Effect of dietary protein level on growth, food utilization, food conversion and survival rate of giant trevally (<i>Caranx ignobilis</i>)

Abdullah A. Muhammadar; Firdus Firdus; Zainal A. Muchlisin; Samadi Samadi; Muhammad A. Sarong; Boihaqi Boihaqi; Satria Sartira; Ibnu Sahidir; Agung Setia Batubara

doi:10.12688/f1000research.28359.1

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Research Article

Effect of dietary protein level on growth, food utilization, food conversion and survival rate of giant trevally (Caranx ignobilis)

[version 1; peer review: 2 not approved]

Abdullah A. Muhammadar ¹, Firdus Firdus^2,3, Zainal A. Muchlisin¹, [...] Samadi Samadi⁴, Muhammad A. Sarong⁵, Boihaqi Boihaqi¹, Satria Sartira⁶, Ibnu Sahidir⁶, Agung Setia Batubara⁷

Abdullah A. Muhammadar ¹, Firdus Firdus^2,3, [...] Zainal A. Muchlisin¹, Samadi Samadi⁴, Muhammad A. Sarong⁵, Boihaqi Boihaqi¹, Satria Sartira⁶, Ibnu Sahidir⁶, Agung Setia Batubara⁷

PUBLISHED 05 Feb 2021

Author details Author details

¹ Departement of Aquaculture, Faculty of Marine and Fishery, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
² Departement of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
³ Graduate School of Mathematics and Applied Science, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
⁴ Departement of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
⁵ Departement of Biology Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
⁶ Center Brackiswater Aquaculture Development, Ujung Batee, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Aceh Besar, Aceh Besar, Indonesia
⁷ Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Medan, North Sumatera, 20221, Indonesia

Abdullah A. Muhammadar
Roles: Conceptualization, Methodology, Project Administration, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

Firdus Firdus
Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Validation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation

Zainal A. Muchlisin
Roles: Validation, Writing – Review & Editing

Samadi Samadi
Roles: Supervision, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing

Muhammad A. Sarong
Roles: Supervision, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing

Boihaqi Boihaqi
Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software

Satria Sartira
Roles: Data Curation, Methodology, Validation

Ibnu Sahidir
Roles: Data Curation, Investigation, Methodology, Validation

Agung Setia Batubara
Roles: Formal Analysis, Methodology, Validation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation

OPEN PEER REVIEW

REVIEWER STATUS

Abstract

Background: Proper feed formulation is required for successful fish farming activities. Therefore, it is necessary for fish feed to provide optimal growth so that the cultivation business generates profits. Currently, there is very limited information about the appropriate feed for Caranx ignobilis, causing problems with its development. This study aims to provide feed with different protein levels to C. ignobilis.
Methods: We will examine the protein levels’ effects on the daily growth rate (DGR), specific growth rate (SGR), absolute growth rate (AGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed efficiency (FE), and survival rate (SR). This research was conducted for 35 days, from June to October 2017, at the Center Brackiswater Aquaculture Development (BPBAP) Ujung Batee, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Aceh Besar, Indonesia. This study used a completely randomized design method, with five treatment levels (30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, and 70% protein feed) and four replications.
Results: The results showed that feeding with different proteins on C. ignobilis had a significant effect on the mean values of DGR, SGR, AGR, FCR, FE, and SR. The 50% protein feed gave the best results for C. ignobilis, with a mean DGR value of 0.267 ± 0.005 g / day, a mean SGR of 1.722 ± 0.030% / day, a mean AGR of 0.081 ± 0.003 cm/day, a mean FCR of 1.290, a mean FE 77.755% and a mean SR was 86.667%.
Conclusions: Furthermore, feed treatment with increased protein content between 30%–50% has a positive correlation with the growth of C. ignobilis. However, the ability to grow fish will decrease if the feed protein content is >50%.

