ALL Metrics
-
Views
-
Downloads
Get PDF
Get XML
Cite
Export
Track
Research Note

How much is a pheromone worth?

[version 1; peer review: 2 approved]
PUBLISHED 20 Jul 2016
Author details Author details
OPEN PEER REVIEW
REVIEWER STATUS

Abstract

Pheromone-baited traps have been widely used in integrated pest management programs, but their economic value for growers has never been reported.  We analyzed the economic benefits of long-term use of traps baited with the citrus fruit borer Gymnandrosoma aurantianum sex pheromone in Central-Southern Brazil. Our analysis show that from 2001 to 2013 citrus growers avoided accumulated pest losses of 132.7 million to 1.32 billion USD in gross revenues, considering potential crop losses in the range of 5 to 50%. The area analyzed, 56,600 to 79,100 hectares of citrus (20.4 to 29.4 million trees), corresponds to 9.7 to 13.5% of the total area planted with citrus in the state of São Paulo. The data show a benefit-to-cost ratio of US$ 2,655 to US$ 26,548 per dollar spent on research with estimated yield loss prevented in the range of 5-50%, respectively. This study demonstrates that, in addition to the priceless benefits for the environment, sex pheromones are invaluable tools for growers as their use for monitoring populations allows rational and reduced use of insecticides, a win-win situation.

Keywords

Gymnandrosoma aurantianum, citrus fruit borer, benefit-cost analysis, pest management, monitoring

Introduction

The discovery of bombykol as the sex pheromone of a domesticated insect species (Butenandt et al., 1959) triggered the interest of entomologists and natural product chemists to jointly identify pheromones from economically important insect pests and explore their potential in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) (Howse et al., 1998; Ridgway et al., 1990; Silverstein, 1981). This interest continues to increase to date given the need for environmentally friendly alternatives to control insect pest populations. After all, pheromones are non-polluting and usually non-toxic natural products. Strictly speaking they are nature-inspired synthetic compounds, i.e., identical to natural products, but manmade chemical signals. Additionally, pheromones are species-specific and safe for beneficial organisms; thus, they are ideal components of IPM programs (Jutsum & Gordan, 1989). Of note, pheromones have been registered in many countries for use in pest management, and no evidence of adverse effects has been reported (Witzgall et al., 2010). There is a consensus that successful implementation of pheromones in the field frequently involves a joint effort by chemical ecologists, entomologists and/or extension agronomists, and growers, in addition to the pheromone industry (Witzgall et al., 2010).

There are many ways in which pheromones can be used for surveillance and IPM programs, including monitoring, attract-and-kill, and mating disruption. Pheromone-baited traps are sufficiently sensitive to detect low population densities and are therefore an effective way for tracking invasive species while they are still at the establishment stage (El-Sayed et al., 2006; Liebhold & Tobin, 2008). Population monitoring has been a simple and widely used strategy to determine the ideal moment for application of control procedures (i.e., insecticides), using pre-defined thresholds (action levels) based on level of capture in pheromone-baited traps. This strategy reduces the use of insecticides to the minimal amount necessary to protect both crops and the environment (Thomson et al., 1999; Witzgall et al., 2010).

One of the first systems to use an action level based on capture with pheromone-baited traps was established for the pea moth Cydia nigricana (Wall et al., 1987). Later, many other studies were conducted with equal success in agricultural, horticultural or forestry applications, against pest species including the European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis (Laurent & Frérot, 2007), tufted apple budmoth Platynota idaeusalis (Knight & Hull, 1989), lightbrown apple moth (Bradley et al., 1998), scale insects (Dunkleblum, 1999), Mullein bug Campylomma verbasci (McBrien et al., 1994), grapevine moth Lobesia botrana (Ioriatti et al., 2011), codling moth Cydia pomonella (Madsen & Vakenti, 1973), Oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta (Rothschild & Vickers, 1991), pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Qureshi et al., 1984), Old World bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Cameron et al., 2001), cotton leafworm Spodoptera litura (Singh & Sachan, 1993), and yellow rice stem borer Scirpophaga incertulas (Krishnaiah et al., 1998), just to cite a few.

