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Case Report
Revised

Case Report: Penetrating Thoracic Trauma by A Gunshot Involving the Heart

[version 2; peer review: 2 approved]
PUBLISHED 26 Aug 2021
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OPEN PEER REVIEW
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Abstract

Firearm-related mortality is not frequently encountered in a country like Nepal where there are stringent laws prohibiting the buying, selling, carrying or storing of firearms. To possess a firearm a person must have a valid license. Wounds produced by firearms have typical characteristics the knowledge of which helps to identify the type of firearm used, range of fire, the position of the victim, and whether the manner of death was homicidal, suicidal, or accidental. The present case is the first autopsy-based study from Nepal which discusses the wounds produced by firearms with an interpretation of such findings for medicolegal purposes. The present case highlights a social problem where the victim, a psychiatric patient, had no access to prescription medication due to coronavirus disease (COVID-19) related lockdown.

Keywords

entry wound, exit wound, Forensic Pathology, gunshot, hemothorax, Nepal, smooth bore

Revised Amendments from Version 1

All the comments from the reviewers have been taken into account in the new revision. We have further discussed the entry wound, which showed a muzzle imprint signifying a contact shot. The extensive blackening of the entry wound is also discussed in detail. Some grammatical errors are also corrected in this version.

See the authors' detailed response to the review by Navneet Ateriya
See the authors' detailed response to the review by Panagiotis K. Stefanopoulos

Introduction

There are stringent laws regarding firearms in Nepal. However, illegal possession of firearms is not uncommon in rural part of this mountainous country. Self-suspension by hanging and consumption of agricultural poisons are the common methods of suicides in Nepal. Use of firearms for committing suicide is rare. We report a case of firearm related fatality from Nepal, where a flint-lock type muzzle loader smooth bore firearm was used to commit suicide and discuss the interpretation of firearm related wounds during a medicolegal examination. The victim in the present case was a schizophrenic patient, who had to discontinue his prescription medication due to coronavirus (COVID-19) related lockdown.

Case report

The dead body of 45-year-old male was brought for autopsy. The body was stiff at all the joints. The hands were clenched and the whole body smeared in blood. Post mortem lividity could not be appreciated. A rectangular contusion with muzzle imprint was noted in the front of the chest which measured 10 × 8 cm. An oval perforated lacerated wound (entry wound) having 1.8 cm diameter was present in the middle of the contusion [Figure 1]. The wound was charred, black in color with surrounding blackening of the skin. The perforated wound was 48 cm from the vertex in midline, 115 cm from the sole of the foot and 18 cm from the supra sternal notch. It was 17 cm from the right mid axillary line and 20 cm from the left mid axillary line. A linear slit-like laceration (exit wound) was present on the back in the left side which measured 0.5 × 0.2 cm and was located 25 cm from the vertex, 129 cm from the sole of the foot [Figure 1].

b23aa8fc-cf7e-47d7-9076-e061b2fe230a_figure1.gif

Figure 1.

A, An oval entry wound is present on the front of the chest. B, A linear, slit-like lacerated exit wound on the back.

On opening the chest, a perforating fracture was noted in the xiphoid process [Figure 2]. The heart was pulverized [Figure 3] with exsanguination of the blood into pericardial cavity. The clotted blood in the pericardial cavity weighed about 650 gm. When a probe was directed through the heart from the defect, it was noted that the entry point was located on the right side of the anterior interventricular septum and exited through the left ventricle [Figure 3]. The direction was right to left and below upwards. The left lung was completely collapsed and there was a penetrating injury noted at the upper lobe. The rest of the findings were unremarkable.

b23aa8fc-cf7e-47d7-9076-e061b2fe230a_figure2.gif

Figure 2.

A, A perforating fracture in the xiphoid process. B, Punctured laceration is seen in the posterior chest wall.

b23aa8fc-cf7e-47d7-9076-e061b2fe230a_figure3.gif

Figure 3.

A, Pulverized heart. B, A wooden probe passed through the defect showing the direction of the projectile.