Keywords

Caranx ignobilis, protein, growth, ratio, efficiency

Corresponding author: Abdullah A. Muhammadar

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information: This research was supported by Syiah Kuala University, Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education through the Lector Research scheme, Contract Number: 129/SP2H/LT/DRPM/III/2016. We thank you for your support.
The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright: © 2021 Muhammadar AA et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

How to cite: Muhammadar AA, Firdus F, Muchlisin ZA et al. Effect of dietary protein level on growth, food utilization, food conversion and survival rate of giant trevally (Caranx ignobilis) [version 1; peer review: 2 not approved]. F1000Research 2021, 10:78 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.28359.1) First published: 05 Feb 2021, 10:78 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.28359.1) Latest published: 05 Feb 2021, 10:78 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.28359.1)

Introduction

Giant trevally (Caranx ignobilis) is a reef fish species with a high economic value¹ because it is in very high demand in domestic and international markets, with a price range of IDR 42,000–80,000 / kg^2,3. Furthermore, C. ignobilis does not have muscles between muscles, so it is easy to consume⁴. Based on these advantages, C. ignobilis is exploited for consumption, economy, and recreation in various ways, including the use of destructive fishing gear (include e.g. bottom trawling, cyanide fishing, dynamite fishing, and ghost fishing)⁵. Massive coral damage due to environmental damage and the effects of global warming also puts pressure on the species population⁶. Therefore, it is necessary to conserve C. ignobilis through the domestication process so that numbers caught in nature can be reduced by diverting fishermen to C. ignobilis cultivation activities.

Fish that are eligible to become cultivated commodities must meet criteria such as economic value, desirability, fast growth, resistance to disease, and ease of domestication^7–10. C. ignobilis has several advantages, such as being euryhaline so that it can live in a salinity range of 15–32 ppt¹¹, it can live in conditions of high density(up to 150 individuals / m^{2 12}), fast growth¹³, economic value and no history of disease⁹. Based on these advantages, C. ignobilis can be cultivated in ponds and floating net cages andseveral fishermen in Aceh, Indonesia, have started cultivating this species in with this method¹⁴. However, there are several obstacles in developing cultivation, such as a lack of availability of commercial feed with the appropriate protein content. Therefore, we need a study on feed protein that can provide optimal growth in this fish species.

In cultivation activities, growth is a determining factor for success. The problem that is often faced by fish farming is the low value of protein, so cultivating fish is not optimal. According to Subandiyono and Hastuti¹⁵, protein has various roles and functions, including brave protein as a body structure, such as collagen, which is a fibrous connective tissue and has a solid structure to form fish muscles. Fish can grow optimally if protein needs are met. Protein has a role in determining the fish growth process because most of the fish’s body (45–75% dry weight) consists of protein¹⁶. Also, protein is an efficient source of energy for aquatic animals, especially carnivorous fish¹⁷.

Methods

Time and place

This research was conducted for 35 days, from June to October 2017, at the Center Brackiswater Aquaculture Development (BPBAP) Ujung Batee, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Aceh Besar, Indonesia.

Research procedure

This study used a completely randomized design method, with five treatments and four replications. Fish were given experimental feed containing 30–70% protein as follows:

A = Treatment of feed containing protein 30%
B = Treatment of feed containing protein 40%
C = Treatment of feed containing protein 50%
D = Treatment of feed containing protein 60%
E = Treatment of feed containing protein 70%

Fish sample

This article is reported according to the ARRIVE guidelines. All efforts were made to lessen harm to the animals by complying to the guidelines of ethical animal use in research of Syiah Kuala University (Ethic Code No. 958/2015) and this study was approved by the Animal Research Ethics Committee of the Veterinary Ethics Committee, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Syiah Kuala University (Ethic Code No. 63/KEPH/X/2020).

We obtained 300 C. ignobilis juveniles from Lancang Barat Village, Dewantara District, Aceh Utara Regency. The fish were acclimatized for two weeks at the BBAP Ujung Batee, Aceh Besar Indonesia. They were placed in 20 rearing nets of 1 × 1 meter in size, which were placed in a concrete pond containing 40 tons of water (range of salinity value 29.19-29.44‰), each containing 15 C. ignobilis juveniles.

Feed preparation

The experimental feed was made from fish meal, rebon shrimp flour, rice flour, soybean flour, cornflour, blood meal, coconut oil, CaCO₃, Isolesin, L-Tryptophan, DL-Methionine, and premix with a feed protein content of 30–70%. All ingredients were mixed and analyzed for protein content (Table 1).

Table 1. Feed formulation (g kg⁻¹) used in the study with a protein content of 30–70%.

