Cloning of human ABCB11 gene in E. coli required the removal of an intragenic Pribnow-Schaller Box before it’s Insertion into genomic safe harbor AAVS1 site using CRISPR–Cas9

Nisha Vats; Madhusudana Girija Sanal; Senthil Kumar Venugopal; Pankaj Taneja; Shiv Kumar Sarin

doi:10.12688/f1000research.26659.1

Home Browse Cloning of human ABCB11 gene in E. coli required the removal of an...

ALL Metrics

-

Views

-

Downloads

Get PDF

Get XML

Export

▬

✚

Research Article

Cloning of human ABCB11 gene in E. coli required the removal of an intragenic Pribnow-Schaller Box before it’s Insertion into genomic safe harbor AAVS1 site using CRISPR–Cas9

[version 1; peer review: 2 approved]

Nisha Vats¹, Madhusudana Girija Sanal ¹, Senthil Kumar Venugopal², Pankaj Taneja³, Shiv Kumar Sarin⁴

Nisha Vats¹, Madhusudana Girija Sanal ¹, [...] Senthil Kumar Venugopal², Pankaj Taneja³, Shiv Kumar Sarin⁴

PUBLISHED 23 Dec 2020

Author details Author details

¹ Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, 110070, India
² Department of Life Sciences, South Asian University, New Delhi, Delhi, 100021, India
³ Department of Biotechnology, Sharda University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
⁴ Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, 110070, India

Nisha Vats
Roles: Investigation

Madhusudana Girija Sanal
Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

Senthil Kumar Venugopal
Roles: Writing – Review & Editing

Pankaj Taneja
Roles: Writing – Review & Editing

Shiv Kumar Sarin
Roles: Writing – Review & Editing

OPEN PEER REVIEW

REVIEWER STATUS

Abstract

Background: Genomic safe harbors are sites in the genome which are safe for gene insertion such that the inserted gene will function properly, and the disruption of the genomic location doesn’t cause any foreseeable risk to the host. The AAVS1 site is the genetic location which is disrupted upon integration of adeno associated virus (AAV) and is considered a ‘safe-harbor’ in human genome because about one-third of humans are infected with AAV and so far there is no apodictic evidence that AAV is pathogenic or disruption of AAVS1 causes any disease in man. Therefore, we chose to target the AAVS1 site for the insertion of ABCB11, a bile acid transporter which is defective in progressive familial intra hepatic cholestasis type-2 (PFIC-2), a lethal disease of children where cytotoxic bile salts accumulate inside hepatocytes killing them and eventually the patient.
Methods: We used the CRISPR Cas9 a genome editing system to insert the ABCB11 gene at AAVS1 site in human cell-lines.
Results: We found that human ABCB11 sequence has a “Pribnow- Schaller Box” which allows its expression in bacteria and expression of ABCB11 protein which is toxic to E. coli; the removal of this was required for successful cloning. We inserted ABCB11 at AAVS1 site in HEK 293T using CRISPR-Cas9 tool. We also found that the ABCB11 protein has similarity with E. coli endotoxin (lipid A) transporter MsbA.
Conclusions: We inserted ABCB11 at AAVS1 site using CRISPR-Cas9; however, the frequency of homologous recombination was very low for this approach to be successful in vivo.

Keywords

Progressive Familial Intra Hepatic Cholestasis Type-2, CRISPR-Cas9,AAVS1 site, human ABCB11/BSEP, MsbA, E. Coli, Endotoxin, Lipid A transporter, Pribnow-Schaller Box, cloning

Corresponding author: Madhusudana Girija Sanal

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information: The corresponding author (Sanal MG) acknowledges the Science and Engineering Research Board (grant #ECR/2015/000275) and Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India (grant #BT/PR15116/MED/31/334/2016) Government of India for a limited financial support for about 18 months.
The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright: © 2020 Vats N et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

How to cite: Vats N, Sanal MG, Venugopal SK et al. Cloning of human ABCB11 gene in E. coli required the removal of an intragenic Pribnow-Schaller Box before it’s Insertion into genomic safe harbor AAVS1 site using CRISPR–Cas9 [version 1; peer review: 2 approved]. F1000Research 2020, 9:1498 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.26659.1) First published: 23 Dec 2020, 9:1498 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.26659.1) Latest published: 23 Dec 2020, 9:1498 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.26659.1)

Introduction

Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type-2 (PFIC2), a severe liver disease which is familial, neonatal, progressive and often fatal which results from a mutation of ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 11 (ABCB11) gene which codes for an ABC transporter bile salt export pump (BSEP)^1,2. Mutations in ABCB11 gene results in accumulation of cytotoxic taurocholate and other cholate conjugates leading to progressive hepatocyte destruction¹. Currently the definitive cure for PFIC2 is liver transplantation, which is limited by suitable donor organs. Gene therapy, allogenic hepatocyte transplantation³ and autologous transplantation of hepatocytes/liver organoids differentiated from ‘gene corrected’ induced pluripotent cells could be future options^4,5. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is so ubiquitous in man and animals that about 30% of the world population are positive for this virus and to date no disease is proven to be associated with this virus^6–9. In our study we inserted ABCB11 gene at the AAVS1 site using CRISPR-Cas9 tool (Figure 1) in HEK293T cells and a fibroblast line.

Figure 1. The Cas9-sgRNAs designed and the recombination cassette (donor vector).

The gene of interest (ABCB11) was flanked by 5’ and 3’ overhangs which are homologous to the AAVS1 site in chromosome 19. ABCB11 gene was driven by human promoter phospho-glycerol kinase.

Methods

Cloning of ABCB11

We PCR-amplified the 3966 bp ABCB11 (from cDNA prepared from total RNA of human liver tissue) using multiple overlapping primers (Extended data, Supp. Table 1)¹⁰ which were assembled by overlap extension PCR¹¹. Phusion DNA polymerase (NEB, US Cat. #M0530L) was used as per the manufacturers protocol. Annealing temperate for all PCRs unless otherwise stated was 60°C C for 20s and an extension time 30s/kb at 72°C. Initial denaturation was carried out at 98°C for 30s and 5s in subsequent steps. In general, we used 24 cycles to amplify PCR products for cloning (and 32 cycles for other PCRs). We used 1.0 unit of the enzyme per 50 µl PCR reaction. The product was cloned in ‘donor’ vector having AAVS1 recombination overhangs on both ends and ampicillin resistance for selection (Extended data, Supp. Figure 1)¹⁰. The upstream (5’) overhang sequence (803 bp) in the vector was homologous to a sequence (NCBI Sequence ID: NC_000019.10, 55115768 to 55116570) inside the PPP1R12C gene (Figure 1), which would be in-frame with a 2A ribosome skip sequence and puromycin resistance gene if insertion of the construct happens by homologous recombination with the target site. This is region was followed by a poly adenylation signal and the downstream (3’) overhang sequence which was the continuation of the 5’ overhang (837 bp). We inserted the ABCB11 sequence driven by human phospho-glycerol kinase (hPGK) promoter between these overhang sequences. DH5α cells, JM 109 and One Shot™ Stbl3™ Chemically Competent E. coli cells (ThermoFisher Catalog#:C737303) were used for transformation and cloning.

