Keywords
Augmented Reality, Teaching and Learning, Learning Vectors, Online Class
This article is included in the Research Synergy Foundation gateway.
Augmented Reality, Teaching and Learning, Learning Vectors, Online Class
This version is mainly addressing the reviewers' comments, especially on how the AR learning module works and on the elaboration of the developed system, VPCAR. The gap of this study is being highlighted by comparing to current literature review. We also provided more supporting literature by citing the related studies. In addition, clarification is done on how the objective IV of the study can be met by obtaining qualitative feedback using measurement of Likert scale.
See the authors' detailed response to the review by Deepti Prit Kaur
See the authors' detailed response to the review by Nur Idawati Md Enzai
See the authors' detailed response to the review by Kenneth Y. T. Lim
In the 21st century, the education system is slowly moving towards digital learning or online learning by integrating web 2.01 and other technology tools in the teaching-learning process. Blended learning activities are integrated in the courses especially in higher education in Malaysia. These e-learning systems would encourage learners to learn at anytime and anywhere. Several courses related to blended learning such as flipped classroom,2 massive open online courses (MOOCs)3 are being conducted to upskill educators and support them by providing the facilities and devices. However, secondary and primary schools in Malaysia are still focusing on physical classes. Lately, the lockdown of the country due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused all school, colleges and universities to conduct fully online classes in order to ensure that teaching-learning can take place without physical classes.
The emergence of technology is gradually changing the pedagogy of teaching-learning especially for mathematics subjects. Before such technology, educators wrote the equations on a black board to show the steps of the solution. This was followed by the use of portable overhead projectors. Up to now, educators have often used liquid crystal display (LCD) projectors to present Microsoft PowerPoint slides of the subject content. With the multimedia tools integrated with PowerPoint, it is much easier to stimulate students’ understanding on mathematics subject than using black/white board.4 However, educators always feel challenged to illustrate the presentation of vectors and planes to students by using the traditional way such as white board or PowerPoint slide, especially when involving more than 2 dimensions.5
In this study, augmented reality (AR) technology is introduced to support educators in their teaching-learning process especially when classes are conducted fully online. It can add an extra element of interaction, where user can treat it as if there is an actual object in front of them through visual-motor interaction compared to other online interactive tools. Some AR systems need special device such as head mounted device or pinch gloves but most of systems are developed on the portable and stationary device such as tablet, smartphones and desktop PC depending on user conveniences.6,7 The use of AR technology leads to positive effect on improving the visual thinking of students8 and promoting excitement during the learning process. Hence, feedback was being gathered from educators and students regarding the AR interface, understanding through visualization and inspiration in learning in this paper.
Augmented reality is one of the emerging technologies which bring great impact to different application domains.9-12 Different types of tools have been created by merging virtual objects with the real world in a scenario-based application. The interaction of the technology creates fun and gains users’ attention, such as AR mobile game Pokemon Go13 which was a successful proof of concept of AR in year 2016 and attracted many users’ attention in the world especially the young people (predominantly 21-30 years old).14
It is crucial to let students understand fundamental concepts before applying the knowledge in problem solving. Any misconceptions could lead to incorrect decisions. Hence, educators try to use effective teaching-learning methods to make sure students really understand. Sometimes, it is challenging to explain abstract contents to students especially for science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) subjects. Educators have tried using different AR tools over the past two decades.10-12,15 For example, in physics, the AR technology has been implemented in STEM education and showed positive effect in the process of teaching-learning abstract concepts such as forces, mass and other properties.16 Besides that, an education tool was developed by Matsutomo et al. to observe the movement of magnetic fields using real-time visualization system17 and Chen did a comparison between representation of AR and physical models in learning amino acids.18 Physical Education teachers have also revealed that AR is a great tool in improving human motion skill and preserving human health competence.19 The improvement of AR technology and pedagogical methodology may allow learners to absorb the knowledge faster.
Regarding mathematics related research, several studies have looked at geometry especially for 3-dimension models,20 but limited research has focused on vectors. The visualization of 3D geometry is challenging for students because it is hard for students to picture 3D spatial situation given only 2D figures.21,22 Construct3D was developed based on “Studierstube” in geometry education23 and has been further applied in a PhysicsPlayground simulation.24 Other 3D geometry AR tools which are developed on mobile phone such as Geo+25 and Sketchup software26 that enable students to view solid models by scanning the QR code acting as markers while ScholAR27 was designed to be markerless to assist in learning lines and types of angle on a 3D model. GeoGebra28 can display 3D objects that can be placed in a real environment such as on a floor or any other flat surfaces.
