Chemical characterization of bamboo leaves (<i>Gigantochloa albociliata</i> and <i>Dracaena surculosa</i>) by sodium hydroxide treatment

Nadiah  Ameram; Muhammad Afiq Che Agoh; Wan Farhana W. Idris; Arlina Ali

doi:10.12688/f1000research.15036.1

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Research Article

Chemical characterization of bamboo leaves (Gigantochloa albociliata and Dracaena surculosa) by sodium hydroxide treatment

[version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations]

Nadiah Ameram ¹, Muhammad Afiq Che Agoh¹, Wan Farhana W. Idris¹, Arlina Ali¹

PUBLISHED 09 Jul 2018

Author details Author details

¹ Faculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, 17600, Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia

Nadiah Ameram
Roles: Writing – Original Draft Preparation

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Abstract

Background: Dracaena surculosa and Gigantochloa albociliata leaves are different in morphology and appearance. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is widely used in pulping of wood for making paper or regenerated fibers. NaOH is used to separate lignin from cellulose fibers, and this treatment is needed to identify the characteristics of leaves. This study was conducted in order to investigate the characteristics of D. surculosa and G.albociliata species under NaOH treatment.
Methods: NaOH was applied to the leaves for 8 hours. Treated and untreated bamboo leaves were analysed using FTIR analysis, in order to identify the presence of functional groups in the leaves.
Results: It was observed that these two species not only differ physically, but also chemically. The presence of OH, CH and alkynes functional groups in the leaf sample indicates that the species share similar properties but have a slight difference in the molecular bonds. From the morphological observation of D. surculosa and G. albociliata leaves, they are slightly different in terms of leaf appearance and characteristics. G. albociliata have thicker leaves compared to D. surculosa, and NaOH treatment shows that D. surculosa leaves are harder to dissolve into the solvent. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of these two species shows the initial structure of fibres in the leaves are intact but after NaOH treatment, the fibres are ruptured and appear in non-uniform shapes.
Conclusions: The initial morphology of G. albociliata and D.surculosa is different in color and appearance. However after NaOH treatment, the color becomes almost the same. Regarding SEM analysis, after NaOH treatment the morphology of the bamboo leaves completely changes. Therefore, it can be concluded that the process of hemicellulose removal had occurred during treatment. The results show that lignin has been removed by NaOH treatment to enhance the characteristics of the bamboo leaves from different species.

Keywords

Bamboo leaves, Sodium hydroxide, Chemical treatment, FTIR, SEM

Corresponding author: Nadiah Ameram

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information: We thank UMK research short term grant SGJP for funding (number R/SGJP/A13.00/00692A/001/2018/000498).
The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright: © 2018 Ameram N et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The author(s) is/are employees of the US Government and therefore domestic copyright protection in USA does not apply to this work. The work may be protected under the copyright laws of other jurisdictions when used in those jurisdictions. Data associated with the article are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero "No rights reserved" data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication).

How to cite: Ameram N, Afiq Che Agoh M, Idris WFW and Ali A. Chemical characterization of bamboo leaves (Gigantochloa albociliata and Dracaena surculosa) by sodium hydroxide treatment [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2018, 7:1024 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.15036.1) First published: 09 Jul 2018, 7:1024 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.15036.1) Latest published: 09 Jul 2018, 7:1024 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.15036.1)

Introduction

Bamboo is one of the most common plants available in Malaysia and is known for its multiple uses for construction, transportation and cultural purposes. About 70 species of bamboo (50 in Peninsular Malaysia, 30 in Sabah and 20 in Sarawak) can be found in Malaysia¹. Being abundant throughout the whole country, bamboo can be treated as a source of income. Its leaf is claimed to have medicinal benefits among traditional practitioners². Bamboo leaves, also known as Lophaterum, and bamboo shavings are commonly used as relievers for stomach aches, cooling effects and also help to counter the negative flow of qi³.

Asian populations include bamboo in their dishes, especially Chinese individuals. In China and Southeast Asia, bamboo had been used as source of food and medicine for a long time⁴. Bamboo grows one third faster than the fastest growing tree⁵ and some species can grow up to 60 meters high. Bamboo can grow up to 1 meter per day and therefore it is easily accessible in a minimal amount of time. The optimum age for bamboo to be harvested is at 3–5 years old. For thousands of years, bamboo had been part of human’s diet.

