Effects of scapulothoracic exercises on chest mobility, respiratory muscle strength, and pulmonary function in male COPD patients with forward shoulder posture: a randomized control trial

Kanogwun Thongchote; Usa Chinwaro; Sarawut Lapmanee

doi:10.12688/f1000research.126832.1

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Research Article

Effects of scapulothoracic exercises on chest mobility, respiratory muscle strength, and pulmonary function in male COPD patients with forward shoulder posture: a randomized control trial

[version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations]

Kanogwun Thongchote¹, Usa Chinwaro¹, Sarawut Lapmanee ²

PUBLISHED 10 Nov 2022

Author details Author details

¹ Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakorn Nayok, 26120, Thailand
² Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Siam University, Bangkok, 10160, Thailand

Kanogwun Thongchote
Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

Usa Chinwaro
Roles: Data Curation, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing

Sarawut Lapmanee
Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

OPEN PEER REVIEW

REVIEWER STATUS

Abstract

Background
The postural abnormality, forward shoulder posture (FSP), is the most common cause of respiratory impairment in older individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A recent study found that performing pectoral stretching and scapular strengthening exercises for eight weeks could reduce FSP in healthy participants. We aimed to determine the effects of pectoral stretching and scapular stabilizer strengthening exercises on FSP, chest wall mobility, respiratory muscle strength, and pulmonary function in male patients with COPD.
Methods
This study was randomized clinical trial. Forty male COPD patients with FSP aged 60–90 years were included and randomly allocated to control (n=20) and exercise (n=20) groups. Following completion of the scapulothoracic exercises (three days/week, for eight weeks), respiratory functions were assessed by measuring the magnitude of FSP, chest mobility, respiratory muscle strength, and pulmonary functions.
Results
FSP and thoracic kyphosis angle significantly decreased compared to controls (p<0.001, p<0.001). Middle and lower chest mobility markedly increased (p<0.001, p<0.001) and the pectoralis minor index significantly improved (p<0.001). The strength of the lower trapezius and serratus anterior muscles significantly increased at week eight of the exercise training (p<0.003, p<0.001). There was a marked increase in maximum inspiratory pressure and maximum expiratory pressure (p<0.001, p<0.001).
Conclusions
The eight-week combined pectoral muscles self-stretching and serratus anterior and lower trapezius strengthening exercises could be an effective treatment and/or prevention strategy for FSP reduction, leading to improved respiratory function in male COPD patients.

Keywords

COPD; scapulothoracic exercise; Respiratory muscles; Shoulders; Thoracic wall

Corresponding author: Sarawut Lapmanee

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information: This study was funded by the Srinakharinwirot University research grant (Grant No.035/2562 to KT) and Faculty of Medicine, Siam University for Publication Support Grants (to SL).

The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright: © 2022 Thongchote K et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

How to cite: Thongchote K, Chinwaro U and Lapmanee S. Effects of scapulothoracic exercises on chest mobility, respiratory muscle strength, and pulmonary function in male COPD patients with forward shoulder posture: a randomized control trial [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2022, 11:1284 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.126832.1) First published: 10 Nov 2022, 11:1284 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.126832.1) Latest published: 20 Aug 2024, 11:1284 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.126832.2)

Introduction

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most important chronic inflammatory lung diseases that leads to increased mortality and morbidity worldwide. Globally, the prevalence of COPD is expected to increase, leading to an estimated 5.4 million deaths in 2060.¹ The proportion of COPD cases was higher in males (11.9%) than females (8.4%).² In Thailand, the prevalence of COPD was 2.1% in 1999 and increased to 7.0% in 2010.³ Moreover, this disease incidence increases and outcomes deteriorate with age.⁴ In COPD patients, hyperinflation of the lungs induces a passive increase in chest wall rigidity and respiratory muscle weakness, and also promotes postural misalignment i.e., forward shoulder posture (FSP) or rounded shoulders.⁵^–⁷

FSP is characterized by the resting shoulder position being located forward from the ideal postural alignment, which is linked to scapular protraction, anterior tilt, and downward rotation, as well as being positioned anteriorly.⁸^,⁹ This abnormal shoulder posture results in subacromial impingement and shoulder pain. Tightness of the pectoral muscles and weakness of the scapular muscles, especially the lower trapezius and serratus anterior, subsequently lead to a forward alignment of the shoulder posture.¹⁰^,¹¹ A reduction in pulmonary function is related to an increase in FSP.¹² Therefore, poor posture resulting from FSP in COPD patients not only leads to musculoskeletal problems, but also causes deteriorating effects on the pulmonary system.