Bioinformatics

Bacterial promoter prediction was done using BPROM, a prediction tool for bacterial promoters¹². DNA or protein sequence comparisons were done using the appropriate tool from NCBI BLAST platform¹³. Primers were designed manually or using NCBI Primer Blast¹⁴.

gRNA

We designed two guide RNAs targeting the AAVS1 site (Figure 1) and cloned in two vectors expressing SPCas9 and SACas9 at BsaI sites (Extended data, Supp. Figure 2)¹⁰ following the standard gRNA design, cloning protocols and resources¹⁵. Off-target analysis was done using the tool Custom Alt-R® CRISPR-Cas9 guide RNA¹⁶.

Cell culture

HEK293T, HepG2 and FS1 (fibroblast) cells were grown in high glucose DMEM (Hi-Media Lab, Mumbai, Cat.# AL111-500ML) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (CellClone, Genetix Biotech Asia, New Delhi, Cat.# CCS-500-SA-U), 1x penicillin (100U/ml) and streptomycin (100 µg/ml) (Hi-Media, Mumbai Cat. # A018-5X100ML). When 80% confluent, the cell lines were transfected with Cas9-sgRNA vectors (without the donor vector). At 48 h post-transfection, about 10000 of these cells were used for comet assay¹⁷ and genomic DNA (gDNA) isolated from the remaining cells was used for T7-endonuclease assay¹⁸ to evaluate the in vitro ‘DNA cutting’ activity of Cas9-sgRNA construct. Subsequently, we transfected these cells with the donor vector, Cas9-sgRNA vector and a control vector (pEGFPN1) in the ratio: 2:1:1 using PEI¹⁹ from Sigma Aldrich, Inc. (CAS #9002-98-6). After 48 h the cells were imaged and used for downstream applications. Half of the transfected dishes were serially passaged without puromycin selection for two weeks and DNA and protein were isolated. On the remaining dishes puromycin selection was started following the manufacturer’s protocol²⁰ after 36 h of transfection and puromycin resistant colonies at 8 µg/mL were further cultured in puromycin containing media and gDNA was isolated.

Western blot

Whole-cell extracts (see Cell culture), scraped out and extracted using RIPA Lysis and Extraction Buffer, were run on 10% SDS-PAGE and transferred to a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane using a transfer apparatus following the standard protocols (Bio-Rad). After incubation with 5% nonfat milk in TBST (10 mM Tris, pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl, 0.5% Tween 20) for 60 min, the membrane was washed once with TBST and incubated with rabbit antibodies against human ABCB11 (Affinity, Catalog #DF 9278) 1: 2000 dilution; human β-actin (Santa Cruz Cat.# SC4778), dilution 1:1000; 4°C overnight. The membrane was washed with TBST buffer and incubated with a 1:5000 dilution of horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit (Santa Cruz Cat# SC-2004)/anti-mouse antibodies (Cat.#SC-2005) for 2 h at room temperature. Blots were washed with TBST four times and developed with the ECL system (Bio-Rad, US Cat.#170-5060) according to the manufacturer’s protocols. Raw, uncropped images from western blotting are available as Underlying data²¹.

T7 Endo Nuclease Assay

T7 endo I assay detects heteroduplex DNA that results from annealing DNA stands that have been modified after a sgRNA/Cas9 mediated cut to DNA strands without modifications. T7 Endonuclease-1 was purchased from NEB, US (Cat. #NEB #E3321) and was used to digest the PCR products amplified from gDNA extracted from Cas9-sgRNA transfected (test) and un-transfected cells (control) using primers flanking the expected Cas9-sgRNA cut sites following the manufactures protocol¹⁸. PCR gel images are available as Underlying data²¹.

Comet assay

A total of 50–100 cells treated as described in Cell culture were embedded in 0.7% low-melting agarose and mounted on a precoated slide and was immersed in alkaline 0.1% SDS solution overnight, neutralized and electrophoresis was done in an alkaline buffer (pH 10) at 0.74 V/ cm for 30 minutes¹⁷. Comet assay images are available as Underlying data²¹.

Sequencing

Sequencing of PCR products and plasmids were conducted by Invitrogen Bioservices India Pvt. Ltd., a part of Thermo Fisher Scientific, Whitefield, Bengaluru, PIN 560 066, India and Medauxin, Bengaluru, AMCO Colony, Koti Hosahalli, Bengaluru, PIN 560 092, India.

Results

Human ABCB11 gene/product is toxic to E. coli cells

Few ampicillin resistant DH5α E. coli colonies which we got after transformation were screened for the insert by colony PCR. One colony was positive for all the fragments of the ABCB11 gene. Sequencing revealed that mutations in ABCB11 (Figure 2). Repeated attempts failed and we considered the possibility of unstable DNA sequences. Therefore, we tried JM109 which gave one positive colony and plasmid was isolated. However, after we soon found the bacteria failing to grow or losing the plasmid on subsequent cultures. Therefore, we transformed One Shot™ Stbl3™ Chemically Competent E. coli cells, which are suitable for cloning unstable DNA segments. We got many positive colonies, however, upon overnight culture the bacteria formed a big pellet (partly lysed bacteria) which cannot be resuspended in phosphate buffered saline. Therefore, we concluded that the ABCB11 gene/gene product is toxic to bacterial cells. It is possible the ABCB11, being a membrane transporter, may be toxic to bacteria. Sequencing files are available as Underlying data²¹.

Figure 2. The ABCB11 gene cloned into E. coli showed mutations despite multiple cloning attempts.

(a) G to A mutation is marked for example. (b) In another example, sequence of another clone, mutation was in a different site.

Identification and removal of a Pribnow-Schaller Box in human ABCB11 for cloning in E. coli

We conducted PAGE followed by Coomassie staining to see differential protein expression between ABCB11 donor vector transformed bacteria versus untransformed bacteria (Figure 3a; Extended Data)²¹. We found differential expression of a few proteins. We subsequently performed a western blot and interestingly antibody against human ABCB11 identified a specific protein over expressed in the transformed bacterial cells (Figure 4b). However, in our construct ABCB11 gene was under a eukaryotic promoter. Considering the possibility of some DNA elements which have similarity to bacterial promoters inside the ABCB11 sequence we performed a bioinformatic analysis using BPROM to predict hidden bacterial promoters (Extended data, Supp. Table 2)¹⁰. The promoter-site (Pribnow-Schaller box tcatataat) containing sequence (ggttttgagtcagataaatcatataataat) which we identified was modified to (ggtTTCGAAtcagataaatcaTACAACaat) by PCR using an oligonucleotide primer sequence incorporating the modified sequence and subsequent overlap extension PCR amplification of the entire gene fragment. With this modification, we were able to clone ABCB11 coding sequence which was not toxic to bacteria.

