The roles of self efficacy and sharia financial literacy to SMES performance: business model as intermediate variable

Introduction

Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) play a very important role in economic growth, in both developing and developed countries. In developing countries the perspective of employment opportunities and sources of income for the poor, income distribution and poverty reduction and rural economic development (Gura, no date; Chrismardani, 2014).

The Ministry of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises (KemenkopUKM) shows that in 2018 there were 64,194,057 SMEs in Indonesia (or around 99 percent of the total business units) (Pakpahan, 2020). The development of SMEs in Indonesia is inseparable from the factors that drive growth, technological utilization, communication and business capital lending (Hani, Mariati and Harahap, 2018). However, the growth is still considered slow because several factors have not been very effective, one of them is capital (Ekonomi and Surabaya, 2016). Amid the development of SMEs that were not very good at the beginning of 2020, SMEs in Indonesia were again tested for the emergence of the Covid-19 outbreak amid Indonesian society. Rising the Covid-19 pandemic the government imposed large-scale social restrictions (PSBB) (Jokowi Terapkan Social Distancing Atasi Wabah Corona Covid-19, Apa Artinya?, no date). These efforts have an impact on the drastic decline in SMEs, impeded production, distribution and sales that contribute to SMEs performance and the national economy (Pakpahan, 2020).

Based on this phenomenon, SMEs are facing rapid changes resulting in the current business model is no longer sustainable. The driving force for changes in the SMEs industry - self-efficacy and Sharia financial literacy - is increasing because these facts are interrelated (Fatah Yasin, Mahmud and Diniyya, 2020). Self-efficacy is needed by every resource in order to be able to face changes so as to encourage innovation in business models (Putri et al., 2019), strengthening Shariah financial literacy can improve business performance (Hidajat et al., 2016). So, SMEs need to sharpen their strategies so that they can remain relevant in the Covid-19 pandemic.

The Covid-19 pandemic phenomenon causes the problem of decreasing assets, SMEs market share in Indonesia (Shofiana, 2020; Kholis, Fraternesi and Wahidin, 2020). This phenomenon can be identified as a Business Performance variable. The phenomenon of SMEs to integrate, build and reconfigure competencies to cope with a rapidly changing environment (Coff, 2003; Kim and Mahoney, 2005), is identified as a variable of self-efficacy. The phenomenon of the influence of buyer preferences on the purchase of products and services so that SMEs must have sufficient knowledge of market needs can be identified as a resource variable. The phenomenon of capital towards managers in developing sharia SMEs products and services is identified as a sharia financial literacy variable. The phenomenon of SMEs to make changes to important business processes, the value offered to the market and the changes identified as innovation business models.

The issue of MSMEs never stops to be studied. This has become a joint PR for MSME activists, especially since almost a year has been hit by the COVID-19 pandemic, MSMEs are getting worse, as well as row stall traders around the Unisba campus. The trading system is too conventional so that when the Unisba campus is carried out an online lecture system, there is no buying and selling process anymore. There are 40 traders around Unisba, they sell various kinds of food and drinks. Meanwhile, based on interviews with street vendors via telephone, they are currently selling at home, it’s just not clear what income they get because only a few neighbors are buyers.

This research emphasizes self-efficacy, Islamic financial literacy as independent variables, business model innovation as an intermediate model and performance variables as dependent variables, with a focus of research at the SMEs level in Indonesia, so that the aspects of concern are dominant aspects affecting business model innovation and SMEs performance. This study assumes two main variables that influence or become determinants of the innovation of the SMEs business model. So the purpose of this research is whether it influences or determines the innovation of the SMEs business model.

Methods

This quantitative study uses partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and a questionnaire survey to analyze 40 SMEs especially row stalls that are managed by 3IKB (women association of Unisba) around Unisba. The research location was determined purposively, from January to April 2021.

The sampling technique used is saturated sampling, that is, all of the population is used as a sample, namely 40 SMEs at the location of the Unisba Row stall managed by 3IKB. The primary data used are measurement and data collection directly by researchers with questionnaires. Filling out the questionnaire was carried out by filling in directly by the research subject.

