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Research Article
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Respiratory functions of conservancy workers working in solid waste management sector of Chennai, India

[version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations]
PUBLISHED 19 Jun 2013
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Abstract

Chennai is the fourth largest metropolitan city in India. Around 10,000 conservancy workers of the Chennai Corporation handle about 4500 to 5200 tons of solid wastes per day. These workers are exposed to a lot of environmental and occupational hazards affecting the respiratory system. This paper presents the results of pulmonary function assessment in 178 conservancy workers (100 sweepers & 78 loaders) of the Chennai Corporation. Detailed medical and occupational history was obtained and clinical examination was performed after obtaining informed consent. Pulmonary functions (forced vital capacity [FVC], forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV1] and peak expiratory flow rate [PEFR]) were measured using a portable spirometer. Since normal pulmonary function values for healthy non-smoking South Indian adults are available through previously published studies, the pulmonary function test (PFT) values from the study group were compared with the predicted values after corrections for age and anthropometry. The pulmonary functions of the conservancy workers were significantly lower than their predicted values. Moreover, the pulmonary functions declined with increasing years of working. Among both the groups of conservancy workers, the pulmonary functions were significantly lower in sweepers than loaders (P<0.01). This study has generated lung function data of the Chennai Corporation conservancy workers that can aid the concerned authorities to implement specific interventions to reduce the exposure and improve the health status of the workers.

Updated Changes from Version 1

The pulmonary function values of the study subjects were compared with their predicted values, since normal pulmonary function values for healthy non-smoking South Indian adults are available through previously published studies (6,7, the equations of Vijayan et al.). The data was not presented earlier, but now the data is presented as Table II. The study population, both males and females had lower observed values than their own predicted values, which were statistically significant.

See the authors' detailed response to the review by Benoit Nemery de Bellevaux

Introduction

The Chennai metropolitan area is the fourth largest metropolis in India. Urban development has been rapid over the last two decades. The development process, however, has had an adverse impact on the environment in the metropolis1. Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is one of the major environmental problems of Indian cities. Increasing volumes, entry of select hazardous waste streams, manual handling of wastes, inadequate personal protective equipment, lack of awareness about health and sanitation and inadequate environmental management at the landfill sites expose conservancy workers to a multitude of environmental and occupational hazards.

Chennai city is divided into 10 zones2. More than 10,000 conservancy workers of the Chennai Corporation handle 4500 to 5200 tons of municipal solid wastes per day. Per-capita generation of solid waste is 0.7 kg per day3. The waste disposal sites of Chennai are the Kodungaiyur and the Perungudi dumping grounds. Although the incidence and prevalence of various hazards in formal solid waste sector workers are high, very few studies have been conducted in developing countries4. Studies have been published from the developed high-income countries5. The data from these developed countries cannot be directly extrapolated to developing countries, as the entire scenario is different between the two. The health profile in the Solid Waste Management sector needs to be generated region wise in order to implement the appropriate preventive and corrective measures. This study was not designed to establish the causative role of particular workplace exposures for the observed health impairments, but rather to evaluate the pulmonary function of workers in this environment with the intention of aiding subsequent environmental health management initiatives aimed at preventing such job-related exposures.

Methods

The present cross sectional study was carried out among 178 conservancy workers of the Chennai Corporation. This project was executed in collaboration with the Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority and the Corporation of Chennai. Permissions were obtained from the Commissioner of Chennai Municipal Corporation, Superintending Engineer of Solid Waste Management and the Chennai Corporation Health Officer. The Solid Waste Management sector in the Corporation of Chennai is directly under supervision of the Superintending Engineer.

The 10,896 conservancy workers of the Chennai Corporation are spread all over the city across 10 zones and 155 wards. 178 conservancy workers were recruited for this study. Using Probability Proportionate to Sample (PPS), six zones (zones 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 9) were identified for the study purpose. Workers were then selected randomly from the roster.

The study proposal was approved by the corresponding author’s Institutional Ethics Committee. Written informed consent was obtained from all the subjects involved in the study for publications of their clinical details, prior to administration of medical examination. A validated questionnaire was used for obtaining medical history and occupational history of patients. A detailed clinical examination was performed on all the subjects, which included a general examination and respiratory system examination.

Pulmonary function tests (PFT) were performed using portable data-logging Spirometer (MIR SPIROBANK – Model A23). This spirometer works on the infrared interruption principle, where an infrared miniflow sensor is used for measurement of both flow and volume. All the workers were properly trained to perform the pulmonary function test. All the subjects underwent an anthropometric assessment, which included height and weight. A nose clip was fixed and the test was performed in a sitting position. The best value of three attempts was taken. A complete flow – volume loop was obtained from the spirometer. The spirograms (flow – volume loop) were directly downloaded from the instrument and printed, and the values were also manually recorded. The Spirometer that was used performs as per the equipment specifications of the American Thoracic Society. All volumes were corrected to conditions of body temperature and pressure saturable with water vapour (BTPS). The best values of Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume at the end of one second (FEV1) and Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) were used for analysis.