Figure 3.

(a) Total protein extract from E. coli transformed the donor vector on Poly Acryl amide Gel Electrophoresis followed by Coomassie blue staining showed differential expression multiple proteins. (b) Western Blot with anti-human ABCB11 antibody shows multiple bands including one probably corresponding to MsbA- a bacterial Lipid A transporter. (c) A bioinformatic analysis (Protein BLAST) revealed ABCB11 and MsbA are sharing conserved domains. (d) Sequence alignment of ABCB11 and MsbA showing conserved domains.

Figure 4. Agarose gel electrophoresis of PCR amplified products.

4a The PCR product (even without T7 digestion) shows a distinct band pattern resulting from the formation of heteroduplex. 4b. PCR amplified product after digestion with T7 endonuclease shows faint bands resulting from the digestion of heteroduplexes.

ABCB11 is similar to E. coli lipid A (endotoxin) transporter MsbA

A protein BLAST search identified MsbA (UniProtKB - P60752), a member of the ABC transporter superfamily. MsbA, a 64.46 kD protein, has an important role in E. coli Lipid A (endotoxin or LPS) transport (Figure 3c, d). This protein flips core endotoxin from its site of synthesis on the inner leaflet of the inner membrane to the outer leaflet of the inner membrane. western blot showed identified a unique band in the donor vector transformed E. coli while the untransformed E. coli also showed a faint band but specific band at the same position (Figure 3b).

Verification of the gDNA cutting activity of Cas9-sgRNA construct

T7 Endonuclease Assay and Comet Assay were used to evaluate the gDNA cutting activity of Cas9-sgRNA. We observed digestion of heteroduplexes at the CRISPR-Cas9 cut sites which were sensitive to T7 endonuclease (Figure 4a). These heteroduplexes were observed on the agarose gel electrophoresis of PCR products as well (Figure 4b). The Cas9-sgRNA damaged the genome of the transfected cells leading to the formation of comet shaped nuclear material upon electrophoresis (Figure 5).

Figure 5. Cas9-sgRNA cause DNA damage, revealed by a Comet assay.

The untreated cells have intact round/oval nuclei while the Cas9-sgRNA treated cells shows a comet shaped nucleus because of DNA damage.

Off-target analysis

Oligonucleotide PCR primers were designed for bioinformatically predicted off-targets (Extended data, Supp. Tables 3a, b)¹⁰. We amplified these segments using genomic DNA extracted from the treated cells (48 h post-transfection with SPCas9-sgRNA vector) as template. The PCR products were sequenced and analyzed for sequence disruption (Table 1).

Table 1. Selected off targets for crRNA GGGGCCACTAGGGACAGGAT (PAM TGG).

Oligonucleotide primers designed to amplify these off-target sites to verify off target disruptions.

Off-Targets	Genes which may be affected	Primers	Size (bp)	Disruption
chr10: +119439168	G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5	F-AGCCTCCATCCAGATCCTGT	655	No
chr10: +119439168	G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5	R-TGGCCACAGTGTGTTTCCT	655	No
chr6: +36797686	copine-5 isoform e	F-TCCCAGTCTGCCCTCTCTTT	716	No
chr6: +36797686	copine-5 isoform e	R-CATGCCTCACTGCTCTCACA	716	No
chr12- GRCh38.p13	MMP17 flanks 3’	F-GGGTCTCTGCTCTGGAAACC	791	Yes
chr12- GRCh38.p13	MMP17 flanks 3’	R-TGGGAGATCTTGGGAGAGGG	791	Yes
chr18: +8749293	microtubule cross-linking factor 1	F-GCCGTCAAAATGGCACACAT	630	No
chr18: +8749293	microtubule cross-linking factor 1	R-TTGGATCTGCCCAAGCTCAG	630	No
chr20-GRCh38.p13	TMEPAI isoform d flanks 5’	F-ATCAGTCTGTCGCTACCCCT	471	No
chr20-GRCh38.p13	TMEPAI isoform d flanks 5’	R-ATGAGGGGTCAGCCTATGGT	471	No
chr9-GRCh38.p13	Di-Ras2 flanks 3’ PRO21346 flanks 5’	F-CCTCTTGCCTTGCTGCTTTG	455	No
chr9-GRCh38.p13	Di-Ras2 flanks 3’ PRO21346 flanks 5’	R-TTGCTGTCTGACAACCTCCT	455	No

Validation of ABCB11 expression in a fibroblast cell line

Western blotting done with total protein extract of fibroblasts 48 h post-transfection with the ABCB11 donor vector showed the expression of ABCB11 protein (Figure 6a). A fibroblast line was used in these experiments because they don’t express ABCB11, naturally while cell lines such as HEK293T and liver cell lines such as HepG2 do express ABCB11.

Figure 6.

(a) Western Blot with anti-human ABCB11 antibody confirmed the expression after transient transfection with the donor vector having ABCB11. (b) Western Blot was done using total protein isolate from fibroblasts (which does not naturally express ABCB11) after four passages post-co-transfection of the donor vector with ABCB11 gene and the CRISPR-Cas9-sgRNA vector.

Western blotting was repeated with total protein extract from fibroblasts after 2 weeks (fourth passage) post-transfection with SPCas9-sgRNA vector together with the donor vector containing ABCB11. This blot also showed the expression of ABCB11 protein (Figure 6b) suggesting the integration of ABCB11 into the host genome.

PCR amplification and sequencing to verify the integration of ABCB11 to AAVS1 site

We obtained only three puromycin resistant colonies upon transfecting about 20 million HEK cells with a transfection efficiency of 70 to 80% in four 6 cm dishes. The gDNA isolated from transfected cells (Cas9-sgRNA plasmid alone) after 72h, (Cas9-sgRNA plasmid plus donor vector) after 21 days of puromycin selection were used as PCR templates with a forward primer complementary to a region upstream of the 5’ recombination overhang of the vector and a reverse primer complementary to a sequence in the puromycin resistance gene to amplify a segment spanning from a site in the host cell genomic DNA slightly upstream of the genomic integration site to a segment donated by the donor vector (puromycin resistance gene). This PCR product was used as a template for a nested PCR and product was confirmed by restriction enzyme digestion (BamH1) and sequencing (Primers: Extended data, Supp. Table 4¹⁰, Figure 7). We also PCR-amplified parts of ABCB11 using primers (Extended data, Supp. Table 1)¹⁰ which would give specific PCR products from the inserted cassette, to make sure the gene is not deleted from the cassette integrated to the host cell. PCR products showed the expected sizes confirming that the amplified products are from the cassette and not from the native ABCB11 gene present in the cell line (Figure 8).

