Keywords
Cardiac Arrest, in-hospital resuscitation, CPR, 30-day mortality
Cardiac Arrest, in-hospital resuscitation, CPR, 30-day mortality
The importance of prompt recognition of cardiac arrest and initiation of cardio-pulmonary resuscitation has been shown repeatedly1,2. The chain of survival, prompt recognition, early/bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and early defibrillation is indeed of outmost importance3. Efforts to improve the results from out-of-hospital have been implemented and our hospital has likewise put training efforts into basic and advanced CPR.
The aim of the present retrospective register project was to study sudden in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) and the outcomes of emergence team resuscitation at a hospital in Sweden.
This is a retrospective single-centre register study in which the Swedish CPR Registry was used to access all reported cases of IHCA in Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. The study protocol was approved by Stockholm Ethical Review Board (EPN; 2017/4:10 approved 2017-11-08, Annika Sandström). Patient informed consent is not required for register studies in accordance with Swedish research regulations.
All reported cases of IHCA at Danderyd Hospital where CPR was initiated, from January 1st 2012 to December 31st 2017, were included in the study.
Place of cardiac arrest, witnessed cardiac arrest, bystander CPR, time to initiated CPR, initial rhythm, number of defibrillations, patients with return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), patients discharged from hospital, Cerebral Performance Scales (CPC) score of discharged patients and 30-day mortality was studied.
Data is presented as mean and standard deviation and frequencies as applicable. Differences has been studied by Student’s t-test and ANOVA for continuous variables and Chi sqaured test for category data. A p<0.05 has been considered statistically significant. Statistics has been calculated with SPSS Statistics® for Macintosh version 24 (Armonk, New York, USA) and Microsoft Excel © 2017 version 16.9.
A total of 574 patients with sudden IHCA were included in the study: 340 males and 234 females, with a mean age of 73 ± 14 years: 72 ± 13 for males and 75 ± 14 for the females (p<0.05).
The most common place for a sudden cardiac arrest was the Coronary Care Unit (CCU) followed by cardiology and medical wards. A majority (84%) of the cardiac arrests were witnessed, and bystander CPR was initiated within one minute in 96% of cardiac arrest cases. The most common initial rhythm was asystole (n=215) and the least common was VT/VF (n=147). The highest prevalence of VT/VF (57%) was seen in the percutaneous coronary intervention lab followed by the CCU and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) (33% and 27%).
In total, 333 (55.5%) of cardiac arrest patients were successfully resuscitated and had ROSC: 195 patients (34%) were discharged from hospital and 191 (33%) were still alive at day-30 after cardiac arrest (33%), see Figure 1.
ROSC, return of spontaneous circulation.
The highest 30-day survival rate was seen in patients with cardiac arrest in the PCI lab (61%), with the next to highest 30-day survival rate (46%) seen in the CCU.
Shockable rhythm was associated with success: CCU, VT/VF alive at day-30 had 21 out of 28 patients (75%); PCI, VT/VF alive at day-30 had 26 out of 35 patients (74%); and ICU, VT/VF alive at day-30 had 7 out of 12 patients (58%). Overall 89 out of the 167 patients (53%) alive at day-30 had an initial none-shockable rhythm. Age had an impact: patients alive at day-30 were significantly younger than those who were not alive at day-30 (69 vs 75 years; p=0.001) (Table 1).
Alive Day-30 (n=191) | Dead Day-30 (n=383) | All (n=574) | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender Male/Female | 119/72 | 221/162 | 340/234 |
Age years | 69* ± 13 | 75 ± 13 | |
Bystander CPR Yes/No | 188/2 | 370/12 | 558/14 |
Time to Bystander CPR; 0’/1’/2’ | 174**/12/5 | 330/34/18 | 504/46/23 |
Witnessed CA | 183/7 | 299/84 | 482/91 |
Initial Rhythm, PEA/Asystole/VT/VF | 27/62/78* | 146/149/53 | 173/211/131 |
Place for CA: High monitoring setting/low monitoring setting | 119**/70 | 145/232 | 264/302 |
CPC-score was available for 188 out of the 195 patients that were alive to be discharged (96%). In total, 96.5% of patients where data was available had a favourable neurological outcome after cardiac arrest, i.e. a CPC score of 1 or 2 at discharge.
We found that one third of patients suffering sudden IHCA were alive at day-30 and that patients alive to be discharged did not experience significant impairment of cognitive function. A majority of cardiac arrests were witnessed cardiac arrest and CPR had been initiated within 1–2 minutes. Having VT/VF as an initial rhythm and a lower age of the patient increased the chance of survival. However, it is worth noticing that more than half of the surviving patients had a non-shockable initial rhythm.
A previous study at Danderyd Hospital in the late 1980s found only 9 out of 61 IHCA patients were alive to be discharged (15%)4. The survival rate seen in our study is higher than that presented from a study in Ireland on in-hospital resuscitation in 2011, one year before the start of our study, which found a 27% survival rate of discharge5. The average survival rate in our study is also higher than the survival rate reported from a US survey of in-hospital resuscitation including a total of 838,465 patients6. Data analysed from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample databases between 2003 and 2011 showed a 24.7% overall survival to hospital discharge6. A study conducted in Finland between 2009 and 2011, including 279 adult IHCA patients attended by the medical emergency team in a university hospital's general wards, found a 180-day survival rate of 19%7. They commented on the importance of shockable primary rhythm, monitored/witnessed event and low comorbidity score for survival. One should acknowledge that our study covered the period 2012 to 2017 and all hospital wards, including coronary and general intensive care departments. A study from China revealed a low survival rate where only 9.1% of patients were discharged alive8. Our results are however in line with a previous studies from Sweden. Herlitz et al. found a 43% survival rate for discharge among cardiac arrest patients suffering cardiac arrest in wards with monitoring facilities, and a 31% survival rate among cardiac arrest patients in general wards. They also found cerebral function to be favourable in most patients9,10.
Our study does have limitations. We did not study the causes of cardiac arrest. It should be acknowledged that cardiac arrest cases throughout the hospital were included in the study, not only on cardiac arrest in high dependency wards and in patients with heart disease. There is missing data for initial rhythm in about 10% of cases, which means that conclusions concerning prevalence of different cardiac rhythms must be performed with caution. It should also be acknowledged that we do not have data on time to defibrillation.
To conclude, one third of IHCA patients resuscitated by the emergency team could be discharged alive and were still alive at day-30 in our study cohort, a majority without signs of cognitive impairment related to cardiac arrest. Most cardiac arrests were witnessed and CPR had been initiated within minutes. We found initial shockable rhythm VT/VF to be a factor related to successful CPR, which is similar to what has been shown for out-of-hospital CA; however, it should be noted that more than half of survivors had a none-shockable initial rhythm.
The data has been retrieved from the Swedish CPR register (https://www.hlr.nu/svenska-hlr-registret/). This is a national database, supported by the Swedish and European Resuscitation Councils. The data can be retrieved by request from CPR register (https://shlrsjh.registercentrum.se/) following Ethical Review board approval on application (https://www.epn.se/en/start/).
This study was supported by the Department of Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, Danderyds Hospital. No external funding was provided.
The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?
Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?
Partly
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?
Partly
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?
Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?
Partly
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?
Yes
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
Reviewer Expertise: cardiac arrest
Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?
Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?
Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?
Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?
Partly
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?
Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?
Yes
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article:
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Version 1 06 Jul 18 |
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