Despite the clear advantages offered by the use of pheromones in IPM in recent decades, particularly the use of traps for monitoring in extensive areas, to date there are no studies on their economic benefits. While the benefits for the environment are less tangible, the economic benefits could be estimated. Evidence of economic benefits could be extremely helpful in motivating growers to employ environmentally friendly strategies for pest control, the chemical industry to participate in production and commercialization of pheromones, and the public and private sector to promote and support more translational research.

The citrus fruit borer Gymnandrosoma aurantianum Lima (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) is a representative case for analysis of the economic benefits achieved by the use of a synthetic pheromone to manage this pest in extensive areas. Brazil is the leading worldwide producer of citrus (USDA, 2015), and Central-Southern Brazil, an area with generalized occurrence of the citrus fruit borer, accounts for approximately 80% of all citrus production in the country (IBGE, 2015). Females normally deposit a single egg per fruit (Garcia & Parra, 1999); after eclosion, the larvae pierce the skin and bore into the fruit in order to feed on the pulp (Fonseca, 1934). Once they have penetrated the fruit, larval control becomes impracticable and the fruit is rendered unfit for consumption (Bento et al., 2001).

In the 1980s, indiscriminate use of insecticides, especially pyrethroids, against a wide variety of pest insects and mites in citrus orchards in Central-Southern Brazil contributed to a drastic reduction of natural enemies, favoring an increase in the population of G. aurantianum (Parra et al., 2004). Starting in the 1990s, yield losses due to the citrus fruit borer were estimated at over US$50 million per year (Anonymous, 2000).

The sex pheromone of G. aurantianum, (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate and (E)-8-dodecenol, was identified by members of our group in early 2000’s (Leal et al., 2001). At that time, Bento et al. (2001) established strategies for its use in the field, including the number of traps per area, trap positioning on trees, pheromone durability, and control level based on number of males collected per week. In November 2001, the Rural Growers Cooperative (Coopercitrus) placed the synthetic pheromone on the market, focusing on citrus growers in the state of São Paulo after an intense campaign to divulge the technology, train extension agronomists, give presentations, and distribute technical bulletins to citrus producers (Parra et al., 2004).

In this paper, we report a benefit-cost analysis applied to the citrus industry in the period from 2001 to 2013 in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, based on gross revenues (in US$) corresponding to total production (in boxes of oranges) that growers avoided losing by using traps baited with the sex pheromone of the citrus fruit borer G. aurantianum in the monitored areas. We also discuss strategies for pheromone-baited trap use and its efficiency in the management and control of G. aurantianum.

Materials and methods

Benefit-cost analysis

The economic analysis covered the period from November 2001 to December 2013. Monetary results were calculated as losses avoided, i.e., the amount of gross revenues (in US$) corresponding to total production (in boxes of oranges) whose loss was prevented by using traps baited with pheromone of the citrus fruit borer G. aurantianum, in the monitored areas in the state of São Paulo, Brazil.

Data on the number of citrus trees in the state of São Paulo and their average yield (boxes/tree) were obtained from the Agricultural Economics Institute (IEA) (IEA, 2015). To calculate the average annual price (US$) of sale of one box of oranges (40.8 kg), we used the average monthly price published by the Center for Advanced Studies on Applied Economics (Cepea) (Cepea, 2015), corresponding to the average amounts in US$ paid to citrus growers per box, on credit, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, including costs of harvesting and shipping, for oranges of the Pera, Natal and Valencia varieties. Monetary variables were updated to values applicable in June 2014, the final month of data used in this report, using the average exchange rate (PTAX) effective on that month as informed by the Central Bank of Brazil (Bacen, 2015). The reference discount rate considered here was the average annual rate of 4% published by the Special System for Settlement and Custody (Selic) of the Central Bank of Brazil for June 2014 (Bacen, 2015), and the nominal data were transformed into real values using the General Price Index – Internal Availability (IGP-DI), published by the Getúlio Vargas Foundation (FGV, 2015).