In addition, the Indian elephant and the Giant Panda of China also utilize bamboo leaves as their main food source, which become their exclusive meal. The skeletal system of the panda is incredibly strong, and flexible and it can be related to their diet of bamboo leaves, which contains a great amount of silica⁶. Usage of silica includes silica as dessicants, as a cement, and in the production of tires. Silica gel desiccants are used as pharmaceutical-desiccants/silica gels to promote drying by absorbing water vapor and gases, like oxygen and hydrogen in humidity. It is very important in pharmaceutical industries as humidity and moisture can ruin pharmaceutical products⁷. Silica has been utilized as a cement substitution, as silica exists as quartz in the silica sand. It has also been used as a fractional substitution of cement during solid development⁸. In tires, mixing silica with carbon improves the tire performance on the road⁹, as silica helps to provide flexibility through low-heat build-up.

Dracaena surculosa is a fast growing species of bamboo and is therefore preferable as an indoor plant. This species also prefers partial shade for growth. Exposure to bright lights may cause the plant to lose or shed its leaves. A full grown D. surculosa leaf could be as long as 7 – 12 cm long. The surface of the leaf is leathery and smooth with obvious patterns of yellow or gold spots (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Dracaena surculosa leaves taken during the study.

Popular for its shoots, Gigantochloa albociliata is commonly planted and harvested as a food source and decoration. The shoots are edible and in Japan canned bamboo shoots are used. This bamboo species can easily grow in dry tropical mixed forest from low to medium elevations. The leaves are linear - lanceolate with the width of 15–20cm × 2–25cm (Figure 2). In the dry season, the leaves are shed¹⁰.

Figure 2. Gigantochloa albociliata leaves taken during the study.

The abundance of bamboo in Malaysia may give a great advantage to the nation. However when harvested, not all parts of the bamboo are fully utilized, the leaves being especially discarded. This research aims to determine the organic compounds in bamboo leaves in two species, D. surculosa and G. albociliata after sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treatment. Along with sodium sulfide, NaOH is used to separate lignin from cellulose fibers in the craft process of making paper. Thus, this treatment is needed to separate lignin from fibers in order to identify the characteristics of leaves and was therefore used in the present study.

Methods

Materials

Sodium hydroxide (Quality Reagent Chemical [QREC], 1.0 M), nitric acid (QREC, 1.0 M) and toluene (QREC, 0.1 M) were utilized in this study. Bamboo leaves were collected with special permissions from Lundang Committee of Kg Lundang (Dracaena surculosa: 6°06'00.0"N 102°15'33.1"E) and Director of UMK Jeli Campus for UMK Agropark Kelantan (Gigantochloa albociliata: 5°44'46.0"N 101°51'58.3"E). All other chemicals and reagents used were of the highest commercially available purity.

Solvent extraction method

The bamboo leaves from G. albociliata and D. surculosa (5 g sample) was stirred in 125mL of 1.0M NaOH for 8 hours using a magnetic stirrer. The solution was filtrated (filer paper grade 1, 11 µm) to separate the solute (bamboo leaves) and the aqueous solution (sodium silicate). The solution was then titrated with 1.0M nitric acid to obtain less than 3 pH in order to obtain the gel of suspended silica. Subsequently, this solution was centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes. Then, the solution was left for 4 days to allow the silica gel to form. The silica gel were then filtered (filter grade 1, 11 µm) and extracted using 50mL of toluene. Finally, the solution obtained was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate (QREC 1.0 M). This was then left overnight at room temperature. If any liquid remains, this should be collected and discarded. The final product will be analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). FTIR analysis is used to identify functional groups in a molecule by producing an infrared absorption spectrum. The spectrums were identified using Perkin Elmer Spectrum 100 FT-IR Spectrometer with range spectrum (wavelength): 4000–400/cm. Scan rate: 16, 32. Universal ATR sampling accessory (not using KBr) was employed to prepare the sample.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

Each bamboo leaf sample was analysed using SEM to characterize the morphology of the specimen before and after treatment with NaOH. 30 g of each bamboo leaf was left untreated and ground to obtain a powder. In addition, 30g of bamboo leaves were treated with NaOH (30 mL) by stirring for 8 hours using a magnetic stirrer. The final solution was filtered using filter paper to obtain the solutes. The solutes were dried thoroughly before being ground into a powder to be analysed using SEM. The voltage used was between the ranges 1.5kV to 2.0kV. Secondary electron images were obtained.