Figure 7.

(a) The gDNA isolated from transfected cells (Cas9-sgRNA plasmid alone) after 72h, (Cas9-sgRNA plasmid plus donor vector) after 21 days of puromycin selection were used as PCR templates (lane 1, 2) with a forward primer complementary to a region upstream of the 5’ recombination overhang of the vector and a reverse primer complementary to a sequence in the puromycin resistance gene to amplify a segment spanning from a site in the host cell genomic DNA slightly upstream of the genomic integration site to a segment donated by the donor vector (puromycin resistance gene). Note that genomic DNA from untreated HEK293T cells did not give any products in the expected range (lane 3, 4). (b) The PCR product mentioned in (a) was used as a template for a nested PCR. (c) The PCR product mentioned in (b) was confirmed by restriction enzyme digestion (BamH1) and sequencing (Primers: Extended data, Supp.Table 4)¹⁰.

Figure 8. PCR products amplified from the genomic DNA.

ABCB11-specific primers were used, which would give specific PCR products from the inserted cassette. This was done to make sure the ABCB11 gene was not deleted from the cassette integrated to the host cell genome. The PCR products showed the expected sizes confirming that the amplified products originated from the integrated cassette and not from the native ABCB11 gene present in the cell line.

Discussion

To our knowledge, this is the first time the ABCB11 gene was inserted into the AAVS1 safe-harbor using CRISPR-Cas9 technology in human cells. Liver directed gene therapy is another approach and was successful in rodents²². Adeno associated vectors do not integrate and therefore the effect of gene therapy many not last in human beings, especially in infants, as the viral vector dilutes out as the cells proliferate in a growing liver²³. Another approach is transplantation of hepatocytes differentiated from gene corrected patient iPSC^4,24,25. AAVS1 site is considered as a ‘safe haven’ in human genome²⁶ where we chose to insert the gene mutated in PFIC. We could not find any other study which attempted to insert the ABCB11 gene at the AAVS1 site. AAV is a common virus and it is considered non-pathogenic because the seroprevalence of wild-type AAV in humans ranges from 40% for AAV8 to 70% for AAV1 and AAV2, yet; we are not aware of any disease caused by AAV^6,7,27. AAV integration into AAVS1 site causes disruption of PPP1R12C (protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 12C). However, this gene is not associated with any disease²⁷. A puromycin gene was placed in the donor cassette such that the puromycin gene will be transcribed only if homologous recombination happens. We obtained only a few puromycin resistant colonies suggesting that homologous recombination was a rare event (~10^-7). This suggests that in vivo gene therapy using CRISPR-Cas9 technology making use of homology directed gene repair could be difficult. “Targeted Integration and high transgene expression in AAVS1 Transgenic mice after in-vivo hematopoietic stem cell transduction with HDAd5/35++ Vectors”²⁸ is reported; however, to achieve this they used an adenoviral gene delivery system with AAV5 ITRs and AAV35 helper. Integration of AAV/ Cas9 into Cas9 mediated cut sites is a potentially hazardous consequence of this approach^29,30.

We found that the human ABCB11 donor vector transformed bacteria either died or the ABCB11 gene sequence got mutated meaning either the DNA sequence or the ABCB11 protein has some untoward effects on bacteria. We performed a western blot and found that in ABCB11-transformed bacterial clones giving a band around 45 kD and HepG2 cells/liver tissue is giving a band at around 140 kD which corresponds to ABCB11. It was interesting to note that untransformed E. coli cells are also showing a band although very faint around 45 kD which suggested the possibility of a bacterial protein which might have structural similarity to human ABCB11. We performed a bioinformatic search and identified MsbA an E. coli protein which functions as a lipid transporter (~64 kD). MsbA is involved in the transport of bacterial endotoxin-a function like the ABCB11 which transports the bile salts which are lipid derivatives^31,32. Another interesting observation was the identification of a bacterial promoter sequence (Pribnow-Schaller Box) in human ABCB11 causing unexpected expression of ABCB11 protein and bacterial toxicity (Figure 9). This was an important lesson for us because we spent a lot of time trying to clone ABCB11. It is therefore important to search for and eliminate if any bacterial promoter sequences or similar elements are identified, for successful cloning of eukaryotic/toxic genes in E. coli. We do not know how exactly ABCB11 caused bacterial toxicity. Possibly, expression of ABCB11 in E. coli might be destabilizing the E. coli membrane, since ABCB11, being a lipid transporter, is a membrane-spanning protein.

Figure 9. The ABCB11 gene (which codes the transporter of human bile salts) is targeted to AAVS1 site using a construct which has 5’ and 3’ overhangs which are homologous to the AAVS1 site.

A Pribnow box was detected inside ABCB11, which allowed the gene to transcribe in E. coli, causing bacterial lysis, probably through competitive replacement of a homologous transporter protein in E. coli (E. coli Endotoxin (Lipid A) Transporter) MsbA, resulting in Lipid A (L) accumulation inside the bacteria.

Alternatively, the human protein, which is similar to the E. coli protein might have caused a competition between the bacterial transporter MsbA and human protein for membrane incorporation resulting in the accumulation of endotoxin within E. coli cells because unlike the bacterial transporter the membrane incorporated ABCB11 might not be able to transport endotoxin out. This raises the possibility that endotoxin is toxic to E. coli itself if it is not exported and MsbA can therefore be considered as a drug target. This point required further validation (Figure 9). The advantage of such an antibiotic is that it will be selective to endotoxin producing microbes. More research is required in this direction. It may be noted that endotoxin producing microbes play an important role in sepsis³³ and diseases such as non-cirrhotic portal hypertension^34–36.

To conclude, we successfully inserted ABCB11 at the AAVS1 site using CRISPR-Cas9, however, the frequency of homologous recombination was very low as evident from the number of puromycin resistant colonies. With this low efficiency, with the current technology it is unlikely that this approach would be successful in in-vivo gene editing. It is worth, exploring MsBA as a novel antibiotic target for LPS producing bacteria, although our data in this direction is primitive and requires further validation.

Data availability

Underlying data

Harvard Dataverse: Sequencing Data, supplementary data to Cloning of Human ABCB11 Gene in E. coli required the removal of an Intragenic Pribnow-Schaller Box before it’s Insertion into Genomic Safe Harbor AAVS1 Site using CRISPR Cas9. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/32TXCD²¹.