The number of traps baited with G. aurantianum pheromone sold between November 2001 and December 2013, as well as their prices (in US$) were obtained from the Coopercitrus, the only entity responsible for their distribution in the entire state of São Paulo, Brazil. Each year (2001–2013), G. aurantianum was monitored during the citrus harvesting season (~ 6 months). According to Bento et al. (2001), the traps have a durability of one month and cover an area of approximately 10 hectares when used for monitoring. Therefore, six traps/year were installed per 10 hectares monitored. According to available data, the citrus fruit borer can cause yield losses of up to 50% per tree (Parra et al., 2004). However, for our calculations, we considered a 5 to 50% range of losses avoided in the period from November 2001 to December 2013. Costs were calculated based on the prices paid for purchase of the traps and the initial amount invested in research to develop the technology, which was US$50,000 (Parra et al., 2004). Costs of labor for trap installation and monitoring, as well as indirect investments, including use of University resources and researchers and product registration expenses, were not taken into account. Benefits were estimated in the form of losses avoided, by calculating the number of boxes produced in a scenario in which the citrus fruit borer is present, i.e., considering the yield losses that would be caused by the pest if no traps had been used. These losses were then monetized, based on the price of a box of oranges. Finally, the benefit-to-cost ratio was calculated based on total present value, considering both the benefits and the estimated costs of monitoring and control of the citrus fruit borer between 2001 and 2013.

Results and discussion

Total losses avoided by using traps baited with sex pheromone of G. aurantianum in the period from 2001 to 2013 ranged from US$132.7 million to US$1.32 billion in gross revenues. In other words, this was the estimated aggregate total of gross revenues from the sale of oranges that growers avoided losing by using pheromone-baited traps, considering a 5–50% range of potential losses caused by citrus fruit borer infestation in citrus orchards in the state of São Paulo (Table 1; Figure 1). Of note, it is already known that the citrus fruit borer can cause yield losses of up to 50% per tree (Parra et al., 2004)

Table 1. Data on use of traps baited with synthetic pheromone of the citrus fruit borer Gymnandrosoma aurantianum, in relation to the total area planted with citrus in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, between November 2001 and December 2013.

2001*200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013
Citrus data
Area (ha)581,487586,837600,06587,935574,51571,532584,096592,566551,901548,103563,952470,082455,000
Trees (units)205,811,063211,631,592212,560,034215,424,155215,030,451211,084,838217,485,693231,763,878225,665,723211,425,179224,716,022215,616,377194,740,000
Trees
(units/
ha)
353.94360.63354.23366.41374.28369.33372.35391.12408.89385.74398.47458.86428.00
Yield (boxes/
tree)**
1.821.771.931.741.921.921.951.991.871.861.771.901.91
Yield (boxes/
ha)**
645.91639.98682.37639.22717.67707.38724.67779.90763.38717.13704.32872.32819.57
Trap data
Traps sold
(units)
7,82433,99640,82844,75245,57641,05247,43635,87433,57031,97033,61635,39833,924
Area
covered by
traps (ha)***
13,04056,66068,04774,58775,96068,42079,06059,79055,95053,28356,11058,99756,507
Trees
covered by
traps ****
4,615,36820,433,35024,104,25927,329,16028,430,68525,269,66929,437,65923,385,01122,877,28620,553,50622,357,95927,060,48624,184,853
Area
covered by
traps (%)
2.249.6611.3412.6913.2211.9713.5410.0910.149.729.9512.5512.42

*Start sales (Nov., 2001)

** 1 box = 40.8 Kg

*** 1 trap/10ha/month, during 6 months (see Bento et al., 2001)(Trap sold per year/6 × 10ha)

**** Area covered by traps (ha)/year × Trees (units/ha/year)

c2e93d1b-9bc2-4e62-bdcb-b0609d8f8dda_figure1.gif

Figure 1. Losses avoided (in millions US$) by using traps baited with the sex pheromone for the citrus fruit borer Gymnandrosoma aurantianum between 2001 and 2013 in the state of São Paulo, Brazil.