Like geometry, vectors are a common abstract property in mathematics, which consists of direction and magnitude. Vectors are typically represented in a directed line with an arrow. Its quantities include displacement, velocity, position, force, and torque which are used in STEM subjects. The marker-based system, cleARmaths29 displayed the vectors and virtual plane in 3-dimensional vectors on a portable device. Angel and Anablel et al. used gestures and body movement with the help of Kinect device in learning Euclidean Vectors, where only a small area is needed.30,31 To improve 3D visualization through visual-motor manipulation, Vectors AR3-APP was developed to support the educators and students in teaching and learning three-dimensional abstract concepts such as vectors and linear algebra where the learning module was developed in mobile apps.32
AR systems have been developed in mobile apps, desktop computers, tabletops and other devices. One study revealed that users prefer more the use of a desktop AR system than mobile system in that the desktop AR system gained significant positive feedback in terms of responsiveness of the AR application.33 In order to have better quality illustration by using smartphones, the users may need a higher specification smartphone which is costly. Hence, a new desktop AR markerless based system, namely Vector PC AR system (VPCAR), developed in Python that can illustrate multiple virtual vectors, planes and normal vectors in a real environment, is proposed in this study to fill the gaps. This tool is recommended for face-to-face and fully online classes to aid educators and students in their teaching-learning process with the following objectives.
Objectives of this study:
I. To attract the students' attention in learning vectors.
II. To make it easier for the students in understanding vectors.
III. To improve the students' visualization of the vectors’ representation.
IV. To strengthen the students’ conceptual understanding of vectors through visualization.
V. To inspire the students in learning vectors through its engagement and interactivity.
VI. To help the students and educators in learning/teaching vectors during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Initially, the vectors’ learning module had been developed on a PC, where the vectors and plane were illustrated in a 3-dimensional coordinate system by using AR technology as illustrated in Figure 1. Python 3.6 and a laptop-integrated webcam are the main tools to develop the learning module with OpenGL3.1.5 and OpenCV4.1.0.25 library. The AR was developed as a markerless AR system and a patterned flat surface is provided to extract the landmark features. Through homography, 3D perspective is inferred to generate the visualization.
The AR learning module is a program where the vectors can be initially set by the users. The AR vectors and planes were built so that they manifest themselves on patterned surfaces, like on top of a book. By moving the webcam, the users may view vectors from different perspectives. Currently, simple calculations can be performed. Position vectors and normal vectors on a plane can be presented in a 3-dimensional cartesian coordinate system by modifying the related vectors to be visualized in a file with scripts. Scripts is used instead of user interface as the user interface is under-developed. The output of this learning module was recorded as a short video demonstration and was attached in the questionnaire.34
A questionnaire was designed based on the objectives of the study by using Google form to measure the supportiveness of incorporating AR technology in teaching and learning process during this pandemic.35 It consisted of demographic information and the six measurement items based on the study objectives; attractiveness, easiness, visualization, conceptual understanding, inspiration and helpfulness. All items were measured by five-points Likert-type scale. The questionnaire was validated by an expert who has been teaching mathematics for more than 10 years and content validity was checked by using Pearson’s product moment test.36 Cronbach’s alpha was used to measure the reliability of the questionnaire (discussed in the Results). A short video demonstration of vectors representation by using VPCAR and PowerPoint (duration: 2.12 minutes) was attached to the questionnaire.34 Figures 1 and 2 are the screenshots. Ethics approval (EA1802021) was obtained from Multimedia University Malaysia, Technology Transfer Office (TTO). In addition, we obtained written informed consent from the respondents when completing the questionnaire.
Primary data from 167 students and 71 educators in Malaysia was collected through email and social media invitation who are in our contacts such as Facebook, WhatsApp over four weeks from March to April 2021. A purposive sampling method was applied in the selection of target population of students and educators from secondary schools to universities in Malaysia because directly approaching the educators and students may provide more valid feedback.37 However, the result may not be able to generalise due to purposive sampling was applied that causes possibility of bias concern and the sample size was referred to recent studies in the same domain.38,39 The questionnaire was sent via email. Descriptive results were presented graphically and in tabular format. Since the feedback was collected in ordinal form, therefore Mann-Whitney U Test and Chi-square test were applied. The analysis was done by using SPSS 26. Microsoft Excel may be used as open-access alternative.
