Keywords
Majalaya Common carp, stocking density, growth
This article is included in the Agriculture, Food and Nutrition gateway.
Majalaya Common carp, stocking density, growth
One of the important factors related to fish culture productivity is stocking density1–4. Past research has found that growth, feed efficiency and survival can be optimized by considering stocking density in fish culture operations5–7. Besides stocking density, water quality is another factor that must be taken into consideration. Water quality is associated with stocking density in term of the availability of food and condition of the environment in fish culture8. Breeding of the Majalaya common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus 1758) is the result of selection conducted in Indonesia9. The Majalaya carp belongs to the Cyprinidae family and is an important fish to be cultured in Indonesia10. Though several research studies regarding stocking density in some fish have been conducted2,3,11–13, the influence of different stocking densities on the growth, feed efficiency, and survival of the Majalaya common carp in hapa fish ponds has never been determined. Thus, the purpose of the research was to evaluate the growth statues, feed efficiency, and survival rate of the Majalaya common carp, reared at different socking density, viz: 50, 75, 100, and 125 fish m−3 in the hapa fish pond.
In total, 1400 Majalaya common carp (mean initial weight ±26.22 g, random sex) were distributed into four groups with four replications each groups and reared with different stocking densities: 50, 75, 100, and 125 fish m−3 in hapa fish ponds (1 x 1 x 1.2 m) for 12 weeks. During the trial, all fish were fed with a commercially available diet (PT Japfa Comfeed, No. reg. KKP RI IN 682072012, containing 30% protein, 5.5% fat, and 5% fibre). All fish were fed to satiation three times per day. At the end of the trial, growth parameters for each overall hapa fish pond, such as final weight, weight gain, average weekly weight gain (AWG), daily weight gain (DWG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR) were determined using an equation previously described by Abdel-Tawwab et al.14, Muchlisin et al.15, Tran-Ngoc et al.,16 Asriqah et al.17. Meanwhile, survival was calculated with equation as used by Nugroho et al.18.
Water quality, such as dissolved oxygen (DO) (mg L-1) and temperature (°C) were assessed using a digital water checker (YSI™ Model 550A DO Meter; Fisher Scientific, USA). The pH was measured with a pH-meter (CyberScan pH 11; EuTech Instruments, Singapore), while NH3 (mg L-1), and NO2 (mg L-1) were detected using a Sera test kit (Sera GmbH D52518, Heinsberg, Germany). All water quality parameter were measured once a week during the trial.
Present study showed that stocking density from 50 to 100 fish m3 of Majalaya common carp in the hapa fish pond resulted in similar weight gain and SGR. However, stocking density higher than 100 fish m-3 may reduce weight gain and SGR. The AWG and DWG of Majalaya common carp showed a significantly increase trend when reared from 50 to 100 fish m-3 and remained constant at 125 fish m-3 density. Meanwhile, FCR and survival were not affected by any stocking density (Table 1; raw data available on OSF19). The high density (100 fish m−3) could be more profitable for the Majalaya common carp farms in Indonesia in terms of reduced land cost and facilities.
Parameters | Stocking density (fish m-3) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
50 | 75 | 100 | 125 | |
Initial weight (g) | 1310±0a | 1970±0b | 2620±0c | 3280±0d |
Final weight (g) | 6205.00± 76.84a | 8467.50±347.16b | 11315.00±324.17c | 12892.50±669.19d |
Weight gain (g) | 99.19 ±3.98a | 87.03±4.77ab | 88.39±3.35ab | 79.43±5.43b |
AWG (g week-1) | 408.25±14.73a | 541.50±28.99b | 724.75±26.92c | 801.00±55.87c |
DWG (g day-1) | 58.25±2.28a | 77.25±3.94b | 103.50±3.96c | 114.25±8.09c |
SGR (% day-1) | 1.86±0.035a | 1.73±0.052ab | 1.75±0.034ab | 1.65±0.061b |
FCR | 0.66±0.019a | 0.66±0.010a | 0.68±0.020a | 0.70±0.026a |
Survival (%) | 99.00±0.57a | 99.66±0.33a | 98.75±0.25a | 97.60±0.65a |
Water parameters showed a suitable condition for culturing Majalaya common carp at different stocking density up to 125 fish m-3. The temperature ranged 29.20–33.38°C, pH range of 7.47–8.22, DO of 4.76–7.55 mg L-1, NH3 0–0.5 mg L-1, and NO2 0–1 mg L-1, respectively (Table 2). The data showing the growth parameters and water quality parameters can be seen on OSF19.
Previous research indicated that high growth rates, high levels of survival and better FCR may be due to low feed competition and density2,20,21. The present study stated that a stocking density up to 100 fish m-3 resulted in similar weight gain and SGR, but this was reduced at the highest density (125 fish m-3). Meanwhile, FCR and survival were not affected by any stocking density. This finding is similar to previous research that survival and growth of fish were independent of the stocking density22,23. In addition, the growth and survival of fish in practical culture may also depend on the species. For example, the survival and growth rate of the catfish Rita rita, at different densities of 10, 20 and 30 fish per cistern, resulted in the highest survival and SGR in 20 fish per cistern. Further, no competition for feed and space observed at low density culture of this fish24. In contrast, a prior study revealed that survival rate in aquatic animals was negatively correlated with stocking which could be due to high competition and space for the fish2.
Excess feed remaining in the pond, as well as stocking density, might change the water quality. In this research, the water quality parameters during the trials showed no effects on the growth and survival of fish culture during the trial. The present findings are concomitant with those of previous studies, which found that water quality measures such as temperature, DO, pH, NO2 and NH3 measured in similar current experimental setups are all within the acceptable value for culturing fin fish in tropical regions25,26. The data regarding the growth status and water quality mean, minimum and maximum values can be obtained in Dataset 1.
The Majalaya common carp can be reared at stocking density up to 100 fish m-3 without negative effects on the growth, FCR, and survival. The water quality is suitable condition and suggested for culturing Majalaya common carp in hapa fish ponds. Further research needs to be conducted to evaluate the fillet and carcass proximate composition, and immune system of Majalaya common carp when reared at high stocking density.
Raw data for Tables can be accessed on OSF, DOI: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/TGC4519.
Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero "No rights reserved" data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication).
The authors thank the PT Suri Tani Pemuka Unit Research and Development Cianjur, East Java, Indonesia for supporting this research with facilities. All authors also thank the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, East Kalimantan. Our appreciation goes to all of our students who helped the authors during the trial in the field.
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References
1. Hecht T, Oellermann L, Verheust L: Perspectives on clariid catfish culture in Africa. Aquatic Living Resources. 1996; 9: 197-206 Publisher Full TextCompeting Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
Reviewer Expertise: aquaculture nutrition
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
Reviewer Expertise: Aquaculture
Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article:
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