Calculations considered yield loss ranging from a very conservative (5%) up to high (50%) estimates (Parra et al., 2004).

The total cost of trap purchases from 2001 to 2013 was US$5,065,807.81 (US$5.06 million). It should be noted that some costs were not measured in this study, such as labor costs of the inspections that used to be performed before the traps became available, and the fact that insecticide spraying was once triggered by a 3–5% yield loss caused by the caterpillars of G. aurantianum (Gravena, 1998). Therefore, economic losses due to infested fruit were already occurring in the field, as were expenditures on chemical controls (labor, products and machine time) that were extensively used in the entire area of the orchard. Pheromone-baited traps lowered the costs of inspections (labor) in the entire orchard, in addition to reducing the costs of machine operation and insecticide use, as chemical control became targeted only at areas effectively infested with the insect at quantities above the control level. According to Bento et al. (2001), the use of pheromone-baited traps was shown to be efficient because it monitors adults at their mating stage, enabling growers to apply chemical control before oviposition and subsequent damage to fruits. The authors also showed that, when a control level of six or more males/week was adopted, the average percentage of damaged fruits was 0.6% in the monitored areas. In addition, after successive years of trap use, growers achieved a reduction of approximately 50% in insecticide use to control the citrus fruit borer G. aurantianum (Parra et al., 2004).

The initial investment in the research that resulted in the development of pheromone-baited trap was US$ 50,000. Therefore, in terms of the governmental costs, the benefit-cost ratio of the initial investment (present value of losses avoided/total investment) ranged from US$ 2,655 to 26,548 per dollar spent with a yield loss of 5–50%, respectively (Figure 2a). In terms of the return for the producer, in which the cost of the traps is included (US$ 5.06 million), the benefit-cost ratio was US$ 12.02 to 120.19 per dollar spent considering yield losses of 5–50% (Figure 2b). These potential losses were based on an estimation of infestation by G. aurantianum in citrus orchards in the state of São Paulo.

c2e93d1b-9bc2-4e62-bdcb-b0609d8f8dda_figure2.gif

Figure 2.

Governmental (A) and producers (B) benefit-to-cost ratio (US$) by investment in research or implementation of pheromone-baited traps to monitor populations of the citrus fruit borer Gymnandrosoma aurantianum between 2001 and 2013 in the state of São Paulo, Brazil and rationalize insecticide sprays.

Except for the year 2001, when the sex pheromone of G. aurantianum only became available on the market in November, the area monitored during the 12 subsequent years (2002–2013) ranged from 56,600 to 79,100 hectares of citrus (20.4 to 29.4 million trees), corresponding to 9.7 to 13.5% of the area planted with citrus in the state of São Paulo, the main producing region in Brazil.

These findings reveal a regularity in the sale and use of pheromone-baited traps by citrus growers during that period (2002–2013). Trap sales were relatively stable in that period, with 38,166 units sold per year on average, ranging from 31,970 units (2010) to 47,436 units (2007), possibly due to fluctuations in international prices of orange juice, the main product exported by the Brazilian citrus industry. This regularity suggests a good level of acceptance and application of the technology by growers, and certainly a benefit obtained from its use.

It worth mentioning that, according to Parra et al. (2004), the total volume of insecticide sprayed in the monitored areas fell by at least 50%. This can possibly be explained by the fact that spraying was only performed in areas (~10 ha) where the pest was found at levels exceeding the damage level thus preserving the other areas and, consequently, the natural enemies within them. In summary, the use of pheromone in traps for monitoring populations of the citrus fruit borer in 12 years led to tangible benefits to growers and priceless environmental savings.