Feed Ingredients	Protein Content Ingredients (%)	Feed Formulation (g)
		Treatment
		A	B	C	D	E
Rebon shrimp flour	58.80	20	20	20	20	20
Fish flour	59.00	410	620	660	500	140
Rice flour	7.26	480	250	90	10	10
Soybean flour	45.06	10	10	10	10	10
Corn flour	6.48	10	10	10	10	10
Blood flour	75.97	10	30	150	390	750
Coconut oil	0	5	5	5	5	5
CaCo₃	0	5	5	5	5	5
Isoleucine	100	10	10	10	10	10
L-Tryptophan	100	17.5	17.5	17.5	17.5	17.5
DL-Methionine	100	17.5	17.5	17.5	17.5	17.5
Premix	0	5	5	5	5	5
Total (g)		1000	1000	1000	1000	1000
Protein (%)		30	40	50	60	70

Feeding procedure

Juvenile C. ignobilis were selected randomly. Their average weight was 11.41 ± 0.40 g and their average initial total length was 7.70 ± 0.76 cm. Furthermore, the fish are distributed into 20 nets measuring 1 × 1 meter. The net is placed in a concrete pond with a water volume of 40 tons (15 fish/net). The fish were given experimental feed twice a day at 7 am and 5 pm for 35 days, as much as 3% per body weight.

Research parameters

The parameters measured in this study are DGR, specific growth rate (SGR), AGR, feed conversion ratio (FCR), FE, and survival (SR). DGR and SGR were analyzed based on the formula by Muchlisin et al.^18,19. AGR was analyzed based on the Jones²⁰ formula, FCR, and FE were analyzed based on the formula of Shapawi et al.²¹; SR was analyzed based on the formula of Hseu et al.²².

DGR (g day⁻¹) = (Wt – Wo)/t,
SGR (% day⁻¹) = [(Ln Wt – Ln Wo)]/ t × 100,
AGR (cm day⁻¹) = $\frac{L 2 - L 1}{Δ t}$
FCR = F/ (Wt – Wo)
FE = $\frac{1}{FCR}$ × 100%
SR= $\frac{(Nt)}{No}$ × 100

Note: Wo is the initial weight of fish when researched (g); Wt is the weight of the fish at the end of the study (g); t is the study duration (days). L1 is the length of the fish at the start ofraising (cm), L2 is the length of the fish at the end of raising (cm), Δt is the length of rearing (days). Nt is the number of test fish at the end of maintenance, and No is the number of test fish at the beginning of rearing.

Data analysis

Data of DGR, SGR, AGR, FCR, FE, and SR were analyzed statistically by one way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) with a 95% degree of confidence (P < 0.05) using SPSS version 20 software. Significant data were tested further with Duncan’s multiple ranges test.

Results

The results showed that diets with different protein content significantly affected (P < 0.05) the values of DGR, SGR, and AGR of C. ignobilis. The best growth of C. ignobilis was found in the feed treatment with 50% protein content, obtaining a mean DGR value of 0.27 ± 0.01 g / day, a mean SGR of 1.72 ± 0.03% / day and a mean AGR of 0.013 ± 0.01. cm / day, followed by 40% protein feed (mean DGR value 0.23 ± 0.01 g / day, SGR 1.50 ± 0.04% / day, and AGR 0.11 ± 0.01 cm / day ), 30% protein feed (mean DGR value of 0.21 ± 0.01 g / day, SGR 1.40 ± 0.07% / day, and AGR 0.08 ± 0.00 cm / day), protein feed 60% (mean DGR value 0.13 ± 0.01 g / day, SGR 0.98 ± 0.07% / day and AGR 0.07 ± 0.01 cm / day), and 70% protein feed (mean DGR value 0.12 ± 0.01 g / day, SGR 0.91 ± 0.08% / day and an AGR value of 0.07 ± 0.02 cm / day) (Table 2).

Table 2. Daily growth rate (DGR), specific growth rate (SGR), and absolute growth rate (AGR) of juvenile Caranx ignobilis.

Treatment	DGR (g / day)	SGR (% / day)	AGR (cm / day)
A	0.21 ± 0.01^b	1.40 ± 0.07^b	0.08 ± 0.00^a
B	0.23 ± 0.01^c	1.50 ± 0.04^c	0.11 ± 0.01^b
C	0.27 ± 0.01^d	1.72 ± 0.03^d	0.13 ± 0.01^c
D	0.13 ± 0.01^a	0.98 ± 0.07^a	0.07 ± 0.01^a
E	0.12 ± 0.01^a	0.91 ± 0.08^a	0.07 ± 0.02^a

Note: Numbers followed by different superscripts of letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.05). Numbers followed by a superscript of the same letter show no significant difference (P > 0.05). [A] 30% protein feed, [B] 40% protein feed, [C] 50% protein feed, [D] 60% protein feed, [E] 70% protein feed.

