HR practices and turnover intention; the mediating role of organizational commitment in Tehran: a cross-sectional study

Mohammaad Kashinejad Hassanpour; Chin Wei Chong; Siong Choy Chong; Mohammad Khaleel Ibrahim Okour; Samadi Behrang; Xin Yee Tan

doi:10.12688/f1000research.73351.1

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Research Article

HR practices and turnover intention; the mediating role of organizational commitment in Tehran: a cross-sectional study

[version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved]

Mohammaad Kashinejad Hassanpour¹, Chin Wei Chong ¹, Siong Choy Chong², Mohammad Khaleel Ibrahim Okour³, Samadi Behrang⁴, Xin Yee Tan¹

Mohammaad Kashinejad Hassanpour¹, Chin Wei Chong ¹, [...] Siong Choy Chong², Mohammad Khaleel Ibrahim Okour³, Samadi Behrang⁴, Xin Yee Tan¹

PUBLISHED 08 Nov 2021

Author details Author details

¹ Faculty of Management, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Selangor, 63100, Malaysia
² Senior Office, Finance Accreditation Agency, Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, 50480, Malaysia
³ Business Administration, Luminus Technical University College, Amman, 11118, Jordan
⁴ School of Marketing and Management, Asia Pacific University, Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia

Mohammaad Kashinejad Hassanpour
Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Writing – Original Draft Preparation

Chin Wei Chong
Roles: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing

Siong Choy Chong
Roles: Conceptualization, Methodology

Mohammad Khaleel Ibrahim Okour
Roles: Data Curation

Samadi Behrang
Roles: Formal Analysis

Xin Yee Tan
Roles: Formal Analysis, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

OPEN PEER REVIEW

REVIEWER STATUS

This article is included in the Research Synergy Foundation gateway.

Abstract

Background: Employees are increasingly being recognised as a valuable source of information, especially in knowledge-based businesses. Businesses, however, suffer financial and organisational memory losses related to re-hiring and training new staff, and lost productivity and intellectual property because of employee turnover. Hence, employee turnover should be considered an essential part of human resource management. Furthermore, employees’ trust in management and human resource (HR) practices substantially impact organisational commitment (OC). Thus, anticipating employee commitment and turnover intentions is crucial, as people are the sole source for knowledge-based firms to maintain their competitive advantage. In the context of selected Tehran Renewable Energy (RE) firms, this study investigated the mediating impact of OC on the relationship between HR practices (recruitment and selection; training and development opportunities; performance appraisal and evaluation; teamwork; compensation and pay; and job security) and employee turnover intention.
Methods: This is a cross-sectional study in Tehran that involved 90 experts and knowledgeable employees from four of Tehran's top RE businesses. A questionnaire was distributed to collect data which was later analysed with correlation, regression and bootstrapping analyses.
Results: All six dimensions of HR practices were discovered to have an indirect impact on turnover intention and a direct impact on OC. OC among employees has an indirect effect on turnover intention. It was also revealed that the training and development opportunity has the most considerable effect on OC and turnover intention. OC was not found as a mediator between HR practices and turnover intention.
Conclusions: The outcomes of this study showed that both training and development opportunities; and pay and compensation structure were found to be two significant components of HR practices in the relationship with OC. RE managers should employ appropriate HR strategies, particularly in these two dimensions, to improve an individual's degree of OC and reduce turnover intention.

Keywords

HR practices, turnover intention, organisational commitment, learning organisations, renewable energy industry

Corresponding author: Chin Wei Chong

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work.

Copyright: © 2021 Hassanpour MK et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

How to cite: Hassanpour MK, Chong CW, Chong SC et al. HR practices and turnover intention; the mediating role of organizational commitment in Tehran: a cross-sectional study [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2021, 10:1130 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73351.1) First published: 08 Nov 2021, 10:1130 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73351.1) Latest published: 22 Sep 2022, 10:1130 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73351.2)

Introduction

Talent management has become more critical as part of companies' strategies to remain competitive by attaining organisational effectiveness. Employers, however, risk losing employees who seek better opportunities elsewhere. Therefore, employers must establish talent management systems that help develop talents and, most importantly, retain personnel to counter the loss of well-trained and experienced personnel. Massive investments in shaping and developing human capital will be nought if staff quit and take their talents and experience to other companies.

Losing good employees can impair an organisation's competitive advantage by diminishing production and quality. Demographics, satisfaction, organisational commitment (OC), and human resource management (HRM) practices having been identified as significant factors influencing turnover intention. OC has been found to impact turnover intention considerably. Therefore, it appears that OC must be included to forecast turnover. Human resource (HR) practices are also reported to affect turnover intention, however, with limited empirical research. Therefore, the need to study factors influencing turnover intention are pertinent to provide more precise insights on how companies can retain their employees. The goals of this study were to look at the impacts of HR practices on OC and turnover intention and investigate if OC may mediate the relationship between HR practices and turnover intention.