Table 1 shows the demographic profile of the 167 students and 71 educators who took part.40 The majority of students were aged 18 to 25 years old (95%) and studying at diploma level (74.25%); the majority of educators were aged 31 to 40 years old (57.75%) and teaching higher education level (94.37%). Participants were mainly from private institutes (85.63%, students; 92.96%, educators). In total, 86.83% of students had learned about vectors before and 54.93% of educators taught vectors with an average teaching experience of 14 years.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, teaching-learning has been conducted fully online. Most students used a laptop or notebook (92.22%), followed by a smartphone (55.69%), represented in Figure 3. As shown in Figure 4, out of 39 educators, 79.49% of them used a white board or black board to teach vectors while 69.23% used IT technology such as PowerPoint, video presentation, and other graphic software. Less than 40% of them used body movement to teach vectors, where body movement refers to gestures, posture, head and hand movements or whole body movements.30,31 Especially for online classes, it is not easy to use body movement to present vectors via webcam. Hence, VPCAR could be of great help to them.
Several approaches can be used to measure the conceptual understanding of students such as qualitative and quantitative feedback.41 Educators commonly access the students’ understanding based on the correctness of answers. But it is challenging for educators to provide the quality feedback for each student during class especially for classrooms with large groups.42 Hence, this study obtained the quality feedback of educators and students’ which provide measurement in Likert scale. It is crucial to obtain feedback from both parties to continue the suitable activities of teaching and learning in the class.43
Figures 5 and 6 illustrate the feedback from the students and educators towards AR technology based on the six measurement items. Overall, the students and educators had provided a significant positive feedback towards incorporating AR technology in the teaching-learning process. From the diagram, the distribution of each measurement item among the students and educators are left skewed and J-shape respectively, which shows a significant difference in distribution at the 5% level of significance by using Mann-Whitney U Test. In Table 2, Cronbach’s alpha of the six measurement items for students and educators are more than 0.9 which indicates an excellent internal consistency in measuring the supportiveness on using AR technology in teaching-learning process. The content validity of the questionnaire was measured statistically by Pearson product moment correlation coefficient, r, which shows that all the measurement items is valid. In addition, the feedback was also measured by using mean score which is shown in Table 3. The mean score for each measurement item for educator category is higher than student category. This shows that the educators are more in support than the students in implementing AR technology tools in teaching-learning vectors.
AR = augmented reality; COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019.
SD = standard deviation; AR = augmented reality; COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019.
Typically, educators teach by using Microsoft PowerPoint nowadays. Table 4 shows that more than half of students (67.07%) and educators (76.06%) were keener to use AR technology during teaching-learning process. The findings revealed that most students are using a laptop or notebook to attend online classes, therefore PC learning module is more preferred than mobile apps learning module. Nearly 80% of educators are keen to use PC AR tools. The positive association between learning/teaching method and learning module preferences was shown at 5% level of significance by using Chi-Square test with p-value = 0.021.
In summary, the finding showed significant positive feedback towards the incorporation of AR technology in teaching and learning vectors from educators and students based on the six measurement items. The visual aesthetic of a system is always the most important dimension in attracting the users’ attention.44 The effort of creating a colourful and animated interface could let students feel more interested and focused during learning as previous research has found that some students consider this dimension encouraging in continuing using their website.45 Thus, colourful interface of AR could attract students’ attention of various ages such as those in higher education, secondary school, primary school etc.46,47
Furthermore, the main purpose of several augmented reality systems is targeting the improvement of the visualization of users17,18,23,24,30,32 as such it helps the users comprehend the fundamental concepts of particular content to avoid misunderstandings which was highlighted earlier in the literature review. AR tools are just an additional or supplementary method for explaining complex concepts which may be hard to be understood statically with our vision alone. Thus, the illustration of VPCAR make it easier for the students in understanding vectors through visualization as the students are able to view the vectors in different perspectives by moving their own PC’s webcam. The students’ visualization of vectors can therefore be improved compared to those who learn by using conventional teaching method. At the same time, AR may strengthen the students’ conceptual understanding of vectors.48
Learning can be divided into learner-centred or instructor-centred learning. It is important to engage and get feedbacks from students by using a mixed approach so that the students will not feel neglected. Educators always need to interact with the students so that the students will not lose their interest in learning. Through this engagement, students will be inspired and motivated in learning.49 AR technology can increase the engagement of students as reported in a previous study.50 Thus, VPCAR may be able to inspire the students in learning vectors through its engagement and interactivity as shown by results of this study.