Sales pheromone traps
��2001�� ���2002�� ���2003�� ���2004�� ���2005�� ���2006�� ���2007�� ���2008�� ���2009�� ���2010�� ���2011�� ���2012�� ���2013�� ���2014�� �
Jan2668157626262938289832142120223618201930164228622562
Feb3162261631482884394444722896142434402938255022641530
Mar352024343240330834403958279057043458349451444284738
Apr4886454278803368318231943734262837483406346231724614
May3354469242768144400442323858194827943062359249124190
Jun3296459048904268593252542868306623903226252854620
Jul3344456828544790279457303232298636384018303413800
Aug3074558880366506683066425218349213643828411616420
Sep266054842892223222503360317238023914106623289900
Oct1750181014102436200225141852209212482634211219700
Nov4186934104618463110248634762192169813461932201239440
Dec36381348188216541592129013901942249428102132287810420
Total/year782433996408284475245576410524743635874335703197033666353983390414854
1,304 5,666 6,805 7,459 7,596 6,842 7,906 5,979 5,595 5,328 5,611 5,900 5,651 2,476
cost trap
1 trap/month/10ha
use benefit trap
losses avoided boxes/tree0.910.890.960.870.960.960.971.000.930.930.880.950.960.84
area with traps/ha 13,040 56,660 68,047 74,587 75,960 68,420 79,060 59,790 55,950 53,283 56,110 58,997 56,507 24,757
trees/ha - IEA 354 361 354 366 374 369 372 391 409 386 398 459 428
total trees 4,615,368 20,433,350 24,104,259 27,329,160 28,430,685 25,269,669 29,437,659 23,385,011 22,877,286 20,553,506 22,357,960 27,060,486 24,184,853 -
boxes/tree - IEA 1.82 1.77 1.93 1.74 1.92 1.92 1.95 1.99 1.87 1.86 1.77 1.90 1.91 1.68
yield losses - 50% - 0.89 0.96 0.87 0.96 0.96 0.97 1.00 0.93 0.93 0.88 0.95 0.96 0.84
average price/box - Cepea 23.25 18.56 15.69 11.08 12.83 16.71 17.32 13.63 7.21 16.58 18.25 7.38 7.29 9.23
PERIOD0123456789101112
Amount yield losses - 336,430,645 364,246,143 264,022,827 349,664,543 404,285,627 496,160,320 317,812,423 154,044,700 316,826,755 360,652,833 189,880,967 168,716,020 -
- 323,491,005 336,766,034 234,715,332 298,894,716 332,293,316 392,122,708 241,511,321 112,558,954 222,598,276 243,644,132 123,343,056 105,379,529
VP losses avoid 2,967,318,377
Selic real 0.04
total trees - IEA 211,631,592 212,560,034 215,424,155 215,030,451 211,084,838 217,485,693 231,763,878 225,665,723 211,425,179 224,716,022 215,616,377 194,649,071 470,082 455,000
Price - Pheromone traps
��2001�� ���2002�� ���2003�� ���2004�� ���2005�� ���2006�� ���2007�� ���2008�� ���2009�� ���2010�� ���2011�� ���2012�� ���2013�� ���2014�� �
Jan38.8137.4336.2532.1332.8230.4929.0826.6927.5724.5624.0722.2720.04
Feb38.6936.7035.0233.0631.6931.3428.7425.6827.5424.7422.5720.9820.90
Mar38.9036.9635.5732.4132.4231.3528.6126.7827.1224.2223.8722.1520.49
Apr36.8736.3732.8832.7732.7531.1928.3126.9123.8922.0322.7122.0220.30
May34.6536.5436.0131.2832.6931.2427.8426.9125.6922.6723.1922.7717.66
Jun38.6336.9933.6132.6732.6230.6226.7627.1626.4124.6422.4021.9319.41
Jul39.5936.9533.6832.9130.0331.2026.8727.7126.3424.5422.7219.98
Aug41.2735.3433.5333.0031.1530.4227.2926.6126.4024.4921.6219.89
Sep40.0535.3733.1232.9432.0328.8326.8528.2225.7724.3020.7518.47
Oct41.6135.7333.7432.1431.7730.2926.5228.4625.5125.8419.9919.50
Nov38.8540.0636.5433.3632.6931.6628.4326.6428.2525.4824.1021.9517.90
Dec39.1638.3036.0433.3232.3631.5329.0926.6628.2025.0224.2121.3819.14
Amount Pheromone Traps - Sales