Results

Treatment with NAOH

During NaOH treatment, D. surculosa leaves exhibit a rapid change in colour and texture. The initial colour for this sample is light green and yellowish. After being stirred with NaOH, the colour started to change to dark brown, and after 8 hours of treatment, the colour turned to very dark brown. A reason for the rapid colour change is due to the thickness of the leaves, as any pigment inside the leaf would be quickly released as the leaves are thin. In addition, after 8 hours of treatment, the leaves almost completely dissolved into the solution of NaOH. This makes it hard for the leaves to be used in the next treatment of solvent extraction.

For G. albociliata leaves, there was a slower reaction during treatment of NaOH. After a few hours of treatment, the colour of the leaves started to change to dark green (original color light brownish green) and after 8 hours, the colour turns to almost black. In contrast to D. surculosa, the leaves did not dissolve into the solution.

FTIR analysis

FTIR spectra of changes in functional group of both untreated and treated (NaOH) bamboo leaves of G. albociliata is illustrated in Figure 3.

Figure 3. FTIR analysis on extracted Gigantochloa albociliata leaf samples.

(Graphs are representative of 2 repeated experiments.)

The absorption band at 3293.32cm^-1 indicates that there is an O-H stretching vibrations between cellulose and hemicellulose¹¹. Meanwhile the 2913.51cm^-1 for treated and untreated bamboo leaves demonstrate the presence of CH₂ groups. The band also contains functional group of alkynes from the peak at 2913.51 cm^-1. In accordance to the presence of this peak, it also indicates that before the treatment with NaOH, pectin and waxes are present in the bamboo leaves sample of G. albociliata¹². Different results are achieved with bamboo leaves treated with NaOH where the peaks have almost disappeared. This shows that hemicellulose is present and is gradually removed from the sample during treatment. The lists of functional groups are shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Functional groups in Gigantochloa albociliata leaves before and after treatment with sodium hydroxide.

Before treatment with NaOH		After treatment with NaOH
Peak	Functional group	Peak	Functional groups
3293.32	OH	3294.11	OH
2913.51	CH	2913.51	CH
2227.13	Alkenes ( C double bond)	2295.07	Cannot detect

FTIR spectra of changes in functional group of untreated and treated D. surculosa leaf samples using 1.0M NaOH is illustrated in Figure 4.

Figure 4. FTIR analysis on extracted Dracaena surculosa leaf samples.

(Graphs are representative of 2 repeated experiments.)

The absorption band at 3294.48 cm^-1 in D. surculosa leaves indicates that there is a O-H stretching vibrations between cellulose and hemicellulose¹³. Whereas the 2885.64 – 2895.44 cm^-1 for treated and untreated bamboo leaves sample show the presence of CH₂ groups. The band contains functional group of alkynes with triple bonds from the peak at 2117.32.51 cm^-1. Different results are achieved with bamboo leaves treated with NaOH where the peaks had disappeared. The list of functional groups are shown in Table 2.

Table 2. Functional groups in Dracaena surculosa leaves before and after treatment with sodium hydroxide.

Before treatment with NaOH		After treatment with NaOH
Peak	Functional group	Peak	Functional groups
3294.48	OH	3324.58	OH
2895.44	CH	2885.65	CH
2117.32	Alkyne ( triple bond)	-	-

SEM analysis

The study of morphology requires SEM analysis before and after treatment is done, as the treatment may affect the morphology of the species¹⁴. Figure 5 shows a 400x magnification of G. albociliata leaf surface before treatment with NaOH.

Figure 5. SEM analysis of untreated Gigantochloa albociliata leaf sample at 400x magnification.

White arrows shows the fiber bonding in the leaf.

From this figure, it can be observed that the bonding between fibers in the leaf are still intact as shown by the arrows in Figure 5. Fibers play an important role in improving strength, providing higher initial modulus and reducing extensibility by improving the interfacial adhesion between them¹⁵.

From Figure 6, it can be observed that the leaves had no particular shape and the morphology changes completely after being treated with NaOH. The degradation of hemicellulose may occur during treatment, which causes the leaf to be dissolved in the solvent itself. From this observation, it can be concluded that NaOH is one agent that can degrade the molecular structure of bamboo leaves. Furthermore, high concentration of NaOH used in this test (1.0M) may contribute to the rapid degradation of the hemicellulose. Another observation using SEM analysis shows the structure of the fibres are in non-uniform shape.

Figure 6. SEM analysis of Gigantochloa albociliata leaf after treatment with NaOH at x400 magnification.

The leaves of untreated D. surculosa still have bonds between the hemicelluloses. After the grinding process, the leaves are crushed but remains in solid form, as seen in Figure 7, and are not powdery like G. albociliata.