Furthermore, the results showed that the feed formulations with different protein content also significantly affected (P < 0.05) the value of FCR, FE, and SR of C. ignobilis. The best mean FCR, FE and SR values were shown in the 50% protein feed treatment with mean values of 1.29 ± 0.07, 77.76 ± 4.46% and 86.67 ± 5.44% respectively, then followed by treatment of 40% protein feed (mean FCR 1.49 ± 0.17, FE 67.73 ± 7.61%, and SR 80 ± 5.45%), 30% protein feed (mean FCR 1.66 ± 0.09, FE 60.33 ± 3.38%, and SR 78.33 ± 3.34%), 60% protein feed (mean FCR 1.79 ± 0.06, FE 56.03 ± 1.84 %, and SR 68.34 ± 3.33%), and protein feed 70% (mean FCR 1.96 ± 0.15, FE 51.19 ± 3.71%, and SR 65.00 ± 3.34%) (Table 3).

Table 3. The values of feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed efficiency (FE), and viability (SR) of juvenile Caranx ignobilis.

Treatment	FCR	FE (%)	SR (%)
A	1.66 ± 0.09^bc	60.33 ± 3.38^bc	78.33 ± 3.34^b
B	1.49 ± 0.17^b	67.73 ± 7.61^b	80.00 ± 5.45^b
C	1.29 ± 0.07^a	77.76 ± 4.46^a	86.67 ± 5.44c
D	1.79 ± 0.06^cd	56.03 ± 1.84^cd	68.34 ± 3.33^a
E	1.96 ± 0.15^d	51.19 ± 3.71^d	65.00 ± 3.34^a

Note: Numbers followed by different superscripts of letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.05). Numbers followed by superscript of the same letter show no significant difference (P > 0.05). [A] 30% protein feed, [B] 40% protein feed, [C] 50% protein feed, [D] 60% protein feed, [E] 70% protein feed.

Discussion

The analysis showed that C. ignobilis growth occurred optimally with 50% protein feed based on the mean values of DGR, SGR, and AGR. Similar results were also found in its sister, C. melampygus; feed with about the same protein content (45%) provided optimum growth in these fish²³. Furthermore, this study revealed that the increased feed protein content had a positive correlation to fish growth, but this only occurred up to 50% protein feed, while fish growth would decrease if the feed protein content was >50%. This is probably because C. ignobilis is only able to absorb feed protein optimally by ≤ 50%. Similar results occurred in Oreochromis niloticus, which was given feed treatment with 17%, 30%, and 35% protein, which showed that the optimum growth results occurred in 30% protein feed treatment, but the 35% protein feed in O. niloticus had no significant effect on fish growth²⁴. Furthermore, another study by Yang et al.²⁵ revealed that Bidyanus bidyanus, which was given feed treatment with protein levels of 13%, 19%, 25%, 31%, 37%, 43%, 49%, and 55%, showed that fish growth continued to increase in size from 13%–37% protein feed. However, fish growth was no longer significant in the range of 43%–55% protein feed. Other research results, also by Yang et al.²⁶ on Spinibarbus hollandi, which received protein feed of 13%, 19%, 25%, 31%, 37%, 43%, 49%, and 55%, showed that fish growth continued to increase from 13%–31% protein feed, but fish were no longer grew significantly in the 37%–55% protein feed. This review shows that the fish’s ability to absorb feed protein differs by species and that fish have a limited ability to absorb protein in feed at certain periods and conditions.

Protein is the main macromolecular component fish need²⁷. The function of protein is prioritized for the synthesis of new proteins according to the fish’s nutritional needs. At the same time, carbohydrates and lipids supply energy availability for fish²⁸. Feed protein will be hydrolyzed in the digestive tract, and only free amino acids can be absorbed by the intestine for tissue and organ purposes as body protein²⁹. However, feed with high protein content may not be used optimally by fish as in this study. Feed with 60% and 70% protein given to C. ignobilis actually decreased the ability to grow, the feed efficiency (FE), and fish survival. In addition, the feed treatment with 60% and 70% protein given to C. ignobilis also decreased the average FE and SR values but increased the FCR value. High FCR will increase feed consumption so that fish farming production costs tend to increase as well. Furthermore, the SR values in protein feed treatment of 60% and 70% only reached 68.34% and 65.00%, probably because the ability to absorb feed (FE) decreases, so that the quantity of fish feces increases and causes the fish to die due to poisoning.

