Keywords
fish breeding, freshwater fish, pituitary, (sGnRH), domperidone, hatchery
fish breeding, freshwater fish, pituitary, (sGnRH), domperidone, hatchery
Siban fish Cyclocheilichthys apogon is a commercial freshwater fish in Indonesia. This species is distributed in South East Asia regions such as Sumatra, Borneo, Malaysia, and Mekong, Thailand1. Siban fish is one of the main targets of local fishermen in Riau Province, Indonesia, resulting in decreasing wild populations over the last decade (Personal communication with local fishermen of the Kampar River). Therefore, the cultivation of siban fish needs to develop in relation to meeting the market demand, without disturbing the wild population.
Nurhusniah2 and Sari3 have studied the reproductive biology of the siban fish, but no other aspect has been studied yet. Nonetheless, the culturing of the siban fish has been initiated in Riau Province, Indonesia; the larvae were collected from the wild at low quality and quantity, with high seasonal dependence4, resulting in low production. Therefore, the breeding technology of siban fish is crucially needed to overcome these problems and to support the aquaculture business of the local people.
Induced spawning is one of the common methods to stimulate ovulation of the fish in the hatchery. With this method, hormones are playing an important role5. Several natural and artificial hormones have been used to induce breeding of fish, while Ovaprim is one of the most popular and effective solutions to stimulate the maturation of male and female broodfish. Ovaprim contains combinations of salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone (sGnRH) and domperidone. These hormones have been applied successfully to induce spawning of seurukan fish Osteochilus vittatus6, selais Ompok hypophthalmus7,8, common carp Cyprinus carpio9, mali-mali Labiobarbus festivus10, and lelan fish Osteochilus pleurotaenia11.
Ovaprim has several advantages, for example, it is cheap, has many practical uses, and it is easy to find in the local market in Indonesia. However, Ovaprim has never been used to induce spawning of siban fish. Hence, the objective of the present study was to determine an effective dosage of Ovaprim for siban female broodstock.
The experiments were carried out within the ethical guidelines in animal research developed by NC3Rs. The study was conducted between April and June 2016, at the Fish Breeding Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, University of Riau, Pekanbaru, Indonesia. A total of 12 male and 12 female broodfish of the siban fish Cyclocheilichthys apogon species were collected from the Kampar River, Riau Province. The broodfish ranged between 10 and 15 cm in total length, and 18.42 and 31.15g in total weight. The fish were acclimatized for 24 hours prior to inducing with Ovaprim.
The experiment was carried out in compliance with the ethical guidelines provided by the Research Institution of Riau University (SOP/02/PL/LPPM/2016). Three dosages of Ovaprim (Syndel, Canada) were tested in this study: for females, 0.3 ml kg-1 body weight (BW), 0.5 ml kg-1BW, and 0.7 ml kg-1BW; for males, 0.15 ml kg-1BW. The broodfish in control groups were injected with physiological solution (0.9% NaCL) at the dosage of 0.25 ml kg-1BW.
The female broodfish were injected with their respective dosage two times; the first injection was at 8.00 PM with half of the tested dosage, and the second injection was conducted 6 hours after the first injection (at 2.00 AM), with the remainder of the tested dosage. The female broodfish was ovulated 6 hours after the second injection (at 8.00 AM). The eggs were collected by gentle finger pressure to the abdomen. The collected eggs were put in a plastic jar and kept in an ice box at 4°C6.
The males were injected with a single dose of 0.25 ml kg-1 BW at 8.00 PM. The male siban fish was sacrificed with MS-222 (Merck), prepared by dissolving 4g of MS-222 in 5L tap water12. The testes were removed and washed with physiological solution and then perforated and chopped with scissors. The semen was gently squeezed out and put in a tube, and kept in an icebox (4°C). The semen was mixed with physiological solution (0.9% NaCl) at dilution ratio 1: 100 (v/v).
A total of 1 ml eggs and 1 ml of diluted sperm were mixed homogenously in a plastic basin (Calista, Volume 500 mL) and with approximately 1 ml of fertilization solution (contains 4 g urea and 3 g NaCl L-1) developed by The Laboratory of Fish Breeding, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Universitas Riau. The resulting mixture was left in contact for 5 minutes. The incubation basin was installed with 24-hour portable aerator and LED lamp.
A total of 100 eggs were taken randomly and then incubated in a plastic basin (Calista, volume: 2L), with three replicates at a water temperature of 25–27°C in a water heater. Successful fertilization was observed 8 hours after incubation. Unfertilized eggs were identified by their opacity; the unfertilized eggs were removed from the jar, while hatching rate was monitored at two-hour intervals13. The larvae were fed on Tubifex sp. ad libitum on day 5 after being hatched and reared in the same jar for 40 days.
The latency period, the relative number of ovulated eggs, egg diameter, fertilization rate, hatching rate, and survival rate of larvae on day 40 after hatching were measured. The latency period was determined by calculating the time between the second injection and ovulation. The relative number of ovulated eggs was calculated by dividing the total number of released eggs after Ovaprim injection by the total body weight of the female broodfish. Fertilization, hatching, and survival rates were calculated based on Muchlisin et al6,14 and Adami et al15. All data were subjected to One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), followed by the Duncan multiple-range test.