Figure 7. SEM analysis of untreated Dracaena surculosa leaves at 100k magnification.

The white ring shows that the fiber bond which is intact but not clearly shown.

After treatment with 1.0M NaOH, the bamboo leaves become partially dissolved into the solvent, as can be seen in Figure 8. The final colour of the solution also changes to dark brown. This change of colour is caused by the removal of hemicellulose in the leaf itself¹⁶.

Figure 8. SEM analysis of Dracaena surculosa leaves treated with NaOH at 100k magnification.

Dataset 1.Replicates of FTIR analysis; bamboo leaves after NaOH treatment.

Discussion

From the FTIR analysis, the functional group found in the specimens can be identified based on the presence of the bands in the graphs. It can be concluded that the process of treatment and extraction had contributed to the organic compounds present in the samples of different species⁶. Among the two samples, G. albociliata and D.surculosa, the initial morphology is different in two factors, colour and appearance. The initial colour of G. albociliata and D.surculosa is yellowish green and dark green, respectively. However after the treatment, the colour becomes almost the same. As for the SEM analysis, the treatment shows the morphology of the bamboo leaves completely changes due to the treatment with NaOH. Due to change in colour of NaOH, it can be concluded that the process of hemicellulose removal had occurred during the treatment. Bamboo is truly interesting to study as it has a unique anatomy and a superproductive behavior. Rhizomes are an essential part of bamboo anatomy. This study will be able to provide new data regarding the characteristics of G. albociliata and D. surculosa bamboo leaves after NaOH treatment

Data availability

Dataset 1: Replicates of FTIR analysis; bamboo leaves after NaOH treatment. DOI, http://dx.doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.15036.d208859¹⁷

Competing interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information

We thank UMK research short term grant SGJP for funding (number R/SGJP/A13.00/00692A/001/2018/000498).

The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Faculty Opinions recommended

References

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2. Chen Q, Endo T, Wang Q: Characterization of Bamboo after Ionic Liquid-H2O Pretreatment for the Pyrolysis Process. BioResources. 2015; 10(2): 2797–2808. Publisher Full Text
3. Deng ZH, Cheng CG, Wang XL, et al.: Preconcentration and Determination of Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Water Samples by Bamboo Charcoal-Based Solid-Phase Extraction Prior to Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Molecules. 2018; 23(4): pii: E902. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
4. Lv Z, Dong J, Zhang B: Rapid Identification And Detection Of Flavonoids Compounds From Bamboo Leaves By Lc-(Esi)-It-Tof/ms. BioResources. 2012; 7(2): 1405–1418. Publisher Full Text
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6. Nirmala C, Bisht MS, Laishram M: Bioactive compounds in bamboo shoots: Health benefits and prospects for developing functional foods. Int J Food Sci Technol. 2013; 49(6): 1425–1431. Publisher Full Text
7. Nugroho N, Ando N: Development of structural composite products made from bamboo I: Fundamental properties of bamboo zephyr board. J Wood Sci. 2000; 46(1): 68–74. Publisher Full Text
8. Guo H, Fan KM, Qian JQ: Purification of Flavone C-Glycosides from Bamboo Leaves by Macroporous Adsorption Resin. Asian J Chem. 2014; 26(21): 7221–7225. Publisher Full Text
9. Rambo C, Martinelli J: Synthesis and Characterization of SiC from Bamboo. Key Eng Mat. 2001; 189–191: 9–15. Publisher Full Text
10. Sugiyanto K: Physical and chemical modification of the bamboo species Dendrocalamus asper: Submitted in total fulfilment of the requirement of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Creswick: University of Melbourne, 2011. Reference Source
11. Wang L, Gao B, Peng C, et al.: Bamboo leaf derived ultrafine Si nanoparticles and Si/C nanocomposites for high-performance Li-ion battery anodes. Nanoscale. 2015; 7(33): 13840–13847. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
12. Wang Q, Takahashi H, Takahashi Y, et al.: Characterization of liquefied waste bamboo and white-rotted wood. Energy and Sustainability VI. 2015; 195: 63–74. Publisher Full Text
13. Marui A, Omoto S: Water consumption and retention of crushed bamboo as an agricultural organic material. 2014 ASABE Annual International Meeting. 2014; Publisher Full Text
14. Yang H: Study on the hemicellulose of Formosan bamboo (sinocalanus latiforus munre). Place of publication not identified: Agricultural Chemistry Department, National Taiwan University. (n.d.). Reference Source
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16. Zhu G, Zou XP, Cheng J: Synthesis and Characterization of Bamboo-Like Carbon Nanotubes. Adv Mat Res. 2008; 47–50: 355–358. Publisher Full Text
17. Ameram NB, Afiq Che Agoh M, Idris WFW, et al.: Dataset 1 in: Chemical characterization of bamboo leaves (Gigantochloa albociliata and Dracaena surculosa) by sodium hydroxide treatment. F1000Research. 2018. Data Source