The feedback of students and educators are useful in determining their readiness in adopting AR technology. AR technology is easy to customise with low preparation overheads (costs) and it supports animation. Nowadays, PCs have become an essential electronic device in our lifestyle especially for working adults and students. VPCAR, which is developed for PC, requires less effort to use compared to other AR systems. As supported by the students and educators, VPCAR certainly provides great support to them in learning or teaching vectors during this COVID-19 pandemic.
In this study, the findings may not represent all students and educators in Malaysia because a purposive sampling method was applied. Due to limited network connection, most respondents were from private institutes. For further study, government secondary school students shall be included to distinguish the usefulness of VPCAR perception at different educational institutes.
The outbreak of COVID-19 caused classes to be conducted fully online all over the world51 and several works studied the challenges and issues faced by the educators and students during the pandemic.52-54 In this study, VPCAR was applied to an online class domain that encounters the problems faced by educators and students in learning or teaching vectors. The positivity of survey responses based on the six measurement items: attractiveness, easiness, visualization, conceptual understanding, inspiration and helpfulness, with the range of means from 3.92 to 4.52 out of 5, indicates that VPCAR is able to achieve the objective of this study from the aspect of educators and students. In addition, at least 75% of the educators and students preferred to use AR technology compared to PowerPoint slides which indicates that both educators and students are ready in adopting the AR technology in teaching-learning process.
With the merit of AR technology, several challenges and issues still need to be addressed.55,56 The system provides visualization in real-time and requires internet connection. Hence, rural area students who lack of this facility may be unable to utilise this system efficiently. Increased internet access will give the opportunity to enhance this new technology. Furthermore, educators may also record the demonstration, so students are still able to learn it offline. The newly developed VPCAR system is the novelty in this study which is beneficial for the educators and students.
Figshare: Integrating AR Technology in Teaching and Learning Vectors. http://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.14864853.40
Figshare: VPCAR Questionnaire 2021. http://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.16608448.35
Figshare: VPCAR Video Demostration 2021. http://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.16649029.34
Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero “No rights reserved” data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication).
Prof. Ts. Dr. Lau Siong Hoe confirms that the author has an appropriate level of expertise to conduct this research, and confirms that the submission is of an acceptable scientific standard. Prof. Ts. Dr. Lau Siong Hoe declares they have no competing interests. Affiliation: Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Multimedia University, Jalan Ayer Keroh Lama, 75450 Bukit Beruang, Melaka, Malaysia.
We would like to thank all the participants in this research for their voluntary participation.
Views | Downloads | |
---|---|---|
F1000Research | - | - |
PubMed Central
Data from PMC are received and updated monthly.
|
- | - |
Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?
Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?
Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?
Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?
I cannot comment. A qualified statistician is required.
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?
Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?
Yes
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
Reviewer Expertise: Computer Networking, Engineering Education
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
Reviewer Expertise: AR in learning
Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?
Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?
Partly
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?
Partly
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?
I cannot comment. A qualified statistician is required.
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?
Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?
Partly
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
Reviewer Expertise: Augmented Reality, Engineering Education Research
Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?
Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?
Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?
Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?
Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?
Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?
Yes
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
Reviewer Expertise: AR in learning
Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article:
Invited Reviewers | |||
---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | |
Version 2 (revision) 21 Mar 22 |
read | read | |
Version 1 30 Sep 21 |
read | read |
Provide sufficient details of any financial or non-financial competing interests to enable users to assess whether your comments might lead a reasonable person to question your impartiality. Consider the following examples, but note that this is not an exhaustive list:
Sign up for content alerts and receive a weekly or monthly email with all newly published articles
Already registered? Sign in
The email address should be the one you originally registered with F1000.
You registered with F1000 via Google, so we cannot reset your password.
To sign in, please click here.
If you still need help with your Google account password, please click here.
You registered with F1000 via Facebook, so we cannot reset your password.
To sign in, please click here.
If you still need help with your Facebook account password, please click here.
If your email address is registered with us, we will email you instructions to reset your password.
If you think you should have received this email but it has not arrived, please check your spam filters and/or contact for further assistance.
Comments on this article Comments (0)