This project contains the following underlying data:

2020_06_20_211607 actin.jpg. (Uncropped western blot image.)
4a .T7 endonuclease digestion.jpg. (PCR gel image.)
4b. PCR without T7 endonuclease.jpg (PCR gel image.)
4c... Cas9-sgRNA treated cells comet assay.jpg. (Image taken from Comet assay, treated cells.)
4c...... untreated cells comet-1.jpg. (Image taken from Comet assay, untreated cells.)
ABCB11_fibroblasts.jpg. (Uncropped western blot image.)
ABCB11_fragments.tif. (PCR gel image.)
ABCB11_WB_P4_2020_06_19_183004-1.tif. (Uncropped western blot image.)
DH5a WB-ABCB11-long_Exposure.jpg. (Uncropped western blot image.)
DH5a WB-ABCB11.jpg. (Uncropped western blot image.)
E.Coli_PAGE_Coumasse.jpg. (Uncropped PAGE gel.)
JM109_ABCB11 WB.tif. (Uncropped western blot image.)
nested PCR product BamH1 digest.jpg. (PCR gel image.)
Nested PCR secondary.jpg. (PCR gel image.)
Nested_Primary pcr.jpg. (PCR gel image.)
Repeat_WB_2020_07_11_181831.jpg. (Uncropped western blot image.)
Sequencing data.7z. (Sequencing data produced in the present study.)
T7endo 30420202.jpg. (PCR gel image.)

Extended data

Harvard Dataverse: Supplementary Tables to Cloning of Human ABCB11 Gene in E. coli required the removal of an Intragenic Pribnow-Schaller Box before it’s Insertion into Genomic Safe Harbor AAVS1 Site using CRISPR Cas9. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/NTUOXM¹⁰.

This project contains the following extended data:

- Supp-Tables-revised-HepInt.docx. (Supp. Tables 1–4.)
- SuppFigures.pptx. (Supp. Figure 1a, b.)

Acknowledgements

The corresponding author thanks Mr. Rahul Saha for his assistance in western blot.

Faculty Opinions recommended

References

1. Amer S, Hajira A: A comprehensive review of progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC): genetic disorders of hepatocanalicular transporters. Gastroenterology Res. 2014; 7(2): 39–43. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
2. Gerloff T, Stieger B, Hagenbuch B, et al.: The sister of P-glycoprotein represents the canalicular bile salt export pump of mammalian liver. J Biol Chem. 1998; 273(16): 10046–10050. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
3. Sanal MG: Cell therapy from bench to bedside: Hepatocytes from fibroblasts - the truth and myth of transdifferentiation. World J Gastroenterol. 2015; 21(21): 6427–33. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
4. Sanal MG: Future of liver transplantation: non-human primates for patient-specific organs from induced pluripotent stem cells. World J Gastroenterol. 2011; 17(32): 3684–90. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
5. Sanal MG: A highly efficient method for generation of therapeutic quality human pluripotent stem cells by using naive induced pluripotent stem cells nucleus for nuclear transfer. SAGE Open Med. 2014; 2: 2050312114550375. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
6. Kaplitt MG, Feigin A, Tang C, et al.: Safety and tolerability of gene therapy with an adeno-associated virus (AAV) borne GAD gene for Parkinson’s disease: an open label, phase I trial. Lancet. 2007; 369(9579): 2097–2105. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
7. Vandamme C, Adjali O, Mingozzi F: Unraveling the complex story of immune responses to AAV vectors trial after trial. Hum Gene Ther. 2017; 28(11): 1061–1074. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
8. Hüser D, Khalid D, Lutter T, et al.: High Prevalence of Infectious Adeno-associated Virus (AAV) in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Indicative of T Lymphocytes as Sites of AAV Persistence. J Virol. 2017; 91(4): e02137–16. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
9. Smith JR, Maguire S, Davis LA, et al.: Robust, persistent transgene expression in human embryonic stem cells is achieved with AAVS1-targeted integration. Stem Cells. 2008; 26(2): 496–504. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
10. Sanal MG: Supplementary Tables to Cloning of Human ABCB11 Gene in E. coli required the removal of an Intragenic Pribnow-Schaller Box before it’ s Insertion into Genomic Safe Harbor AAVS1 Site using CRISPR Cas9. Harvard Dataverse, V1. 2020. http://www.doi.org/10.7910/DVN/NTUOXM
11. Lee J, Shin MK, Ryu DK, et al.: Insertion and deletion mutagenesis by overlap extension PCR. Methods Mol Biol. 2010; 634: 137–146. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
12. Salamov VSA, Solovyevand A: Automatic annotation of microbial genomes and metagenomic sequences. Metagenomics and its …. 2011. Reference Source
13. Madden T: The BLAST sequence analysis tool. The NCBI Handbook 2nd edition. 2013. Reference Source
14. Ye J, Coulouris G, Zaretskaya I, et al.: Primer-BLAST: a tool to design target-specific primers for polymerase chain reaction. BMC Bioinformatics. 2012; 13: 134. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
15. Addgene: CRISPR Plasmids and Resources . [cited 2020 Jul 8]. Reference Source
16. www.idtdna.com/site/order/designtool/index/CRISPR_CUSTOM; [cited 2020 Jul 8]. Reference Source
17. Nandhakumar S, Parasuraman S, Shanmugam MM, et al.: Evaluation of DNA damage using single-cell gel electrophoresis (Comet Assay). J Pharmacol Pharmacother. 2011; 2(2): 107–111. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
18. Determining Genome Targeting Efficiency using T7 Endonuclease I NEB. [cited 2020 Jul 8]. Reference Source
19. Goula D, Remy JS, Erbacher P, et al.: Size, diffusibility and transfection performance of linear PEI/DNA complexes in the mouse central nervous system. Gene Ther. 1998; 5(5): 712–717. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
20. Antibiotic Kill Curve | Sigma-Aldrich. [cited 2020 Jul 9]. Reference Source
21. Sanal MG: Sequencing Data, supplementary data to Cloning of Human ABCB11 Gene in E. coli required the removal of an Intragenic Pribnow-Schaller Box before it’ s Insertion into Genomic Safe Harbor AAVS1 Site using CRISPR Cas9. Harvard Dataverse, V1. 2020. http://www.doi.org/10.7910/DVN/32TXCD
22. Aronson SJ, Bakker RS, Shi X, et al.: Liver-directed gene therapy results in long-term correction of progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3 in mice. J Hepatol. 2019; 71(1): 153–162. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
23. Coppoletta JM, Wolbach SB: Body Length and Organ Weights of Infants and Children: A Study of the Body Length and Normal Weights of the More Important Vital Organs of the Body between Birth and Twelve Years of Age. Am J Pathol. 1933; 9(1): 55–70. PubMed Abstract | Free Full Text
24. Nagamoto Y, Takayama K, Ohashi K, et al.: Transplantation of a human iPSC-derived hepatocyte sheet increases survival in mice with acute liver failure. J Hepatol. 2016; 64(5): 1068–1075. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
25. Sanal MG: Personalized Medicine in Cell Therapy and Transplantation. In: Barh D., Dhawan D., Ganguly N. (eds) Omics for Personalized Medicine. Springer. 2013; 775–799. Publisher Full Text
26. Papapetrou EP, Schambach A: Gene insertion into genomic safe harbors for human gene therapy. Mol Ther. 2016; 24(4): 678–684. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
27. Kay MA, Nakai H: Looking into the safety of AAV vectors. Nature. 2003; 424(6946): 251–251. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
28. Li C, Psatha N, Wang H, et al.: Integrating hdad5/35++ vectors as a new platform for HSC gene therapy of hemoglobinopathies. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev. 2018; 9: 142–152. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
29. Hanlon KS, Kleinstiver BP, Garcia SP, et al.: High levels of AAV vector integration into CRISPR-induced DNA breaks. Nat Commun. 2019; 10(1): 4439. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
30. Chakraborty S: Sequencing data from Massachusetts General Hospital shows Cas9 integration into the genome, highlighting a serious hazard in gene-editing therapeutics [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Res. 2019; 8: 1846.
31. Chang G, Roth CB: Structure of MsbA from E. coli: a homolog of the multidrug resistance ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters. Science. 2001; 293(5536): 1793–1800. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
32. Ward A, Reyes CL, Yu J, et al.: Flexibility in the ABC transporter MsbA: Alternating access with a twist. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007; 104(48): 19005–19010. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
33. Opal SM: Endotoxins and other sepsis triggers. Contrib Nephrol. 2010; 167: 14–24. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
34. Khanna R, Sarin SK: Non-cirrhotic portal hypertension - diagnosis and management. J Hepatol. 2014; 60(2): 421–441. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
35. Bi XJ, Chen MH, Wang JH, et al.: Effect of endotoxin on portal hemodynamic in rats. World J Gastroenterol. 2002; 8(3): 528–530. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
36. Kamath PS, Tyce GM, Miller VM, et al.: Endothelin-1 modulates intrahepatic resistance in a rat model of noncirrhotic portal hypertension. Hepatology. 1999; 30(2): 401–407. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Version 1

VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 23 Dec 2020

Author details Author details

¹ Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, 110070, India
² Department of Life Sciences, South Asian University, New Delhi, Delhi, 100021, India
³ Department of Biotechnology, Sharda University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
⁴ Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, 110070, India

Nisha Vats
Roles: Investigation

Madhusudana Girija Sanal
Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

Senthil Kumar Venugopal
Roles: Writing – Review & Editing

Pankaj Taneja
Roles: Writing – Review & Editing

Shiv Kumar Sarin
Roles: Writing – Review & Editing

Competing interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information

The corresponding author (Sanal MG) acknowledges the Science and Engineering Research Board (grant #ECR/2015/000275) and Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India (grant #BT/PR15116/MED/31/334/2016) Government of India for a limited financial support for about 18 months.
The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Article Versions (1)

version 1

Published: 23 Dec 2020, 9:1498

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.26659.1

Copyright

© 2020 Vats N et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Download

Export To

metrics

	Views	Downloads
F1000Research	-	-
PubMed Central Data from PMC are received and updated monthly.	-	-

Citations

0

SEE MORE DETAILS

CITE

how to cite this article

Vats N, Sanal MG, Venugopal SK et al. Cloning of human ABCB11 gene in E. coli required the removal of an intragenic Pribnow-Schaller Box before it’s Insertion into genomic safe harbor AAVS1 site using CRISPR–Cas9 [version 1; peer review: 2 approved]. F1000Research 2020, 9:1498 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.26659.1)

NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.

track

receive updates on this article

Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article.

Open Peer Review

Version 1

VERSION 1

PUBLISHED 23 Dec 2020

Views

11

Reviewer Report 07 Apr 2021

Nagendra Chaturvedi, Department of Pediatrics, Hematology, and Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA

Approved

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.29430.r81735

The manuscript is well-designed with a valuable contribution to the successful cloning of ABCB11, a key defective gene in PFIC2.

I only have a few minor comments:

Is that common to see mutations in ABCB11

The manuscript is well-designed with a valuable contribution to the successful cloning of ABCB11, a key defective gene in PFIC2.

I only have a few minor comments:

Is that common to see mutations in ABCB11 gene while expressing it in the prokaryotic or eukaryotic expression system?
Do authors know the functional consequences if this gene is not mutated in the expression system?
Title of manuscript is too long.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: Molecular Cell Biology

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

CITE

Report a concern

Respond or Comment

Views

16

Reviewer Report 06 Apr 2021

Mitradas Panicker, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA

Approved

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.29430.r81026

This is an interesting and useful observation regarding the cloning of the human ABCB11 gene in E.coli prior to its original goal i.e. inserting ABCB11 into the AASV1 safe harbor.

The aim was to insert the ABCB11 ... Continue reading

This is an interesting and useful observation regarding the cloning of the human ABCB11 gene in E.coli prior to its original goal i.e. inserting ABCB11 into the AASV1 safe harbor.

The aim was to insert the ABCB11 gene into human cells to establish the initial steps for gene therapy in liver. The authors found that they could not clone their construct of the gene in E. coli. Careful observation and analysis led them to a Pribnow-Schaller Box within the sequence. They proved their hypothesis by modifying the Box and successfully cloning the gene in E. Coli. The work is detailed and carefully done and also suggests further areas such as the potential use of MsbA as a drug target.

Comments:

The title could be corrected to reflect the result 'proper' since the removal of the Pribnow-Schaller box is not a necessary requirement for insertion into the AASV1 locus. It became a necessity due the cloning method that had to be adopted.

The manuscript requires some additional editing for clarity.

Figure 1 would benefit by indicating the site of the 2A insertion, the hPGK sequence should be marked as a promoter.
It is not clear what is the ABCB11 codon optimization for and also what it was optimized for as noted in Fig.1.

It would be more accessible if the Pribnow-Schaller Box and the sequences changed are depicted as a figure than as a supplementary table and a few lines of text. If text is preferred then the sequence numbers of the nucleotides involved and the reference sequence should be provided in the text.