The effects of HR practices on organisational commitment

HR practices are how companies shape employee behaviour, perception, and attitude.³²^,³⁵ HR practices like development opportunities, performance evaluation, and compensation have been investigated extensively, and significant impacts on OC were reported.² Organisations should achieve their goals primarily dependent on human capital if HR practices are appropriately designed and implemented. As human capital nowadays becomes the primary asset in organisations, managing them to make them perform and think in the ways employers desire is pertinent. The level to which employees are willing to exert extra effort for the company’s success and the degree of alignment between employee and company values is measured by OC.¹⁹ HR practices that directly influence employees' OC significantly influence company success, and OC is an important criterion to measure HRM effectiveness.²^,³³ Employees interpret good HR practices positively and reciprocate with high OC.³

Examining the impact of HR practices on OC requires a closer look at HRM elements. Because of their unique characters, each factor should be investigated separately because it may have a different impact on OC. Ideally, HR practices should be integrated and intertwined. They should be regarded as a single entity, but some organisations have yet to develop systematic HR practices and implement them, so examining individual HR practices is still necessary.¹³

Following a review of the research and evaluation of the environmental and cultural circumstances within the RE business in Tehran, six HR practices were identified by the authors as critical antecedents to employee OC:

Recruitment and selection. The recruitment operations and selection process aim to recruit and appoint the best candidate for the vacancy. Hiring the right individual increases organisational productivity, with lesser performance issues and greater job satisfaction, translating into long-term OC and, more importantly, a lower tendency to quit.⁸^,²²

Training and development opportunities. The influence of a company's focus on training opportunities on turnover intention was found contradictory. It was asserted that training is an essential aspect that positively and significantly influences an employee's attitude and the efficacy and productivity of an organisation, reducing turnover.²²^,²⁶^,²⁸^,³⁰ However, several studies also suggested that training may not significantly impact OC; hence it’s worth investigating.³^,¹⁵^,³¹

Performance appraisal and evaluation. Employee performance is assessed based on several factors, and if performance evaluations are poorly designed and executed, employees will fail to recognise the value of such exercises.²² This situation could arise because of a faulty link between performance appraisal and compensation or because employees have lost faith in performance appraisal,³¹ resulting in lower OC and higher turnover.²^,⁴

Teamwork. The term “teamwork” refers to a group's coordinated actions, and it directly impacts employee OC. Employees who work in teams feel more fulfilled and accomplished at work, which leads to increased employee retention.³⁵

Compensation and pay. Fair compensation methods have been demonstrated to have several advantages in employee motivation, retention, and attraction. In addition, researchers discovered an indirect link between intention to leave and performance-based pay.¹³^,¹⁸^,³¹^,³⁴ Hence, performance-based compensation has been acknowledged as essential HR practice. However, it is interesting that several studies report that compensation has no significant impact on OC.⁴^,¹⁷^,²⁸

Job security. The term “job security” relates to an employee's sense of how secure they feel in their current position. Employees quit insecure organisations. Job security creates a stable workforce, which leads to essential and pleasant outcomes. As a result, an employee's intention to quit is lower.¹^,²⁹

The effects of organisational commitment on turnover intention

Intentions, according to researchers, are the most direct drivers of actual turnover behaviour.¹²^,²³ Lack of OC has been shown in previous studies to influence quit intentions.¹⁰^,²⁴ Thus, managers must pay close attention to employees' increased OC. OC could forecast turnover intentions.²⁰^,²¹^,²⁵ OC is one factor contributing to employees' turnover intentions, according to previous studies that looked into the components influencing turnover intention.⁶^,²⁷

The mediating role of organisational commitment

The literature supports the existence of a link between HR practices and turnover intention.⁷^,¹¹^,¹⁶ Employees are more likely to stay if their welfare is well-cared for by excellent HR practices. As previously said, the turnover intention is significantly connected with OC,⁵^,⁹^,¹⁴ and it is worth investigating which measure might better predict turnover intention at this juncture. However, empirical tests conducted to support the claims are still sparse, especially in the Tehran context. Similar research was restricted to investigating the effectiveness of HRM in OC and failed to show the consequential impact on turnover intention.²¹

Given the scarcity of research in this area, it's worthwhile considering the role of OC. We previously discussed the critical function of HR practices in managing human capital that might increase OC and reduce employee turnover intention. Therefore, we proposed OC as a mediating factor in the relationship between HR practices and turnover intention.

Conceptual framework of the study

The sector of renewable energy (RE) is considered a knowledge-based business where human capital is uncommon and unique. However, employee turnover is a considerable issue in all fields,³⁷ including RE, which lead to difficulty finding qualified successors due to limited local expertise.