As per the history provided by the victim’s brother, the deceased was an unmarried male. He was diagnosed with schizophrenia since adolescence for which he was on the prescription medicine Quetiapine. The medicine was not available at his rural pharmacy and due to the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown, he was unable to visit the tertiary hospital for his regular prescription. The medicine was therefore discontinued for 3 months prior to death. The victim consumed homemade arrack (a distilled alcoholic drink) regularly which they prepared at their home.

The crime scene photograph provided by the investigating officer showed a single barrel, smooth-bored firearm which was a flint lock type muzzle loader [Figure 4].

b23aa8fc-cf7e-47d7-9076-e061b2fe230a_figure4.gif

Figure 4. The firearm recovered from the scene of crime.

Discussion

Shotgun wounds vary in characteristics depending upon type, distance, position and the number of shots. On entering the body cavity, projectiles follow the tissue of least resistance.1 A shotgun wound in the chest cannot point well towards the manner of death. However, contact shots are more likely to be suicidal than homicidal and are more fatal for single shot.2

The entry wound showed some muzzle imprint, signifying a contact shot. The expanding gases that enter the chest cavity cause a bulging out of the skin against the muzzle, resulting in an imprint often significantly larger than the actual diameter of the muzzle.3 While in hard contact wounds most of the soot is directed into the wound, with little soil of the surrounding skin, in this case the use of black powder in the muzzle loader may have accounted for the extensive blackening of the skin.3 In the present case as the projectile had exited from the body it could not be ascertained on the type and number of projectiles (pellets). Due to limited resources at the mortuary radiological examination was not done in the present case.

Shots to the heart are very common, with only the head being a more common target.4 Suicidal victims are aware of the lethality of gunshots to this vital organ and some victims even locate the cardiac impulse before taking the shot. Furthermore, suicidal fire is more likely to be directed right to left with homicidal direction commonly being left to right.5 There was complete destruction of the heart noted at autopsy which was due to the hydrodynamic pressure generated by the passage of the projectile through the heart that caused blowout of its walls.

The crime scene visit in cases of firearm related mortality is equally important in interpreting the manner of death. In suicides, the offending weapon is usually found at the scene of crime in contrast to homicides where the perpetrator usually carries away the weapon after committing the crime.

In contrast to stab wounds, gunshot cause more exsanguination of blood due to jagged tearing of myocardium. 60 ml to 200 ml of clotted blood is enough to cause death. Penetrating thoracic trauma as a result of gunshot injuries are associated with traumatic hemothorax, hemopneumothorax, or pneumothorax.6 If the penetrating injury involves the heart, the chances of survival are less than 1%,6 as seen in our case. There are increased number of suicides from Nepal reported during the COVID-19 pandemic.7 The patients with underlying psychiatric disorder could not get access to their prescription medication due to the lockdown as all the public transportation was halted and people were afraid to get out of home. Discontinuation of medication in schizophrenic patients has shown to exacerbate the syndrome.8 This might have been the underlying reason for suicide in the present case. The present case further highlights the social concern the pandemic has brought where patients are restricted of access to their health care needs due to lack of transport in the lockdown.

Conclusion

Firearm fatalities are medicolegal cases where the autopsy surgeon is required to determine the manner of death based upon the injuries present over the body. Meticulous examination of the wound not only gives clues about the entry and exit wounds but also the range of fire and the weapon used. The manner of death can also be interpretated from the position and characteristics of the wound. A crime scene visit is also mandated in firearm related fatalities which will further help to corroborate the findings.

Authors’ declaration statements

The authors’ guarantee that the work is original and does not infringe copyright or other party’s property rights. All authors have read and approved this submission and have given appropriate credit to everyone who participated in this work.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Patient consent

Written informed consent was obtained from the deceased's elder brother for publication of this case report.

Data availability

All data underlying the results are available as part of the article and no additional source data are required.