��2001�� ���2002�� ���2003�� ���2004�� ���2005�� ���2006�� ���2007�� ���2008�� ���2009�� ���2010�� ���2011�� ���2012�� ���2013�� ���2014�� �
Jan0.00103551.8758982.2995202.6194403.6095099.4997997.0761651.5259669.2650169.4847391.3339523.8163724.6551335.74
Feb0.00122340.8896013.81110243.2595354.24124975.76140132.5483226.8736566.2894722.7872700.5757555.2047501.3031983.94
Mar0.00136931.0989970.11115247.61107218.51111536.31124067.4879823.00152761.7993790.4084634.02122807.5794908.1215120.73
Apr0.00180138.07165214.78259104.07110374.25104194.6299631.49105705.5970708.7589523.2975021.2978636.8469834.8393651.58
May0.00116204.52171458.76153971.58254771.90130883.56132202.64107421.7352426.9971784.5569413.5483306.16111853.5073995.40
Jun0.00127336.95169794.70164337.09139454.18193493.41160903.0276757.4783279.1163119.8879474.3256627.95119772.680.00
Jul0.00132372.33168788.7496122.05157618.8483895.61178762.7286858.0282738.2895824.1398603.5568942.7427578.490.00
Aug0.00126871.02197474.53269483.35214698.16212763.66202018.64142406.8992933.6136008.4193732.5088984.9732663.280.00
Sep0.00106531.52193979.1895777.1473530.3072067.5096875.5185176.08107282.50100866.7925907.1748316.4318285.300.00
Oct0.0072812.5464668.9747570.8778293.3663611.1376161.3049119.1859541.7931834.3768063.1842215.7938422.190.00
Nov162633.9937413.7438218.5061586.11101679.3678700.4198808.4858391.9847968.5234298.8546568.8844156.5770589.570.00
Dec142482.2051627.8267824.1255117.0451516.5040669.3440432.1751778.7970330.1670297.0851621.8361532.0219946.010.00
Total Year 305,116.18 1,314,132.35 1,482,388.51 1,523,762.76 1,478,913.19 1,311,890.80 1,447,993.06 988,317.11 916,207.03 832,240.01 813,132.17 792,606.05 715,079.90
0123456789101112
Amount spent with traps 305,116.18 1,263,588.80 1,370,551.51 1,354,619.55 1,264,181.19 1,078,278.61 1,144,369.95 751,039.78 669,463.51 584,720.79 549,322.96 514,861.78 446,636.80
Current amont spent with traps 11,296,751.41
Initial investment research 111,773.50
US$ 50,00050,000
Ptax average June/20142.23547
ABC initial investiment 26,548
BC citrus growers - losses avoid/spent with traps262.67
BC citrus growers + initial investiment260.10
5%10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%
citrus growers - DollarBrazilian RealDollarDollarDollarDollarDollarDollarDollarDollarDollarDollarDollar
VP losses avoid 296,731,837.73 132,738,009 132,738,009 265,476,019 398,214,028 530,952,037 663,690,047 796,428,056 929,166,065 1,061,904,075 1,194,642,084 1,327,380,093
Current amont spent with traps 11,296,751.41 5,053,412 2,260,559 1,011,223 452,354 202,353 90,519 40,492 18,114 8,103 3,625 1,621
Investiment
Brazilian RealDollar
5% 296,731,837.732 132,738,009 BC
10% 593,463,675.464 265,476,019 26.27to citrus growers
15% 890,195,513.196 398,214,028
20% 1,186,927,350.929 530,952,037 5%10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%
25% 1,483,659,188.661 663,690,047 2654.765309.527964.2810619.0413273.8015928.5618583.3221238.0823892.8426547.60
30% 1,780,391,026.393 796,428,056 5%10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%
35% 2,077,122,864.125 929,166,065 investiment research
40% 2,373,854,701.857 1,061,904,075
45% 2,670,586,539.589 1,194,642,084
Dataset 1.Raw data for Figure 1 and Figure 2.
Dataset: data used for economic analysis (Figure 1, Figure 2A and Figure 2B) covered the period from November 2001 to December 2013 (including a combination with Table 1).