Thus, employers are torn between nurturing talents and the risk of losing their valued employees. That is where the need arises to examine what induces turnover. Although HR practices and turnover intention have been extensively studied,¹ this relationship is rarely investigated with the mediating role of moral factors like OC within RE organisations. Therefore, it is imperative that employees' perceptions and interpretations of HR practices be investigated further in various situations globally. The findings are potentially valuable to employers on which HR strategies are effective in dealing with turnover. Previous studies⁷^,¹¹^,¹⁶ suggested that OC is a significant mediating factor of HRM on turnover intention. The present study aimed to explore the impact of HR practices on turnover intention regarding OC as the mediating variable in Tehran RE firms. Figure 1 presents the suggested relationships of variables in this study.

Figure 1. Research framework

Methods

Ethical considerations

The study protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Multimedia University Technology Transfer Office (Approval Number: EA0402021).

Data collection and research instruments

Purposive sampling method was used to select study subjects, and survey questionnaires were distributed to gather data. Due to scarcity of talent in Tehran’s RE industry, the entire population of expert employees including 90 full-time employees from Tehran's top four RE firms were invited to share their insights. Employee information were obtained from the firms and questionnaires were sent to those that have been in the RE industry for more than five years and have been specially trained in RE via email. The data was collected between November 2019 and April 2020.

The questionnaire consisted two sections (Table 1; Extended data): section A surveyed HR practices and turnover intention, while section B asked about the respondents' demographic profiles. The 45-item survey employed a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Participants signed their consent before answering the survey, acknowledging their anonymous data to be used. The questionnaire was piloted on 30 people with similar background in Malaysia before being released to ensure face validity.

Table 1. Sources of questions in section B.

Variables	Items	References	Concept
Mediating Variables
Training and Development	Q 1	Brownet al. (2008)	The training necessary for initial success.
	Q 2, 3	Wick and Leon (1993)	The Learning Edge - Measurement is based on organizational perspective.
	Q 4	McCann(2007)	Perception of development necessary to perform a job capably.
Compensation and Pay	Q 5, 6,7,8	Heneman and Schwabab (1985)	Pay Satisfaction Questionnaire (PSQ) – employee’s pay satisfaction.
Compensation and Pay	Q 9, 10	Strong and Harder (2009)	Fair compensation according to employee’s performance.
Job Security	Q 11, 12, 13, 14, 15	Oldham et al. (1986) and Gaertner and Nollen (1989)	Employees’ perception of their job security.
Recruitment and Selection	Q 16	Wanous (1992)	Providing a good preview of job.
	Q 17	Manton and van Es (1985)	Understanding the job and tasks by new applicants.
	Q 18, 19	Arnold and Place (2010)	Previous involvement in extension programs.
Teamwork	Q 20, 21, 22, 23, 24	Hoegl and Gemuenden (2001)	Teamwork quality into two groups: task-related and social interaction.
Performance Appraisal and Evaluation	Q 25, 26, 27	Evan (1978)	Employees’ perception of a fair performance appraisal.
	Q 28	Rousan and Henderson (1996)	Recognition of employee’s success by supervisor.
	Q 29, 30	Arnold and Place (2010)	Feedback about the evaluation process by management.
Mediating Variables
Organizational Commitment	Q 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40	Allen and Meyer (1990)	Level of employee commitment to organization.
Dependent Variable
Turnover Intention	Q 41, 42, 43, 44, 45	Mobley et al. (1978)	The extent of employees’ turnover intentions.

Reliability of measurement items

The overall Cronbach's alpha values scored 0.905 (above 0.70) and hence the items were considered reliable (HR practices = 0.838; OC = 0.732; and turnover intention = 0.866).

Data analysis

The data collected was analysed with SPSS version 19 using correlational, regression and bootstrapping analyses.

Results

Demographic analysis

All respondents approached returned the questionnaire, leading to a 100% response rate. The majority of the participants (67.8%) were male and between 25 and 40 years old (75.6%). Employees who have worked in the same company for one to two years accounted for 28.9%. The lowest percentage (10%) worked for the same company for more than 4 years (Table 2).

Table 2. Period of service of respondents.

Period of service	Frequency	Percentage
Less than 12 months	21	23.3
13-24 months	26	28.9
25-36 months	23	25.6
37-48 months	11	12.2
More than 49 months	9	10.0
Total	90	100.0

Multiple linear regression results: HR practices effects on organisational commitment

Multiple linear regression analysis results confirmed the significant impact of HR practices on turnover intention (p < 0.05, R² = 0.073), with all six dimensions being statistically significant to the prediction. Also, HR practices significantly influence OC (p < 0.001, R² = 0.8) in all six dimensions. Furthermore, the impact of OC on employees’ turnover intention was significant (p < 0.05, R² = 0.057). Therefore, it is suggested that OC has a significant negative impact on employees' intention to quit RE companies.

Bootstrapping analysis: testing mediating effect of organisational commitment

The mediating effect of OC on the relationship between HR practices and turnover intention was tested on their influence on OC using bootstrapping and path analysis.