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Author details Author details

¹ Faculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, 17600, Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia

Nadiah Ameram
Roles: Writing – Original Draft Preparation

Competing interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information

We thank UMK research short term grant SGJP for funding (number R/SGJP/A13.00/00692A/001/2018/000498).
The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Article Versions (1)

version 1

Published: 09 Jul 2018, 7:1024

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.15036.1

Copyright

© 2018 Ameram N et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The author(s) is/are employees of the US Government and therefore domestic copyright protection in USA does not apply to this work. The work may be protected under the copyright laws of other jurisdictions when used in those jurisdictions. Data associated with the article are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero "No rights reserved" data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication).

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Ameram N, Afiq Che Agoh M, Idris WFW and Ali A. Chemical characterization of bamboo leaves (Gigantochloa albociliata and Dracaena surculosa) by sodium hydroxide treatment [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2018, 7:1024 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.15036.1)

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Reviewer Report 03 Aug 2018

Nur Nadhirah Mohamad Zain, Integrative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Kepala Batas, Malaysia

Approved

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.16370.r35857

Poor introduction – introduction is one of the important thing in the manuscript. In the introduction part, the authors should discuss the ‘fibers’/ cellulose/hemicellulose or pigment component inside the leaf. The major constituent inside the leaf. Besides

Poor introduction – introduction is one of the important thing in the manuscript. In the introduction part, the authors should discuss the ‘fibers’/ cellulose/hemicellulose or pigment component inside the leaf. The major constituent inside the leaf. Besides that, the authors should discuss about the treatment of NaOH and previous work regarding various type of treatment.
Insufficient data on the characterization part – the author should carried out more characterization for supportive data for morphological characterization. i.e atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis.
How did you determine/indicate the decolourisation occur? Please include the image that show colour changes for both species before and after treatment with NaOH.
Page 1 – Abstract – Methods – Please include the SEM analysis of leaves to observe morphology after and before treatment of NaOH.
Page 4 – The authors mention that “the solutes were dried thoroughly before being ground into a powder to be analysed using SEM”. Unfortunately, there is no condition or sample preparation included in the manuscript.
Page 4 – FTIR analysis – Please change “….treated (NaOH) bamboo…” to “ ….treated (1.0 M NaOH) bamboo…”.
Page 4 – FTIR analysis – What does it meant by “Different results are achieved…..the peaks have almost disappeared.” The peak is still presented after treated with NaOH but the peak intensity is decreased?. Besides that, the authors did not explain clearly regarding each peak is referred to which part structure of constituent. i.e. CH₂and alkenes (C double bond). Based on the Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, I could not find any differences of spectrum in the range of 4000 – 2000 cm^-1.
There no conclusion provided in the manuscript.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Partly
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Partly
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Partly
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Not applicable
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Partly
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

No

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

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Reviewer Report 18 Jul 2018

Noorfatimah Yahaya, Integrative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia

Approved with Reservations

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.16370.r35854

Ref: Chemical characterization of bamboo leaves (Gigantochloa albociliata and Dracaena surculosa) by sodium hydroxide treatment

This article describes a chemical characterization of bamboo leaves (Gigantochloa albociliata and Dracaena surculosa) through sodium hydroxide treatment. The topic is interesting, ... Continue reading

Ref: Chemical characterization of bamboo leaves (Gigantochloa albociliata and Dracaena surculosa) by sodium hydroxide treatment

This article describes a chemical characterization of bamboo leaves (Gigantochloa albociliata and Dracaena surculosa) through sodium hydroxide treatment. The topic is interesting, but it requires a revision according to the following comments:

Introduction: The authors should state the novelty and significant of the study in their manuscript.
Methods: ‘All other chemicals and reagents used were of the highest commercially available purity’. Instead, authors should state purity of each chemical and reagent used in the study.
Methods: FTIR should be in separate section from solvent extraction method. Details description of FTIR and SEM instruments should be included in text.
Results: FTIR spectrum should be improved. Only important peaks should be labelled in the spectrum. The spectrum should be improved in terms of resolution.
Results: SEM images should be combined together, so a clear comparison could be made.
Discussion: More discussion and explanation should be added in text to increase scientific values of the article.
CONCLUSIONS should be included in the text.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Partly
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Partly
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Not applicable
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

No

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: Analytical Chemistry

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above.