The observation that homologous insertion was obtained at very low frequency does not necessarily preclude the strategy from being used 'in vivo' since the frequency would be highly dependent on the strategy and the sequences chosen. For e.g. a homology-independent strategy with same construct might prove fruitful. Perhaps the discussion could reflect this.

The supplementary Figure of the Donor Vector does not show the ABCB11 sequence. This should also be addressed.

The observation by Chang and Gray should be more clearly emphasized in the Discussion.
MsbA as a drug target should also refer Zhang et al. (2018)¹.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Not applicable
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

References

1. Zhang G, Baidin V, Pahil K, Moison E, et al.: Cell-based screen for discovering lipopolysaccharide biogenesis inhibitors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2018; 115 (26): 6834-6839 Publisher Full Text

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: Molecular Neurobiology, Stem Cells, Neuroscience, Cell Biology

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

CITE

Report a concern

Respond or Comment

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Version 1

VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 23 Dec 2020

Open Peer Review

Reviewer Status

Reviewer Reports

	Invited Reviewers
	1	2
Version 1 23 Dec 20	read	read

Mitradas Panicker, University of California, Irvine, USA
Nagendra Chaturvedi, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA

Comments on this article

All Comments(0)

Add a comment

Sign up for content alerts

Browse by related subjects

Back to all reports

Reviewer Report

11 Views

07 Apr 2021 | for Version 1

Nagendra Chaturvedi, Department of Pediatrics, Hematology, and Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA

11 Views Cite this report Responses(0)

Approved

The manuscript is well-designed with a valuable contribution to the successful cloning of ABCB11, a key defective gene in PFIC2.

I only have a few minor comments:

Is that common to see mutations in ABCB11 gene while expressing it in the prokaryotic or eukaryotic expression system?
Do authors know the functional consequences if this gene is not mutated in the expression system?
Title of manuscript is too long.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Molecular Cell Biology

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

Respond to this report

Responses (0)

Back to all reports

Reviewer Report

16 Views

06 Apr 2021 | for Version 1

Mitradas Panicker, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA

16 Views Cite this report Responses(0)

Approved

This is an interesting and useful observation regarding the cloning of the human ABCB11 gene in E.coli prior to its original goal i.e. inserting ABCB11 into the AASV1 safe harbor.

The aim was to insert the ABCB11 gene into human cells to establish the initial steps for gene therapy in liver. The authors found that they could not clone their construct of the gene in E. coli. Careful observation and analysis led them to a Pribnow-Schaller Box within the sequence. They proved their hypothesis by modifying the Box and successfully cloning the gene in E. Coli. The work is detailed and carefully done and also suggests further areas such as the potential use of MsbA as a drug target.

Comments:

The title could be corrected to reflect the result 'proper' since the removal of the Pribnow-Schaller box is not a necessary requirement for insertion into the AASV1 locus. It became a necessity due the cloning method that had to be adopted.

The manuscript requires some additional editing for clarity.

Figure 1 would benefit by indicating the site of the 2A insertion, the hPGK sequence should be marked as a promoter.
It is not clear what is the ABCB11 codon optimization for and also what it was optimized for as noted in Fig.1.

It would be more accessible if the Pribnow-Schaller Box and the sequences changed are depicted as a figure than as a supplementary table and a few lines of text. If text is preferred then the sequence numbers of the nucleotides involved and the reference sequence should be provided in the text.

The observation that homologous insertion was obtained at very low frequency does not necessarily preclude the strategy from being used 'in vivo' since the frequency would be highly dependent on the strategy and the sequences chosen. For e.g. a homology-independent strategy with same construct might prove fruitful. Perhaps the discussion could reflect this.

The supplementary Figure of the Donor Vector does not show the ABCB11 sequence. This should also be addressed.

The observation by Chang and Gray should be more clearly emphasized in the Discussion.
MsbA as a drug target should also refer Zhang et al. (2018)¹.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Not applicable
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

References

1. Zhang G, Baidin V, Pahil K, Moison E, et al.: Cell-based screen for discovering lipopolysaccharide biogenesis inhibitors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2018; 115 (26): 6834-6839 Publisher Full Text

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Molecular Neurobiology, Stem Cells, Neuroscience, Cell Biology

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

Respond to this report

Responses (0)

[1] 1. Amer S, Hajira A: A comprehensive review of progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC): genetic disorders of hepatocanalicular transporters. Gastroenterology Res. 2014; 7(2): 39–43. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[2] 2. Gerloff T, Stieger B, Hagenbuch B, et al.: The sister of P-glycoprotein represents the canalicular bile salt export pump of mammalian liver. J Biol Chem. 1998; 273(16): 10046–10050. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[3] 3. Sanal MG: Cell therapy from bench to bedside: Hepatocytes from fibroblasts - the truth and myth of transdifferentiation. World J Gastroenterol. 2015; 21(21): 6427–33. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[4] 4. Sanal MG: Future of liver transplantation: non-human primates for patient-specific organs from induced pluripotent stem cells. World J Gastroenterol. 2011; 17(32): 3684–90. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[5] 5. Sanal MG: A highly efficient method for generation of therapeutic quality human pluripotent stem cells by using naive induced pluripotent stem cells nucleus for nuclear transfer. SAGE Open Med. 2014; 2: 2050312114550375. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[6] 6. Kaplitt MG, Feigin A, Tang C, et al.: Safety and tolerability of gene therapy with an adeno-associated virus (AAV) borne GAD gene for Parkinson’s disease: an open label, phase I trial. Lancet. 2007; 369(9579): 2097–2105. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[7] 7. Vandamme C, Adjali O, Mingozzi F: Unraveling the complex story of immune responses to AAV vectors trial after trial. Hum Gene Ther. 2017; 28(11): 1061–1074. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[8] 8. Hüser D, Khalid D, Lutter T, et al.: High Prevalence of Infectious Adeno-associated Virus (AAV) in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Indicative of T Lymphocytes as Sites of AAV Persistence. J Virol. 2017; 91(4): e02137–16. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[9] 9. Smith JR, Maguire S, Davis LA, et al.: Robust, persistent transgene expression in human embryonic stem cells is achieved with AAVS1-targeted integration. Stem Cells. 2008; 26(2): 496–504. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[10] 10. Sanal MG: Supplementary Tables to Cloning of Human ABCB11 Gene in E. coli required the removal of an Intragenic Pribnow-Schaller Box before it’ s Insertion into Genomic Safe Harbor AAVS1 Site using CRISPR Cas9. Harvard Dataverse, V1. 2020. http://www.doi.org/10.7910/DVN/NTUOXM

[11] 11. Lee J, Shin MK, Ryu DK, et al.: Insertion and deletion mutagenesis by overlap extension PCR. Methods Mol Biol. 2010; 634: 137–146. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[12] 12. Salamov VSA, Solovyevand A: Automatic annotation of microbial genomes and metagenomic sequences. Metagenomics and its …. 2011. Reference Source