HR practices were shown to be positively correlated with RE experts' OC (p < 0.001) (Path a). The direct effect of OC on turnover intention, however, was not significant (P_OC > 0.05) (Path b). Furthermore, the results of path c demonstrated that HR practices had no significant effect on turnover intention (p > 0.05). Therefore, as pathways b and c did not match the conditions, it can be inferred that there was no significant direct effect between the variables (Figure 2).

Figure 2. The effect of HR practices (IV) on intention to turnover (DV) with the mediating role of OC (MV).

Furthermore, the indirect impacts of the mediating variables (Path a*b) indicated no significant effect between the variables, as the 0 value occurred between the lower and upper values of all of the investigated variables. Finally, the results demonstrated that the mediating variable's direct influence (OC) was not statistically significant.

Discussion

The findings showed that HR practices positively impact OC, consistent with previous research concepts and conclusions. Employee turnover could be reduced if HR techniques are applied effectively.¹^,³¹^,³³ Although the R² value was relatively low, the research confirmed the relevance of each of the six HR practices to turnover intention.

Training and development opportunities had the most significant indirect effect on turnover intention than other HR practices.²²^,²⁶^,²⁸^,³⁰ Therefore, it implied that many of the RE experts in Tehran are rather unhappy with development opportunities, leading to high turnover. However, this was not the only HR practice affecting turnover. The results also implied a need to look at the other HR practices to mitigate the turnover issue.

The finding that indicates recruitment and selection as a strong predictor of OC suggested that employees who perceive they have the skills and abilities to perform their jobs tend to have higher OC, which is in line with previous studies.⁸^,²² Therefore, the process should gauge one's potential skills and abilities and match them to the right job. Hiring an individual with matching skills and abilities would be critical in making the person a committed worker.

Compensation and pay are also strong predictors for OC. This finding contradicts the outcomes of some research done before 2000, which found no insignificant association,¹³ and this suggested a change in causes of turnover over time. In Tehran, top managers moving for better salaries was cited as the key reason for the lack of OC. Despite their high OC, they may believe they are underpaid. Given the great demand for their skills elsewhere, they are likely to resign.

The findings validated the argument that employees' OC will be increased by exploiting sound HR practices.¹^,¹³^,²²^,³⁵ Furthermore, all the practices predicted OC significantly to different degrees, which attested to the importance of the bundled HR practices and their relations to OC and turnover intention. More importantly, it was observed that the impact of HR practices is much more significant on OC than turnover and indicated that OC is a matter of priority before the turnover issue is addressed. These arguments are very much in support of where OC affects turnover intention.²^,³³ Furthermore, the indirect relationship between OC and turnover intention reinforced the importance of prioritising OC, as employees with a solid commitment have a lesser tendency to leave their jobs.¹^,¹³^,²²^,³⁵ Therefore, enhancements in HR practices are required to create and maintain a solid commitment that will retain them.

Contradicting prior studies, OC is not a significant mediator between HR practices and turnover intention.²^,²¹ Instead, it is a significant factor affected by HR practices that affect turnover intention. Nevertheless, more studies are needed to confirm the results of this study.

These findings contribute to both theory and practice. First, despite the modest findings, it contributes to the research from a theoretical aspect by looking at OC as a mediator. Nonetheless, this is a fresh perspective that has hitherto received little attention. Second, this is most certainly Iran's first analysis of the RE sector. Third, the high turnover rate justifies a timely focus on RE firms, from which practical suggestions for bettering the implementation of bundled HR practices can be derived.

There appears to be a need for companies to develop a fair and reliable evaluation method that can accurately assess employees' performance, consider their development needs, and evaluate compensation in increasing retention.¹^,¹³^,²²^,³⁵ Furthermore, RE organisations must build a teamwork-encouraging climate and enhance the recruitment process.²² These findings provide broad guidance to RE organisations regarding priority to generate higher OC and reduce turnover intention. This is critical as RE firms aim to retain personnel. Management should be aware that turnover is not solely dependent on HR practices or OC. They must look beyond basic HR practices to apply special techniques that benefit.³⁵

Conclusion

This study established the significant effect of HR practices on OC and turnover intention. It also indicated that OC did not mediate the relationship between HR practices and turnover intention. The findings add to the growing data that HR practices should be well-managed since employees will reciprocate with more outstanding commitment and a decreased turnover intention.

These findings give essential lessons to companies that provide opportunities for career development and more autonomy in jobs might not help to reduce turnover. Instead, what is pertinent is developing HR practices that can boost OC, which subsequently reduces turnover intention.

Data availability

Underlying data

Harvard Dataverse: HR Practices and Turnover Intention: The Mediating Role of Organizational Commitment in Tehran, https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/EYNSNP.³⁶

Extended data

Harvard Dataverse: HR Practices and Turnover Intention: The Mediating Role of Organizational Commitment in Tehran, https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/EYNSNP.³⁶

This project contains the following extended data:

- Questionnaire sent to respondents
- A key for the readers’ interpretation
- Demographic data of participants

Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero “No rights reserved” data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication).