Instruments which is developed by Bandura (Bandura, 2010) was used to measure self-efficacy whereas about instrument of financial literacy Syariah, consisting of indicators: business experience; Islamic Motivation; Islamic business training; and Islamic education Sharia financial management. In addition, instruments adapted from Djuwita and Yusup (Djuwita and Yusuf, 2018) are used to measure Islamic financial literacy, while instruments from Aribawa (Aribawa, 2016) are used to measure SMES performance, consisting of five dimensions: profitability; growth; employee satisfaction; customer satisfaction; and environmental performance. While. The last instrument of business model innovation according to Chesbrougt (Chesbrough, Vanhaverbeke and West, 2014) consists of value creation innovation value proposition innovation value capture innovation.

In the initial stages, the Questionnaire was tested with the Validity and Reliability test. In the PLS-SEM analysis, the validity of the indicators/items forming latent variables is based on the significance value of t arithmetic obtained from the loading factor value divided by the standard error. Validity and reliability tests were conducted to measure the validity and reliability of the variables proposed by the researchers. Overall, the validity test determines whether the external loading of each indicator exceeds 0.4 (standard value), while the reliability test determines whether the value exceeds Cronbach's alpha 0,6, which shows acceptable reliability.

Evaluation of external models is done by examining two elements, namely: convergent validity and discriminant validity. In general, convergent validity is determined by examining the loading factor and extracted average variance (AVE), while discriminant validity is measured by examining cross-loading values. In this study, all factor loading meets the standard value of 0.4, while all AVE values exceed 0.5, thus indicating that convergent validity is achieved. Based on the inspection of cross-load values, the discriminant validity also increases. The model is evaluated according to R-square for endogenous latent variables and path coefficient values, the results of which are shown in Table 1

According to Table 1, the R-square for the SMEs performance is 0, 899, which shows that it is influenced by self-efficacy and Islamic financial literacy. The inner model is also measured through the predictive relevance of Q-square. Because Q-square is greater than 0, the model has predictive relevance for exogenous and endogenous variables.

After being collected, whereas instrument of financial. The analytical method used in this study is the simultaneous equation model, namely Partial Least Square (PLS). This method is also the development of path analysis. The statistical tool used to test the hypothesis is SmartPLS.

The process of processing statistical data with PLS is done by 2 approaches, namely (i) estimation of the measurement model and (ii) structural model estimation. In the measurement model test, the conformity test with indicators included Chi-Square, Root mean square residual (RMR), Roor Mean Square Error of Approxation (RMSEA), Adjusted good of fit index (AGFI), and so on. In structural model tests, the influence of exogenous latent variables to endogenous latent variables that are direct and indirect can be determined, as well as determining the direct and indirect effects of path analysis. The direct effect shows the direct effect of a variable on other variables. Indirect effects indicate the indirect effect of a variable on other variables through other variables. Total effect is the sum of direct effects and indirect effects.

Result and discussion

This study focuses on the influence of self-efficacy (X1) and financial literacy sharia (X 2) at Innovation Business Model (Y) on the Performance of Business (Z) on SMEs in Unisba row stall Indomesia are analyzed based on research data using Analysis of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) Smart PLS software tools.

After evaluating the outer and inner models, a bootstrap is carried out to determine the impact of each variable on the performance of SMEs. SE, and Islamic financial literacy on SMEs performance is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Research model after bootstrapping.

Source: Output PLS (2021).

According to Table 2, SE has a positive coefficient value of 0, 425, which indicates that it has a significant effect on the performance of SMEs. In addition, the higher the SE, the better the performance of SMEs. Therefore, SE has a significant impact on the performance of SMEs. The Islamic financial literacy variable has a positive coefficient of 0.474. Therefore, both SE and financial literacy have a significant influence on the performance of SMEs.

Overall, the majority of respondents indicated that SE increased their confidence in running their business. According to (Bandura, 2010), high SE has a significant effect on how SMEs handles business-related problems (although there is a reluctance in applying economic theory). Likewise, (Bandura and Locke, 2003) and (Ali, Ajmal and Iqbal, 2016) find that goals, SE, and motivation are the three main pillars of SMEs performance. And it means that this research is not in line with (Vancouver et al., 2002) (Schmidt and DeShon, 2010) which states that self-efficacy has no impact on business performance.

With regard to social cognitive theory (Bandura, 2010) found that there is a relationship between SE, motivation, and academic achievement, indicating that SMEs with high SE are generally motivated to improve their business performance. Based on these findings, SE has a positive impact on the performance of SMEs.