[13] 13. Madden T: The BLAST sequence analysis tool. The NCBI Handbook 2nd edition. 2013. Reference Source

[14] 14. Ye J, Coulouris G, Zaretskaya I, et al.: Primer-BLAST: a tool to design target-specific primers for polymerase chain reaction. BMC Bioinformatics. 2012; 13: 134. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[15] 15. Addgene: CRISPR Plasmids and Resources . [cited 2020 Jul 8]. Reference Source

[16] 16. www.idtdna.com/site/order/designtool/index/CRISPR_CUSTOM; [cited 2020 Jul 8]. Reference Source

[17] 17. Nandhakumar S, Parasuraman S, Shanmugam MM, et al.: Evaluation of DNA damage using single-cell gel electrophoresis (Comet Assay). J Pharmacol Pharmacother. 2011; 2(2): 107–111. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[18] 18. Determining Genome Targeting Efficiency using T7 Endonuclease I NEB. [cited 2020 Jul 8]. Reference Source

[19] 19. Goula D, Remy JS, Erbacher P, et al.: Size, diffusibility and transfection performance of linear PEI/DNA complexes in the mouse central nervous system. Gene Ther. 1998; 5(5): 712–717. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[20] 20. Antibiotic Kill Curve | Sigma-Aldrich. [cited 2020 Jul 9]. Reference Source

[21] 21. Sanal MG: Sequencing Data, supplementary data to Cloning of Human ABCB11 Gene in E. coli required the removal of an Intragenic Pribnow-Schaller Box before it’ s Insertion into Genomic Safe Harbor AAVS1 Site using CRISPR Cas9. Harvard Dataverse, V1. 2020. http://www.doi.org/10.7910/DVN/32TXCD

[22] 22. Aronson SJ, Bakker RS, Shi X, et al.: Liver-directed gene therapy results in long-term correction of progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3 in mice. J Hepatol. 2019; 71(1): 153–162. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[23] 23. Coppoletta JM, Wolbach SB: Body Length and Organ Weights of Infants and Children: A Study of the Body Length and Normal Weights of the More Important Vital Organs of the Body between Birth and Twelve Years of Age. Am J Pathol. 1933; 9(1): 55–70. PubMed Abstract | Free Full Text

[24] 24. Nagamoto Y, Takayama K, Ohashi K, et al.: Transplantation of a human iPSC-derived hepatocyte sheet increases survival in mice with acute liver failure. J Hepatol. 2016; 64(5): 1068–1075. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[25] 25. Sanal MG: Personalized Medicine in Cell Therapy and Transplantation. In: Barh D., Dhawan D., Ganguly N. (eds) Omics for Personalized Medicine. Springer. 2013; 775–799. Publisher Full Text

[26] 26. Papapetrou EP, Schambach A: Gene insertion into genomic safe harbors for human gene therapy. Mol Ther. 2016; 24(4): 678–684. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[27] 27. Kay MA, Nakai H: Looking into the safety of AAV vectors. Nature. 2003; 424(6946): 251–251. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[28] 28. Li C, Psatha N, Wang H, et al.: Integrating hdad5/35++ vectors as a new platform for HSC gene therapy of hemoglobinopathies. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev. 2018; 9: 142–152. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[29] 29. Hanlon KS, Kleinstiver BP, Garcia SP, et al.: High levels of AAV vector integration into CRISPR-induced DNA breaks. Nat Commun. 2019; 10(1): 4439. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[30] 30. Chakraborty S: Sequencing data from Massachusetts General Hospital shows Cas9 integration into the genome, highlighting a serious hazard in gene-editing therapeutics [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Res. 2019; 8: 1846.

[31] 31. Chang G, Roth CB: Structure of MsbA from E. coli: a homolog of the multidrug resistance ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters. Science. 2001; 293(5536): 1793–1800. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[32] 32. Ward A, Reyes CL, Yu J, et al.: Flexibility in the ABC transporter MsbA: Alternating access with a twist. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007; 104(48): 19005–19010. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[33] 33. Opal SM: Endotoxins and other sepsis triggers. Contrib Nephrol. 2010; 167: 14–24. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[34] 34. Khanna R, Sarin SK: Non-cirrhotic portal hypertension - diagnosis and management. J Hepatol. 2014; 60(2): 421–441. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[35] 35. Bi XJ, Chen MH, Wang JH, et al.: Effect of endotoxin on portal hemodynamic in rats. World J Gastroenterol. 2002; 8(3): 528–530. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[36] 36. Kamath PS, Tyce GM, Miller VM, et al.: Endothelin-1 modulates intrahepatic resistance in a rat model of noncirrhotic portal hypertension. Hepatology. 1999; 30(2): 401–407. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

Cloning of human ABCB11 gene in E. coli required the removal of an intragenic Pribnow-Schaller Box before it’s Insertion into genomic safe harbor AAVS1 site using CRISPR–Cas9

Abstract

Keywords

Introduction

Figure 1. The Cas9-sgRNAs designed and the recombination cassette (donor vector).

Methods

Cloning of ABCB11

Bioinformatics

gRNA

Cell culture

Western blot

T7 Endo Nuclease Assay

Comet assay

Sequencing

Results

Human ABCB11 gene/product is toxic to E. coli cells

Figure 2. The ABCB11 gene cloned into E. coli showed mutations despite multiple cloning attempts.

Identification and removal of a Pribnow-Schaller Box in human ABCB11 for cloning in E. coli

Figure 3.

Figure 4. Agarose gel electrophoresis of PCR amplified products.

ABCB11 is similar to E. coli lipid A (endotoxin) transporter MsbA

Verification of the gDNA cutting activity of Cas9-sgRNA construct

Figure 5. Cas9-sgRNA cause DNA damage, revealed by a Comet assay.

Off-target analysis

Table 1. Selected off targets for crRNA GGGGCCACTAGGGACAGGAT (PAM TGG).

Validation of ABCB11 expression in a fibroblast cell line

Figure 6.

PCR amplification and sequencing to verify the integration of ABCB11 to AAVS1 site

Figure 7.

Figure 8. PCR products amplified from the genomic DNA.

Discussion

Figure 9. The ABCB11 gene (which codes the transporter of human bile salts) is targeted to AAVS1 site using a construct which has 5’ and 3’ overhangs which are homologous to the AAVS1 site.

Data availability

Underlying data

Extended data

Acknowledgements

References

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Open Peer Review

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Open Peer Review

Reviewer Status

Reviewer Reports

Comments on this article

Browse by related subjects

Competing Interests Policy

Stay Updated