Acknowledgements

The authors greatly acknowledge the RM firms and the employees for participating in the survey.

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Version 2

VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 08 Nov 2021

Author details Author details

Mohammaad Kashinejad Hassanpour
Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Writing – Original Draft Preparation

Chin Wei Chong
Roles: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing

Siong Choy Chong
Roles: Conceptualization, Methodology

Mohammad Khaleel Ibrahim Okour
Roles: Data Curation

Samadi Behrang
Roles: Formal Analysis

Xin Yee Tan
Roles: Formal Analysis, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

Competing interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information

The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work.

Article Versions (2)

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Published: 22 Sep 2022, 10:1130

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73351.2

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https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73351.1

© 2021 Hassanpour MK et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Hassanpour MK, Chong CW, Chong SC et al. HR practices and turnover intention; the mediating role of organizational commitment in Tehran: a cross-sectional study [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2021, 10:1130 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73351.1)

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Reviewer Report 08 Sep 2022

Ana Paula Moreno Pinho, Department of Business, The Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil

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https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.76996.r144168

The article addresses an interesting topic, but it lacks theoretical consistency and there are methodological gaps.

The article can be improved by presenting a more consistent theoretical foundation on the commitment and HR practices.

The article addresses an interesting topic, but it lacks theoretical consistency and there are methodological gaps.

The article can be improved by presenting a more consistent theoretical foundation on the commitment and HR practices.
The bibliographic references are incomplete, it does not mention the theoretical basis used for the scales of the analyzed constructs.
The authors do not deepen the analysis regarding the problems related to the research context.
The authors do not present in a critical and in-depth way the analysis regarding HR practices that are shown as antecedents of the turnover intention and organizational commitment.
The research does not present clear contributions to management practices. Also, limitations and suggestions for future research are not presented. The conclusions are very superficial.

The article needs improvements in many parts: theoretical, methodological (better description of the studied context, subjects, instrument used), and a more consistent and grounded discussion based on current literature, especially on commitment.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Partly
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Partly
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Partly
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

No source data required
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Partly

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: Human Resource Management and Organizational Behaviour .

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above.

CITE

Report a concern

Author Response 22 Sep 2022

Chin Wei Chong, Faculty of Management, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, 63100, Malaysia

22 Sep 2022

Author Response
Thank you for your review.
Feedback:
- Due to the initial limitation of 2500 words, only a brief intro and review were made in the paper. In view of
... Continue reading
Thank you for your review.
Feedback:

Due to the initial limitation of 2500 words, only a brief intro and review were made in the paper. In view of the diversity of the theoretical and empirical positions in this area, it is academically justified to fill the gap that suggests the need to continue conducting research that correlates human resources practices with turnover intention in different contexts, aiming to raise data that can support, refute or add elements to the fields treated here. In short, RE industry. which served as an environment for the purpose of investigating the relationship of the influence between the human resources practices adopted and mediating effect of the organizational commitment towards the turnover intention of its knowledgable employees.

5 point Likert scale was used in the questionnaire. As this is the globally accepted common scaling used in survey questions, no specific reference was stated in biblio section. Sources of items used and the definition of concepts were listed accordingly.

This is a correlational study that looks into the relationship between the HR practices and the turnover intention with the mediating effect of OC. Normality test, multiple regression, and mediating analysis via bootstrapping were used and explained.

A more detailed explanation from multiple regression analysis was added.

Managerial implications and limitations of the study were added.

Thank you again for your time to review our paper.
Thank you for your review.
Feedback:

Due to the initial limitation of 2500 words, only a brief intro and review were made in the paper. In view of the diversity of the theoretical and empirical positions in this area, it is academically justified to fill the gap that suggests the need to continue conducting research that correlates human resources practices with turnover intention in different contexts, aiming to raise data that can support, refute or add elements to the fields treated here. In short, RE industry. which served as an environment for the purpose of investigating the relationship of the influence between the human resources practices adopted and mediating effect of the organizational commitment towards the turnover intention of its knowledgable employees.

5 point Likert scale was used in the questionnaire. As this is the globally accepted common scaling used in survey questions, no specific reference was stated in biblio section. Sources of items used and the definition of concepts were listed accordingly.

This is a correlational study that looks into the relationship between the HR practices and the turnover intention with the mediating effect of OC. Normality test, multiple regression, and mediating analysis via bootstrapping were used and explained.

A more detailed explanation from multiple regression analysis was added.

Managerial implications and limitations of the study were added.