Data are represented as Mean ± Standard Deviation. The comparison test of significance used was the independent ‘t’ test. Pearson’s correlation analysis and linear regression were used for assessing the association of pulmonary function parameters with total duration of employment. The level of significance was taken at the 5% level. Data were analysed using SPSS version 16.

Results

The age, height, weight and BMI (Body mass index) of the 178 conservancy workers (study subjects) are provided in Table I.

Table I. Anthropometric parameters of the study subjects.

Anthropometric
measurements
Sweepers (n = 100) Loaders (n = 78)
Age (yrs)44.64 ± 8.6144.01 ± 6.61
Height (cm)154.42 ± 9.74161.79 ± 6.57
Weight (Kg)54.99 ± 11.2855.92 ± 9.79
BMI (Kg/m2)23.1 ± 4.5221.39 ± 3.83

All values are represented as Mean ± Standard deviation; BMI = Body mass index.

Results of Pulmonary function assessment: The key pulmonary function parameters chosen for analysis were FVC, FEV1 and PEFR.

Since normal pulmonary function values for healthy non-smoking South Indian adults are available through previously published studies6,7, the PFT values of non smoking men and women from the study group were compared with the predicted values after corrections for age and anthropometry. The study population, both males and females had lower observed values than their own predicted values, which were statistically significant, as shown in Table II. Females had lower pulmonary functions than males.

Table II. Observed and predicted pulmonary function values of the study population.

* P < 0.05; the study population had significantly lower pulmonary function values than their own predicted values.

ParameterObserved valuesPredicted values
Males
FVC2.8 ± 0.7*3.2 ± 0.5
FEV12.4 ± 0.5*3.0 ± 0.4
PEFR6.9 ± 0.7*7.9 ± 0.3
Females
FVC1.9 ± 0.5*2.3 ± 0.2
FEV11.6 ± 0.5*1.9 ± 0.2
PEFR5.3 ± 0.9*7.1 ± 0.4

All values are represented as Mean ± SD.

FVC = Forced Vital Capacity; FEV1 = Forced Expiratory volume at the end of one second; PEFR = Peak expiratory flow rate.

In order to discern differences among both the categories of workers, who have varying degrees of occupational exposures, PFT values of both the job categories were compared. Sweepers had the lower PFT (FVC, FEV1 and PEFR) values compared to loaders, which were statistically significant, as shown in Table III.

Table III. Comparison of Pulmonary functions between Sweepers and loaders.

* P < 0.01; Sweepers had significantly lower values compared to loaders.

Pulmonary function
parameters
Sweepers*
(n = 100)
Loaders (n = 78)
FVC2.22 ± 0.772.88 ± 0.68
FEV11.86 ± 0.622.39 ± 0.59
PEFR5.17 ± 1.896.45 ± 1.83

All values are represented as Mean ± Standard deviation.

FVC = Forced Vital Capacity; FEV1 = Forced Expiratory volume at the end of one second; PEFR = Peak expiratory flow rate.

PFT values were also compared across both the groups of workers with varying duration of work experience (resulting in differences in duration of exposure) as shown in Figure 1. The workers were classified into three groups based on the duration of working (Group I: work duration <10yrs; Group II: work duration 10–20yrs; Group III: work duration >20yrs). Pulmonary functions were significantly lower in the group III, compared to group I and group II. FVC and FEV1 were significantly different among the three groups. PEF of Group I was significantly different when compared with Group II and Group III, whereas there was no difference between Group II and Group III. Pulmonary function significantly declined with increasing years of working as assessed by linear regression.

5afed61e-7a95-4728-b9e7-2c73e3b57643_figure1.gif

Figure 1. Pulmonary functions in both the groups of conservancy workers based on duration of working.

(Group I: <10yrs; Group II: 10–20yrs; Group III: >20yrs) FVC = Forced Vital Capacity; FEV1 = Forced Expiratory volume at the end of one second; PEFR = Peak expiratory flow rate.

Discussion

This study has generated the pulmonary function profile of the conservancy workers of the Solid Waste Management sector of Chennai. There is higher prevalence of both respiratory symptoms and respiratory impairments (as established through pulmonary function tests) in the study population. The decrement in pulmonary function with increasing duration of working strongly suggests that workplace exposures may be contributing significantly to such impairments. A very high prevalence of respiratory symptoms, much lower lung function values than predicted for a normal healthy population, increasing impairments with increasing years of working all point to a pattern of increased potential for respiratory morbidity among these workers due to occupational exposures. Exposures to air pollutants including dusts, air toxins and bio-aerosols from fugitive and occupational sources are a major health concern for conservancy workers. It is likely that operations such as sweeping, loading and unloading solid wastes could potentially expose workers to greater than safe levels, as all such operations were being performed in the absence of any engineering controls or use of personal protective equipment (PPE). In the present study, the conservancy workers did not use any PPE.

