634)
NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.

Comments on this article Comments (2)

Version 1
VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 30 Sep 2015
  • Reader Comment 18 Dec 2015
    Petr Keil, iDiv, Germany
    18 Dec 2015
    Reader Comment
    Oh, I am sorry, the papers that include climate change indeed did grow faster -- I made a mistake in my previous comment. But I maintain that Figure 1 is ... Continue reading
  • Reader Comment 18 Dec 2015
    Petr Keil, iDiv, Germany
    18 Dec 2015
    Reader Comment
    I think that the y-axes in Figure 1 should be changed, so that there is only one axis for both of the curves -- the curves should use the same ... Continue reading
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Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.
Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions
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