Based on the modeling of the least square’s structural equation (PLS-SEM) in this study, Islamic financial literacy has a positive impact on the performance of SMEs. This is in line with his research (Lusardi and Mitchell, 2017) financial literacy refers to financial knowledge used to achieve prosperity, as well as (Volpe, Chen and Liu, 2006) suggest that knowledge can be used to manage finances for future prosperity. In addition, this is in line with his research (ISLAM, no date; Rahayu et al., no date; Suryandani, Nasional and 2019, no date; Anggraeni, 2016; Aribawa, 2016; Literasi et al., 2020). However, SMEs around Unisba still have low Islamic financial liability, making it difficult for them to access capital to Islamic banking. It is within their popularity (SHOLEH, 2019) people have the financial literacy levels are still low. In this case (Coad and Tamvada, 2012), shows that lack of knowledge and access to financial resources can hamper a company's ability to achieve its goals and increase its corporate value. Even Djuwita and Yusup (Djuwita and Yusuf, 2018) in their research stated that Shariah financial literacy has a very significant influence on business development. This will facilitate access to capital and financing to Islamic financial institutions.

Meanwhile, the results of the study found that the influence given the variable self-efficacy (X1), Islamic financial liters (X2) on Business Model Innovation (Y) was 89.9 % and the influence of other variables not included in this study was 10.1 %. While the influence given by the Business Model Innovation Variable (Y) on Business Performance (Z) is 75.7 % and the effect of other variables not included in this study is 24.3%. then the hypothesis is accepted, namely self-efficacy and Islamic financial literacy through business model innovation, positively influencing the performance of SMES businesses in Indonesia simultaneously or partially.

This is in line with (Schaltegger and Wagner, 2011) stating business models may need to change (directly or indirectly); namely the need for a better business case trigger effect on the configuration of the business model. Business models are often interpreted as determinants of corporate behavior and thus business opportunities (Schaltegger, Lüdeke-Freund and Hansen, 2011; Chesbrough, 2010; Schaltegger and Wagner, 2011; Gebauer, Haldimann and Saul, 2017; Aagaard, 2019) who call business models “renewal” business”; Wirtz, Yip, Zott et al. (Yip, 2014; Wirtz, 2011; Zott, Amit and Massa, 2011); that is, the business model in turn influences business performance and operating results (such as cost structures).

The results showed that companies that tried to improve their sustainability performance had to change their business models. Changes in business models can be incremental or radical can turn into determinants (ie limit or support) to successfully create one or many business cases for sustainability (regarding the intensity of modification and innovation of different business models (Chesbrough, 2010; Gassmann, Enkel and Chesbrough, 2010; Chesbrough, Vanhaverbeke and West, 2014).

Conclusions

This quantitative study examines the effects of self-efficacy and Islamic financial literacy through business model innovation on the performance of SMEs around the Unisba campus. Based on questionnaire surveys and related analysis, self efficacy has a positive effect on the performance of SMEs, because it motivates owners to evaluate their business-related activities. Similarly, Islamic financial literacy has a positive effect on the performance of SMEs. Islamic financial literacy will improve or influence the performance of their business. It's just that the owner of SMEs still lacks an adequate level of Islamic financial knowledge. Product innovation also has a positive effect on SMES performance. So that the novelty of SMES products will make business continuity continue in any condition and situation, especially in pandemic covid-19.

The implication of this finding is that in general the Resource Base View is an important thing in competitive strategies that come from internal organizational sources, especially human resources, so SMEs must improve their SE as best as possible, while integrating their Islamic financial literacy into SMEs to improve overall performance. In addition, MSMEs should ideally implement Islamic financial literacy initiatives, which will not increase the confidence of MSME owners in running their business, but will also improve the performance of their SMEs in achieving long-term competitive advantage.

Further research could include refining Islamic financial literacy resources and data. Limitations of the study include the variety of characteristics of respondents, the sample size is still limited.

Data availability

Figshare: Dataset of Questionnaire Result from the roles of self efficacy and sharia financial literacy to SMEs performance: business model as intermediate variable. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.17082419 (Srisusilawati, 2021)

This project contains the following basic data:

Figshare: List of questions and description of the questionnaire.

https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.17082593 (Srisusilawati, 2021)

This project contains the following additional data:

Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0).