Data availability

F1000Research: Dataset 1. Raw data for Figure 1 and Figure 2, 10.5256/f1000research.9195.d129239 (Bento et al., 2016).

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Version 1
VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 20 Jul 2016
Comment
Author details Author details
Competing interests
Grant information
Copyright
Download
 
Export To
metrics
Views Downloads
F1000Research - -
PubMed Central
Data from PMC are received and updated monthly.
- -
Citations
CITE
how to cite this article
Bento JMS, Parra JRP, de Miranda SHG et al. How much is a pheromone worth? [version 1; peer review: 2 approved]. F1000Research 2016, 5:1763 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.9195.1)
NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.
track
receive updates on this article
Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article.

Open Peer Review

Current Reviewer Status: ?
Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW
ApprovedThe paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested
Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.
Not approvedFundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions
Version 1
VERSION 1
PUBLISHED 20 Jul 2016
Views
20
Cite
Reviewer Report 01 Aug 2016
Baldwyn Torto, Behavioural and Chemical Ecology Department, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya 
Jimmy Pittchar, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya 
Approved
VIEWS 20
We considered the following issues in our review of the manuscript:
  1. Economic analysis was based on direct gross revenue corresponding to total production loss avoided. How was this directly or indirectly attributed to sex pheromones?
... Continue reading
CITE
CITE
HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT
Torto B and Pittchar J. Reviewer Report For: How much is a pheromone worth? [version 1; peer review: 2 approved]. F1000Research 2016, 5:1763 (https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.9897.r15333)
NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.
  • Author Response 22 Aug 2016
    Walter Leal, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, USA
    22 Aug 2016
    Author Response
    First of all, the authors would like to thank the reviewers for their time and effort to evaluate this submission. We are delighted to hear that the reviewers approved the ... Continue reading
  • Reviewer Response 22 Aug 2016
    Baldwyn Torto, Behavioural and Chemical Ecology Department, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
    22 Aug 2016
    Reviewer Response
    I think the authors have done a very good job responding to all the queries we raised in our review of the article. Overall, it's a well researched study and ... Continue reading
COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT
  • Author Response 22 Aug 2016
    Walter Leal, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, USA
    22 Aug 2016
    Author Response
    First of all, the authors would like to thank the reviewers for their time and effort to evaluate this submission. We are delighted to hear that the reviewers approved the ... Continue reading
  • Reviewer Response 22 Aug 2016
    Baldwyn Torto, Behavioural and Chemical Ecology Department, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
    22 Aug 2016
    Reviewer Response
    I think the authors have done a very good job responding to all the queries we raised in our review of the article. Overall, it's a well researched study and ... Continue reading
Views
22
Cite
Reviewer Report 25 Jul 2016
A. Cameron Oehlschlager, Chemtica International, Costa Rica, Heredia, Costa Rica 
Approved
VIEWS 22
This paper analyzes the monetary benefits accruing to citrus growers adopting a 1 trap / 10 ha pheromone trap monitoring program for citrus fruit borer Gymnamdrosoma aurantianum between 2001 and 2013.  The principle savings was in a  50% reduction in ... Continue reading
CITE
CITE
HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT
Oehlschlager AC. Reviewer Report For: How much is a pheromone worth? [version 1; peer review: 2 approved]. F1000Research 2016, 5:1763 (https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.9897.r15137)
NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Version 1
VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 20 Jul 2016
Comment
Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article:
Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested
Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.
Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions
Sign In
If you've forgotten your password, please enter your email address below and we'll send you instructions on how to reset your password.

The email address should be the one you originally registered with F1000.

Email address not valid, please try again

You registered with F1000 via Google, so we cannot reset your password.

To sign in, please click here.

If you still need help with your Google account password, please click here.

You registered with F1000 via Facebook, so we cannot reset your password.

To sign in, please click here.

If you still need help with your Facebook account password, please click here.

Code not correct, please try again
Email us for further assistance.
Server error, please try again.