Thank you again for your time to review our paper.
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern
Respond or Comment

COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT

Author Response 22 Sep 2022

Chin Wei Chong, Faculty of Management, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, 63100, Malaysia

22 Sep 2022

Author Response
Thank you for your review.
Feedback:
- Due to the initial limitation of 2500 words, only a brief intro and review were made in the paper. In view of
... Continue reading
Thank you for your review.
Feedback:

Due to the initial limitation of 2500 words, only a brief intro and review were made in the paper. In view of the diversity of the theoretical and empirical positions in this area, it is academically justified to fill the gap that suggests the need to continue conducting research that correlates human resources practices with turnover intention in different contexts, aiming to raise data that can support, refute or add elements to the fields treated here. In short, RE industry. which served as an environment for the purpose of investigating the relationship of the influence between the human resources practices adopted and mediating effect of the organizational commitment towards the turnover intention of its knowledgable employees.

5 point Likert scale was used in the questionnaire. As this is the globally accepted common scaling used in survey questions, no specific reference was stated in biblio section. Sources of items used and the definition of concepts were listed accordingly.

This is a correlational study that looks into the relationship between the HR practices and the turnover intention with the mediating effect of OC. Normality test, multiple regression, and mediating analysis via bootstrapping were used and explained.

A more detailed explanation from multiple regression analysis was added.

Managerial implications and limitations of the study were added.

Thank you again for your time to review our paper.
Thank you for your review.
Feedback:

Due to the initial limitation of 2500 words, only a brief intro and review were made in the paper. In view of the diversity of the theoretical and empirical positions in this area, it is academically justified to fill the gap that suggests the need to continue conducting research that correlates human resources practices with turnover intention in different contexts, aiming to raise data that can support, refute or add elements to the fields treated here. In short, RE industry. which served as an environment for the purpose of investigating the relationship of the influence between the human resources practices adopted and mediating effect of the organizational commitment towards the turnover intention of its knowledgable employees.

5 point Likert scale was used in the questionnaire. As this is the globally accepted common scaling used in survey questions, no specific reference was stated in biblio section. Sources of items used and the definition of concepts were listed accordingly.

This is a correlational study that looks into the relationship between the HR practices and the turnover intention with the mediating effect of OC. Normality test, multiple regression, and mediating analysis via bootstrapping were used and explained.

A more detailed explanation from multiple regression analysis was added.

Managerial implications and limitations of the study were added.

Thank you again for your time to review our paper.
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern

Views

Reviewer Report 08 Aug 2022

Rashmi Kodikal, Graphic Era, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India

Approved

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.76996.r144171

The Research paper is well articulated and a relevant area has been chosen for study. Organization commitment has major implications on turnover intentions and post-pandemic employee retention is a challenge across global organizations. The certain observations that I have made ... Continue reading

Details about the mode of sampling can be elaborated on. What is meant by purposive sampling can be explained from the point of view of this article?
A deeper insight into the review of literature that validates the Six HR practices could enhance the quality of the paper. Authors are requested to do the needful.
The discussion based on statistical evidence can be better discussed with pragmatic suggestions from the organization's point of view
On the whole, the paper can be indexed after incorporating the necessary changes.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Partly
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

I cannot comment. A qualified statistician is required.
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Partly

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: Human Resource , Organisational Behaviour , Transactional Analysis, Services MArketing , Customer Perception

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

CITE

Report a concern

Author Response 22 Sep 2022

Chin Wei Chong, Faculty of Management, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, 63100, Malaysia

22 Sep 2022

Author Response
Thank you for your review.
Feedback:
- Purposive sampling was used as respondents need to fulfill certain requirements (expert in the field, full time, more than 5 years working
... Continue reading
Thank you for your review.
Feedback:

Purposive sampling was used as respondents need to fulfill certain requirements (expert in the field, full time, more than 5 years working experience)

As 2500 words is the limit of this paper, only a brief review was provided in the paper. However, a few sentences have been added in this section.

A mode detail of managerial implications was added to strengthen the paper.

Thank you again for your time to review our paper.
Thank you for your review.
Feedback:

Purposive sampling was used as respondents need to fulfill certain requirements (expert in the field, full time, more than 5 years working experience)

As 2500 words is the limit of this paper, only a brief review was provided in the paper. However, a few sentences have been added in this section.

A mode detail of managerial implications was added to strengthen the paper.

Thank you again for your time to review our paper.
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern
Respond or Comment

COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT

Author Response 22 Sep 2022

Chin Wei Chong, Faculty of Management, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, 63100, Malaysia

22 Sep 2022

Author Response
Thank you for your review.
Feedback:
- Purposive sampling was used as respondents need to fulfill certain requirements (expert in the field, full time, more than 5 years working
... Continue reading
Thank you for your review.
Feedback:

Purposive sampling was used as respondents need to fulfill certain requirements (expert in the field, full time, more than 5 years working experience)

As 2500 words is the limit of this paper, only a brief review was provided in the paper. However, a few sentences have been added in this section.

A mode detail of managerial implications was added to strengthen the paper.