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Version 2
VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 05 Jul 2021
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CITE
how to cite this article
Atreya A, Menezes RG, Timalsina A et al. Case Report: Penetrating Thoracic Trauma by A Gunshot Involving the Heart [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]. F1000Research 2021, 10:532 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.54428.2)
NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.
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Open Peer Review

Current Reviewer Status: ?
Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW
ApprovedThe paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested
Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.
Not approvedFundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions
Version 2
VERSION 2
PUBLISHED 26 Aug 2021
Revised
Views
10
Cite
Reviewer Report 02 Sep 2021
Navneet Ateriya, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India 
Approved
VIEWS 10
No ... Continue reading
CITE
CITE
HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT
Ateriya N. Reviewer Report For: Case Report: Penetrating Thoracic Trauma by A Gunshot Involving the Heart [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]. F1000Research 2021, 10:532 (https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.59276.r92855)
NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.
Views
5
Cite
Reviewer Report 31 Aug 2021
Panagiotis K. Stefanopoulos, The First Department of Surgery, 401 Army Hospital, Athens, Greece;  Military College of Healthcare Administration, Greek Army, Athens, Greece 
Approved
VIEWS 5
The authors have successfully and meticulously addressed all comments made by the reviewers. They have also convincingly explained the reasons for not encompassing certain suggestions by giving some additional details about the case. Therefore, I recommend that their article is ... Continue reading
CITE
CITE
HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT
Stefanopoulos P. Reviewer Report For: Case Report: Penetrating Thoracic Trauma by A Gunshot Involving the Heart [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]. F1000Research 2021, 10:532 (https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.59276.r92854)
NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.
Version 1
VERSION 1
PUBLISHED 05 Jul 2021
Views
13
Cite
Reviewer Report 02 Aug 2021
Navneet Ateriya, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India 
Approved with Reservations
VIEWS 13
The work is presented clearly and accurately by the authors. Flow is good, easy to read and understandable to the readers. There is one one minor correction in Abstract line 1: replace word "us" with "is". Overall, it flows good.
... Continue reading
CITE
CITE
HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT
Ateriya N. Reviewer Report For: Case Report: Penetrating Thoracic Trauma by A Gunshot Involving the Heart [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]. F1000Research 2021, 10:532 (https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.57912.r89003)
NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.
  • Author Response 26 Aug 2021
    Geeta Bashyal, District Hospital, Tansen, Palpa, 32500, Nepal
    26 Aug 2021
    Author Response
    Dear Reviewer,

    We would like to thank you for your valuable comments. We have corrected the manuscript as instructed. Regarding your query about the radiological examination, due to limited ... Continue reading
COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT
  • Author Response 26 Aug 2021
    Geeta Bashyal, District Hospital, Tansen, Palpa, 32500, Nepal
    26 Aug 2021
    Author Response
    Dear Reviewer,

    We would like to thank you for your valuable comments. We have corrected the manuscript as instructed. Regarding your query about the radiological examination, due to limited ... Continue reading
Views
18
Cite
Reviewer Report 13 Jul 2021
Panagiotis K. Stefanopoulos, The First Department of Surgery, 401 Army Hospital, Athens, Greece;  Military College of Healthcare Administration, Greek Army, Athens, Greece 
Approved with Reservations
VIEWS 18
The article is very well presented with respect to the case reported, with clear photos that help the reader understand the nature of the lethal injury described therein.

However, the authors use in their references an article ... Continue reading
CITE
CITE
HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT
Stefanopoulos P. Reviewer Report For: Case Report: Penetrating Thoracic Trauma by A Gunshot Involving the Heart [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]. F1000Research 2021, 10:532 (https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.57912.r89057)
NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.
  • Author Response 26 Aug 2021
    Geeta Bashyal, District Hospital, Tansen, Palpa, 32500, Nepal
    26 Aug 2021
    Author Response
    Dear Reviewer,

    We would like to thank you for the analysis of this manuscript and your valuable remarks. The manuscript has been corrected according to the comments. All changes ... Continue reading
COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT
  • Author Response 26 Aug 2021
    Geeta Bashyal, District Hospital, Tansen, Palpa, 32500, Nepal
    26 Aug 2021
    Author Response
    Dear Reviewer,

    We would like to thank you for the analysis of this manuscript and your valuable remarks. The manuscript has been corrected according to the comments. All changes ... Continue reading

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Version 2
VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 05 Jul 2021
Comment
Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article:
Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested
Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.
Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions
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