Studies have reported higher respiratory morbidity among conservancy workers. In a study conducted by Athanasiou et al., municipal solid waste workers had increased symptoms pertaining to respiratory system and a significant reduction in FVC compared with controls8. Ray et al. also reported that landfill workers had a significantly higher prevalence of respiratory symptoms and increased impairment of lung function compared with controls. The landfill workers also had airway inflammation and a lot of complaints pertaining to general health9. Rajnarayan R. Tiwari reported that the abnormal respiratory functions found in sanitary workers may be due to exposure to endotoxins and airborne bacteria by way of bioaerosols10. Zuskin et al. reported that forced end expiratory flow FEF50 and FEF25 were reduced, probably due to small airway obstruction11. In another study, Zuskin et al. have demonstrated reduced FVC and FEV1, which was significant in sanitation workers compared with controls12. Similar significant reductions in lung function parameters have been reported in solid waste collectors in other studies13.

The present study demonstrates the degree of pulmonary impairments prevalent in workers of this sector. Given the similarity in process operations across other districts in the state, as well as other states in South India, this may be a fair representation of the sector in South India.

Baseline health assessments in these work environments further provide the necessary inputs for designing surveillance programs. Pulmonary functions assessment is also a pre-requisite for assessing fitness to wear respirators and hence must be periodically conducted. It is important to implement control strategies at an early stage to prevent the disease process from setting in and also it would be crucial for these workers to be covered under a regular occupational health-monitoring program that would keep them under routine surveillance. Sector-specific exposure and health profiling is an important element for creation of local occupational health databases and the results of the study have provided baseline information to serve as an input to the development of such databases.

Longitudinal studies can be planned with the input available from this study to assess the chronic or permanent functional loss resulting from exposure. Further work is also needed to clarify potential reversibility after cessation of exposure. Medical institutions and the Occupational Health Institute need to be encouraged to study the health of conservancy workers with an appropriate baseline control population, since epidemiological data from this sector is lacking. Apart from all these, an environmentally sound garbage management system is required for urban waste management14. A proper method should be used to dispose of solid waste15.

Conclusion

This profile can be used to address the hazards identified in solid waste management, so that appropriate preventive and corrective measures can be undertaken. The issue of occupational health in India is deeply embedded in a matrix of environmental, health, and economic/developmental considerations. Understanding the potential for health risks is necessary to ensure that the most vulnerable communities need not suffer. Indeed if human development is the goal, addressing health risks is an important mechanism to ensure equity in quality of life for all and it is hoped that the information presented here represents a small incremental step towards achieving the same.

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VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 17 Dec 2012
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Roopa S, Padmavathi R, Akolkar A et al. Respiratory functions of conservancy workers working in solid waste management sector of Chennai, India [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2013, 1:67 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.1-67.v2)
NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.
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Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW
ApprovedThe paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested
Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.
Not approvedFundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions
Version 2
VERSION 2
PUBLISHED 19 Jun 2013
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Reviewer Report 05 Jul 2013
Benoit Nemery de Bellevaux, Occupational, Environmental and Insurance Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium 
Approved with Reservations
VIEWS 7
In the revised version of the article the authors have computed predicted values of pulmonary function indices for their study subjects and showed in Table II that this population has, on the whole, a poorer pulmonary function ... Continue reading
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HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT
Nemery de Bellevaux B. Reviewer Report For: Respiratory functions of conservancy workers working in solid waste management sector of Chennai, India [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2013, 1:67 (https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.1692.r1042)
NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.
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PUBLISHED 17 Dec 2012
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Reviewer Report 24 Jan 2013
Benoit Nemery de Bellevaux, Occupational, Environmental and Insurance Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium 
Approved with Reservations
VIEWS 4
The methodology of the field survey appears to have been adequate. However, the analysis is not adequate.
The authors should not base their analysis on absolute levels of pulmonary function parameters. Indeed the differences observed between sweepers and loaders (table 2)
... Continue reading
CITE
CITE
HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT
Nemery de Bellevaux B. Reviewer Report For: Respiratory functions of conservancy workers working in solid waste management sector of Chennai, India [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2013, 1:67 (https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.250.r727)
NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.
  • Author Response 05 Jun 2013
    Srinivasan Roopa, Department of Physiology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College & Research Institute, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, 600 116, India
    05 Jun 2013
    Author Response
    As Dr Nemery de Bellavaux has mentioned, analyses of data was actually done by comparing pulmonary function values of the study subjects with their predicted values. Normal pulmonary function values ... Continue reading
COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT
  • Author Response 05 Jun 2013
    Srinivasan Roopa, Department of Physiology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College & Research Institute, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, 600 116, India
    05 Jun 2013
    Author Response
    As Dr Nemery de Bellavaux has mentioned, analyses of data was actually done by comparing pulmonary function values of the study subjects with their predicted values. Normal pulmonary function values ... Continue reading
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6
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Reviewer Report 19 Dec 2012
Youcheng Liu, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA 
Approved
VIEWS 6
I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an ... Continue reading
CITE
CITE
HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT
Liu Y. Reviewer Report For: Respiratory functions of conservancy workers working in solid waste management sector of Chennai, India [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2013, 1:67 (https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.250.r403)
NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Version 2
VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 17 Dec 2012
Comment
Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article:
Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested
Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.
Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions
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