Thank you again for your time to review our paper.
Thank you for your review.
Feedback:

Purposive sampling was used as respondents need to fulfill certain requirements (expert in the field, full time, more than 5 years working experience)

As 2500 words is the limit of this paper, only a brief review was provided in the paper. However, a few sentences have been added in this section.

A mode detail of managerial implications was added to strengthen the paper.

Thank you again for your time to review our paper.
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern

Views

Reviewer Report 21 Jun 2022

Sang Long Choi, Raffles University, Johor Bahru, Malaysia

Approved with Reservations

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.76996.r140041

Need to include and elaborate on issues and problems faced in the renewable energy sector of employee turnover in the introduction section. The author also can discuss on any HR practices deficiency in this sector.

Need to include and elaborate on issues and problems faced in the renewable energy sector of employee turnover in the introduction section. The author also can discuss on any HR practices deficiency in this sector.
Kindly produce some data screening analysis for the data obtained such as normality testing and loading score for an item of each construct.
Kindly show beta value or standardized coefficient value in the multiple regression results. Create on a new table to show this outcome. The reader will want to see which of these HR practices is the strongest predictor of OC and turnover intention.
The author needs to analyse the mediation effect of OC on each HR practice. At the current stage, the paper uses overall HR practices as one independent variable in the mediation testing. It is important for the reader to understand which of these practices are mediated by OC.
Need to elaborate on the managerial implication and research limitation in the discussion section.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Partly
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Partly
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

No source data required
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Partly

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: Organizational Behaviour and Human Resource Management

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above.

CITE

Report a concern

Author Response 22 Sep 2022

Chin Wei Chong, Faculty of Management, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, 63100, Malaysia

22 Sep 2022

Author Response
Thank you for your review.
Feedback:
- The turnover issues faced in the RE industry have been added in the introduction.
- Normality analysis and scoring has
... Continue reading
Thank you for your review.
Feedback:

The turnover issues faced in the RE industry have been added in the introduction.

Normality analysis and scoring has been added to a new Table

A more detailed explanation of multiple regression analysis with the value was added.

As there is no mediation effect, no detailed explanation of each variable. However, more explanation has been added to explain the path relationship.

A more detailed managerial implications has been added.

Thank you again for your time to review our paper.
Thank you for your review.
Feedback:

The turnover issues faced in the RE industry have been added in the introduction.

Normality analysis and scoring has been added to a new Table

A more detailed explanation of multiple regression analysis with the value was added.

As there is no mediation effect, no detailed explanation of each variable. However, more explanation has been added to explain the path relationship.

A more detailed managerial implications has been added.

Thank you again for your time to review our paper.
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern
Respond or Comment

COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT

Author Response 22 Sep 2022

Chin Wei Chong, Faculty of Management, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, 63100, Malaysia

22 Sep 2022

Author Response
Thank you for your review.
Feedback:
- The turnover issues faced in the RE industry have been added in the introduction.
- Normality analysis and scoring has
... Continue reading
Thank you for your review.
Feedback:

The turnover issues faced in the RE industry have been added in the introduction.

Normality analysis and scoring has been added to a new Table

A more detailed explanation of multiple regression analysis with the value was added.

As there is no mediation effect, no detailed explanation of each variable. However, more explanation has been added to explain the path relationship.

A more detailed managerial implications has been added.

Thank you again for your time to review our paper.
Thank you for your review.
Feedback:

The turnover issues faced in the RE industry have been added in the introduction.

Normality analysis and scoring has been added to a new Table

A more detailed explanation of multiple regression analysis with the value was added.

As there is no mediation effect, no detailed explanation of each variable. However, more explanation has been added to explain the path relationship.

A more detailed managerial implications has been added.

Thank you again for your time to review our paper.
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Version 2

VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 08 Nov 2021

Open Peer Review

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Reviewer Reports

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	1	2	3
Version 2 (revision) 22 Sep 22	read
Version 1 08 Nov 21	read	read	read

Sang Long Choi, Raffles University, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
Rashmi Kodikal, Graphic Era, Dehradun, India
Ana Paula Moreno Pinho, The Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil

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Reviewer Report

12 Views

19 Oct 2022 | for Version 2

Sang Long Choi, Raffles University, Johor Bahru, Malaysia

12 Views Cite this report Responses(0)

Approved

I am satisfied with the revision done on the manuscript. I have no more comments on it. Thanks.

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Organizational Behaviour and Human Resource Management

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

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Reviewer Report

27 Views

08 Sep 2022 | for Version 1

Ana Paula Moreno Pinho, Department of Business, The Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil

27 Views Cite this report Responses(1)

Not Approved

The article addresses an interesting topic, but it lacks theoretical consistency and there are methodological gaps.