The ANOVA test revealed that different Ovaprim dosages had a significant effect on latency period, relative number of ovulated eggs, fertilization, hatching, and survival rates (p<0.05). The result showed that the latency period was faster at a dosage of 7 ml kg-1BW; this value was significantly different from other dosages. A higher relative number of ovulated eggs and fertilization, hatching, and survival rates were also recorded at the Ovaprim dosage 7 ml kg-1 BW; these values are significantly different from other dosages (Table 1). In general, the relative number of ovulated eggs, fertilization, hatching, and survival rates were increased with increasing Ovaprim dosage. However, there were no significant differences between the values seen at 3 ml kg-1 BW and 5 ml kg-1 BW dosage.
The results indicate a decreased latency period at increased Ovaprim dosage. On the contrary, the relative number of ovulated eggs, fertilization, hatching, and survival rates were increased at increased dosage. The best results for all parameters were recorded at the Ovaprim dosage of 7 ml kg-1 body weight. Therefore, the higher dosage of Ovaprim (7 ml kg-1 BW) was an effective dosage in inducing spawning of the siban fish compared to the lower dosage (3 ml kg-1 and 5 ml kg-1). This is probably because the combination of sGnRH and domperidon in Ovaprim solution at higher doses of 7 ml kg-1 BW stimulated gonadotropin (GTH II or LH) secretion in the pituitary gland of the broodfish to a greater extent, and then induced gonad maturation and ovulation. The higher levels of gonadotropin will induce ovulation faster16. According to Ithisom9, the hormone works optimally at a certain dose; and changing the dose will reduce effectiveness. Therefore, determining the optimum dose is crucial.
The influence of sGnRH and domperidon at the higher dosage most likely inhibited secretion of dopamine and stimulated the pituitary gland to secrete GTH. The GTH in this case, GTH II, would stimulate the theca cells to secrete hormone 17-alpha hydroxyprogesterone, which would then be converted into maturation-inducing steroid by the enzyme 20-beta-dihydroxy steroids, stimulating follicles to burst as the ooctes hydrate17,18.
The results showed that the high fertilization rate was obtained at doses of 0.7 ml kg-1 BW; this dosage probably gave the optimum effect of sGnRH and domperidone to increase the quantity and quality of eggs. This is indicated by the higher number of ovulated eggs as recorded at this dosage. According to Nuraini et al.19 the optimum dosage of stimulating hormone results in better ovulation and improves egg quality for the selais fish, Ompok hypophthalmus. Moreover, Woynarovich and Horvath20 stated that the fertilization rate is strongly influenced by the quality of eggs and spermatozoa. Prostaglandin plays an important role in inducing ovulation and significantly influences fertilization and hatching rates. This is because prostaglandin contains arachidonic acid derived from essential fatty acids that determine the egg quality21. In addition, the quality of eggs is influenced by several factors including the hormone levels22, nutrition23, genetics24 and the environment25. Bromage et al.26 stated that the quality of eggs is reflected in higher fertilization and hatching rates.
Besides being influenced by hormonal factors, the hatching rate is also influenced by the temperature of the incubation media, dissolved oxygen, pH, and light intensity20. In general, the survival rate of siban larvae was categorized as being at a good level. According to Alikunhi et al.27 there are three levels of survival rate for the larvae: a good level when the survival is higher than 50%, moderate when between 30 and 50%, and low when the survival is lower than 30%. However, the survival of the larvae in this study was lower compared to seurukan fish Osteochilus vittatus and river catfish Mystus nigricep, which were injected with Ovaprim 0.5 ml kg-1 BW, resulting in a survival rate of between 80.66 and 90%6,28,29. It is assumed that the siban fish requires higher dosages of Ovaprim to induce gonad maturation as recorded in this study.
It is concluded that different doses of Ovaprim had a significant effect on the latency period, the relative number of ovulated eggs, fertilization, hatching, and survival rates of siban fish. The best Ovaprim dosage, from the ones tested, was 0.7 ml kg-1 BW.
Dataset 1: Raw data collected for the latency period, relative numbers of ovulated eggs, fertilization, hatching and survival rates of the siban fish Cyclocheilichthys apogon. DOI, 10.5256/f1000research.12885.d18082530.
This study was supported by Universitas Riau through thr PUPT scheme 2016, Grant number: 023/UN.5.1.3/PP/2016.
The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
The authors thank the rector of Universitas Riau for providing the reseach grant to support this study.
Views | Downloads | |
---|---|---|
F1000Research | - | - |
PubMed Central
Data from PMC are received and updated monthly.
|
- | - |
Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?
Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?
Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?
Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?
Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?
Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?
Yes
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?
Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?
Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?
Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?
Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?
Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?
Partly
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?
Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?
Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?
Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?
Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?
Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?
Yes
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article:
Invited Reviewers | |||
---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | |
Version 1 18 Oct 17 |
read | read | read |
Click here to access the data.
Spreadsheet data files may not format correctly if your computer is using different default delimiters (symbols used to separate values into separate cells) - a spreadsheet created in one region is sometimes misinterpreted by computers in other regions. You can change the regional settings on your computer so that the spreadsheet can be interpreted correctly.
Provide sufficient details of any financial or non-financial competing interests to enable users to assess whether your comments might lead a reasonable person to question your impartiality. Consider the following examples, but note that this is not an exhaustive list:
Sign up for content alerts and receive a weekly or monthly email with all newly published articles
Already registered? Sign in
The email address should be the one you originally registered with F1000.
You registered with F1000 via Google, so we cannot reset your password.
To sign in, please click here.
If you still need help with your Google account password, please click here.
You registered with F1000 via Facebook, so we cannot reset your password.
To sign in, please click here.
If you still need help with your Facebook account password, please click here.
If your email address is registered with us, we will email you instructions to reset your password.
If you think you should have received this email but it has not arrived, please check your spam filters and/or contact for further assistance.
Comments on this article Comments (0)