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Noorfatimah Yahaya, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
Nur Nadhirah Mohamad Zain, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Kepala Batas, Malaysia

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Nur Nadhirah Mohamad Zain, Integrative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Kepala Batas, Malaysia

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Approved

Poor introduction – introduction is one of the important thing in the manuscript. In the introduction part, the authors should discuss the ‘fibers’/ cellulose/hemicellulose or pigment component inside the leaf. The major constituent inside the leaf. Besides that, the authors should discuss about the treatment of NaOH and previous work regarding various type of treatment.
Insufficient data on the characterization part – the author should carried out more characterization for supportive data for morphological characterization. i.e atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis.
How did you determine/indicate the decolourisation occur? Please include the image that show colour changes for both species before and after treatment with NaOH.
Page 1 – Abstract – Methods – Please include the SEM analysis of leaves to observe morphology after and before treatment of NaOH.
Page 4 – The authors mention that “the solutes were dried thoroughly before being ground into a powder to be analysed using SEM”. Unfortunately, there is no condition or sample preparation included in the manuscript.
Page 4 – FTIR analysis – Please change “….treated (NaOH) bamboo…” to “ ….treated (1.0 M NaOH) bamboo…”.
Page 4 – FTIR analysis – What does it meant by “Different results are achieved…..the peaks have almost disappeared.” The peak is still presented after treated with NaOH but the peak intensity is decreased?. Besides that, the authors did not explain clearly regarding each peak is referred to which part structure of constituent. i.e. CH₂and alkenes (C double bond). Based on the Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, I could not find any differences of spectrum in the range of 4000 – 2000 cm^-1.
There no conclusion provided in the manuscript.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Partly
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Partly
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Partly
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Not applicable
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Partly
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

No

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

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18 Jul 2018 | for Version 1

Noorfatimah Yahaya, Integrative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia

7 Views Cite this report Responses(0)

Approved With Reservations

Ref: Chemical characterization of bamboo leaves (Gigantochloa albociliata and Dracaena surculosa) by sodium hydroxide treatment

This article describes a chemical characterization of bamboo leaves (Gigantochloa albociliata and Dracaena surculosa) through sodium hydroxide treatment. The topic is interesting, but it requires a revision according to the following comments:

Introduction: The authors should state the novelty and significant of the study in their manuscript.
Methods: ‘All other chemicals and reagents used were of the highest commercially available purity’. Instead, authors should state purity of each chemical and reagent used in the study.
Methods: FTIR should be in separate section from solvent extraction method. Details description of FTIR and SEM instruments should be included in text.
Results: FTIR spectrum should be improved. Only important peaks should be labelled in the spectrum. The spectrum should be improved in terms of resolution.
Results: SEM images should be combined together, so a clear comparison could be made.
Discussion: More discussion and explanation should be added in text to increase scientific values of the article.
CONCLUSIONS should be included in the text.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Partly
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Partly
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Not applicable
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

No

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Analytical Chemistry

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Chemical characterization of bamboo leaves (Gigantochloa albociliata and Dracaena surculosa) by sodium hydroxide treatment

Abstract

Keywords

Introduction

Figure 1. Dracaena surculosa leaves taken during the study.

Figure 2. Gigantochloa albociliata leaves taken during the study.

Methods

Materials

Solvent extraction method

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

Results

Treatment with NAOH

FTIR analysis

Figure 3. FTIR analysis on extracted Gigantochloa albociliata leaf samples.

Table 1. Functional groups in Gigantochloa albociliata leaves before and after treatment with sodium hydroxide.

Figure 4. FTIR analysis on extracted Dracaena surculosa leaf samples.

Table 2. Functional groups in Dracaena surculosa leaves before and after treatment with sodium hydroxide.

SEM analysis

Figure 5. SEM analysis of untreated Gigantochloa albociliata leaf sample at 400x magnification.

Figure 6. SEM analysis of Gigantochloa albociliata leaf after treatment with NaOH at x400 magnification.

Figure 7. SEM analysis of untreated Dracaena surculosa leaves at 100k magnification.

Figure 8. SEM analysis of Dracaena surculosa leaves treated with NaOH at 100k magnification.

Discussion

Data availability

Competing interests

Grant information

References

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