The mean optimum FE value of C. ignobilis reached 77.755%, which resulted in the 50% protein feed treatment. This result is better than the best average FE value of C. hippos, which reached 19.01% in the combination treatment of 50% fish waste and 50% artificial feed³⁰. Furthermore, another study by Rostika et al.³¹ also produced the best average FE value for Caranx sp. lower than this study with a value of 30.60% in the treatment of 100% trash fish feed. The different results may be due to different test fish species and feed treatments, so that the fish’s ability to absorb feed nutrients is also different. Another factor that plays a role in FE is the biological value contained in feed protein. Protein in feed with high biological value will stimulate the accumulation of body protein greater than that of low biological value^32–34. Protein is a nutrient required in large quantities in fish feed formulations because it needs to be given continuously with sufficient quality and quantity. Buwono³⁵ states that, biologically, the quality of artificial feed shows the nutritional value of the protein contained in the feed. Thus, the feed quality is assumed to be protein quality. The feed protein quality depends mainly on its essential amino acid content; the lower the essential amino acid content, the lower the protein quality^36–39.

The best SR value in this study was shown in the 50% protein feed treatment with a mean value of 86.67%. This result is lower than the studies conducted by Rostika et al.³¹ and Rostika et al.³⁰ regarding the combination of pelleted feed and trash fish to Caranx sp. and C. hippos, which obtained an SR value of 100% in each treatment. Furthermore, the mean SR value of C. melampygus in the study of Suprayudi et al.²³ is also higher than this study, with a value reaching 100% with the best treatment of 45% protein feed. Furthermore, another study by Rombenso et al.⁴⁰ showed that C. latus, C. crysos, and C. hippos reared in floating net cages near the coast of Brazil by feeding sardines produced an average SR value of 90%. Therefore, further research is needed to increase the SR value of C. ignobilis in the future so that it can increase fish production.

The best FCR value produced in this study was in the 50% protein feed treatment with a mean value of 1.29. The lowest value was shown was in the treatment of 70% protein feed (mean FCR 1.96). This result is better than the research conducted by Rombenso et al.⁴⁰, which showed that C. latus, C. crysos, and C. hippos rearing in floating net cages near the coast of Brazil by feeding them sardine produced a mean FCR value of 4.2. This study’s FCR value is also better than the FCR value of other fish species, such as largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides (best FCR value of 1.39⁴¹), Asian stinging catfish Heteropneustes fossilis (best FCR value of 1.42⁴²), Thai pangas Pangasius hypophthalmus (best FCR value of 1.65⁴³), and relatively equivalent to the FCR of the Siberian sturgeon Acipenser baeri (maximum of 1.25⁴⁴) and catfish Ictalurus punctatus (maximum of 1.30⁴⁵).

Conclusion

The results showed that feed with different protein levels had a significant effect on the mean values of DGR, SGR, AGR, FCR, FE, and SR in C. ignobilis. The 50% protein feed gave the best results on C. ignobilis with a mean DGR value of 0.27 ± 0.01 g / day, a mean SGR of 1.72 ± 0.03% / day, a mean AGR of 0.13 ± 0.01 cm/day, a mean FCR of 1.29 ± 0.07, FE was 77.76 ± 4.46%, and SR was 86.67 ± 5.44%. The treatment with the lowest value was 70% protein feed with a mean DGR value of 0.12 ± 0.01 g / day, mean SGR 0.91 ± 0.08% / day, mean AGR 0.07 ± 0.02 cm/day, mean FCR 1.96 ± 0.15, FE 51, 19 ± 3.71%, and the average SR was 65.00 ± 3.34%. Furthermore, feed treatment with increased protein content between 30%–50% has a positive correlation with the growth of C. ignobilis. The ability to grow fish will decrease, however, if the protein content of the feed is >50%.

Data availability

Figshare: Effect of dietary protein level on growth, food utilization, food conversion and survival rate of giant trevally (Caranx ignobilis). https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12936563.v1⁴⁶.

This project contains the following underlying data:

Data of daily growth rate (DGR), specific growth rate (SGR), absolute growth rate (AGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed efficiency (FE) and survival rate (SR) of Caranx ignobilis. (Raw data for the daily growth rate (DGR), specific growth rate (SGR), absolute growth rate (AGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed efficiency (FE) and survival rate (SR) of all fish examined in this study.

Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0).

Acknowledgments

Thanks to all of the staff at the Ujung Batee Brackish Aquaculture Fisheries Center who assisted with the research. Special thanks go to Ms. Melina, S.Si for her participation during the research.

Faculty Opinions recommended

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