The article can be improved by presenting a more consistent theoretical foundation on the commitment and HR practices.
The bibliographic references are incomplete, it does not mention the theoretical basis used for the scales of the analyzed constructs.
The authors do not deepen the analysis regarding the problems related to the research context.
The authors do not present in a critical and in-depth way the analysis regarding HR practices that are shown as antecedents of the turnover intention and organizational commitment.
The research does not present clear contributions to management practices. Also, limitations and suggestions for future research are not presented. The conclusions are very superficial.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Partly
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Partly
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Partly
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

No source data required
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Partly

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Human Resource Management and Organizational Behaviour .

Respond to this report

Responses (1)

Author Response

22 Sep 2022

Chin Wei Chong, Faculty of Management, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, 63100, Malaysia

Thank you for your review.
Feedback:

Due to the initial limitation of 2500 words, only a brief intro and review were made in the paper. In view of the diversity of the theoretical and empirical positions in this area, it is academically justified to fill the gap that suggests the need to continue conducting research that correlates human resources practices with turnover intention in different contexts, aiming to raise data that can support, refute or add elements to the fields treated here. In short, RE industry. which served as an environment for the purpose of investigating the relationship of the influence between the human resources practices adopted and mediating effect of the organizational commitment towards the turnover intention of its knowledgable employees.
5 point Likert scale was used in the questionnaire. As this is the globally accepted common scaling used in survey questions, no specific reference was stated in biblio section. Sources of items used and the definition of concepts were listed accordingly.
This is a correlational study that looks into the relationship between the HR practices and the turnover intention with the mediating effect of OC. Normality test, multiple regression, and mediating analysis via bootstrapping were used and explained.
A more detailed explanation from multiple regression analysis was added.
Managerial implications and limitations of the study were added.

Thank you again for your time to review our paper.

View more View less

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Back to all reports

Reviewer Report

29 Views

08 Aug 2022 | for Version 1

Rashmi Kodikal, Graphic Era, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India

29 Views Cite this report Responses(1)

Approved

Details about the mode of sampling can be elaborated on. What is meant by purposive sampling can be explained from the point of view of this article?
A deeper insight into the review of literature that validates the Six HR practices could enhance the quality of the paper. Authors are requested to do the needful.
The discussion based on statistical evidence can be better discussed with pragmatic suggestions from the organization's point of view
On the whole, the paper can be indexed after incorporating the necessary changes.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Partly
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

I cannot comment. A qualified statistician is required.
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Partly

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Human Resource , Organisational Behaviour , Transactional Analysis, Services MArketing , Customer Perception

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

Respond to this report

Responses (1)

Back to all reports

Reviewer Report

45 Views

21 Jun 2022 | for Version 1

Sang Long Choi, Raffles University, Johor Bahru, Malaysia

45 Views Cite this report Responses(1)

Approved With Reservations

Need to include and elaborate on issues and problems faced in the renewable energy sector of employee turnover in the introduction section. The author also can discuss on any HR practices deficiency in this sector.
Kindly produce some data screening analysis for the data obtained such as normality testing and loading score for an item of each construct.
Kindly show beta value or standardized coefficient value in the multiple regression results. Create on a new table to show this outcome. The reader will want to see which of these HR practices is the strongest predictor of OC and turnover intention.
The author needs to analyse the mediation effect of OC on each HR practice. At the current stage, the paper uses overall HR practices as one independent variable in the mediation testing. It is important for the reader to understand which of these practices are mediated by OC.
Need to elaborate on the managerial implication and research limitation in the discussion section.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Partly
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Partly
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

No source data required
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Partly

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Organizational Behaviour and Human Resource Management

Respond to this report

Responses (1)

Author Response

22 Sep 2022

Chin Wei Chong, Faculty of Management, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, 63100, Malaysia

Thank you for your review.
Feedback:

The turnover issues faced in the RE industry have been added in the introduction.
Normality analysis and scoring has been added to a new Table
A more detailed explanation of multiple regression analysis with the value was added.
As there is no mediation effect, no detailed explanation of each variable. However, more explanation has been added to explain the path relationship.
A more detailed managerial implications has been added.

Thank you again for your time to review our paper.

View more View less

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article:

Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested

Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.

Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions

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HR practices and turnover intention; the mediating role of organizational commitment in Tehran: a cross-sectional study

Abstract

Keywords

Introduction

The effects of HR practices on organisational commitment

The effects of organisational commitment on turnover intention

The mediating role of organisational commitment

Conceptual framework of the study

Figure 1. Research framework

Methods

Ethical considerations

Data collection and research instruments

Table 1. Sources of questions in section B.

Reliability of measurement items

Data analysis

Results

Demographic analysis

Table 2. Period of service of respondents.

Multiple linear regression results: HR practices effects on organisational commitment

Bootstrapping analysis: testing mediating effect of organisational commitment

Figure 2. The effect of HR practices (IV) on intention to turnover (DV) with the mediating role of OC (MV).

Discussion

Conclusion

Data availability

Underlying data

Extended data

Acknowledgements

References

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