Many studies have suggested that exercises can improve muscle balance, and this is considered the treatment for FSP.¹³^–¹⁵ Stretching and strengthening exercises, especially for the serratus anterior and lower trapezius muscles, have been used to actively counteract the strength and movement loss associated with FSP.¹⁶ Therefore, diminishing the muscle imbalance in FSP is an effective treatment for musculoskeletal dysfunction and for improving pulmonary function.

Interestingly, our preliminary study showed that an eight-week regimen of self-stretching the pectoral muscles and strengthening exercises for the scapular muscles can attenuate FSP, improve chest mobility, and increase respiratory muscle strength in participants without COPD. To our knowledge, this integrated exercise program was extended to COPD patients with FSP; however, the effects of these exercises have not been studied with older COPD patients. Therefore, this study aimed: (i) to investigate the effects of an exercise training program comprising pectoral self-stretching and scapular strengthening exercises on FSP, and (ii) to determine whether such an exercise rehabilitation program could also improve chest mobility, respiratory muscle strength, pulmonary function, and quality of life in geriatric patients with COPD.

Methods

Study design and subjects

A randomized controlled trial and single-blind study of all participants were performed. According to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (GOLD) guidelines, stage 1–4 COPD patients were diagnosed by a respiratory medical doctor and trained spirometer personnel recruited from Nakhon Nayok Hospital and Banna Hospital in Nakhon Nayok province, Thailand. Among COPD patients, the prevalence was higher in males than in females.² Therefore, forty male COPD patients with FSP aged 60–90 years were included, and their general appearance, personal history, and family history were characterized. A shoulder posture was forward if the distance from the anterior tip of the acromion process to the wall was longer than 2.54 cm or 1 inch.¹⁴^,¹⁷ Patients with acute exacerbation, neurological, or cardiovascular problems were excluded from the study.

The sample size was calculated from a study by Gaude et al. (2014) by using the G-power program (version 3.1.9.2, RRID:SCR_013726).¹⁸ ANOVA with repeated measures was employed to determine interactions within the group (i.e., duration of intervention: baseline, week four and week eight) and interactions between groups (i.e., control vs exercise), which were used to calculate a statistical power of 0.8, α error probability of 0.05, and effect size of 0.38. The sample size from the calculation was 16 participants per group. However, assuming that 20% would drop out equally, four additional participants were added per group. Therefore, two groups with 20 participants in each were conducted in the present study.

Procedures

A flowchart of the process used in this study is provided in Figure Supplementary 1. Initially, 52 COPD (stage 1–4) patients were assessed for eligibility. Twelve volunteers were excluded from the study as they either declined to participate (n=1) or did not meet the inclusion criteria (n=11). The remaining 40 participants were randomly allocated into two groups: a control and an exercise group, with 20 participants in each. Two participants in the control group were excluded during the eight weeks as they exacerbated their COPD condition. In the exercise group, four participants were excluded in the fourth week due to COPD exacerbation (n=1) or discontinuation of their exercise intervention (n=3). However, the analysis of intention to treat with the last observation carried forward (LOCF) method was still conducted for them in this study. Theoretically, LOCF replaces missing outcomes with the last observed outcome. The intra-rater reliability of the tester was examined for all parameters. Each testing procedure was performed by the same investigator. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC_3,1) was shown to lie between 0.960–0.997, which is considered a demonstration of an excellent level of reliability (p<0.01).

Measurements of outcomes

Assessment of the primary outcomes included measurement of the magnitude of FSP, the amplitude of chest mobility, respiratory muscle strength, and pulmonary functions. These parameters are the gold standard measurements and tools for assessment of respiratory muscle strength, and pulmonary functions according to American Thoracic Society (ATS) recommendation. In addition, the assessment of the secondary outcomes included measurement of these items: pectoralis minor length, degree of thoracic kyphosis, serratus anterior and lower trapezius muscle strength, symptoms and quality of life, respectively. Baseline measurements were performed at the start of the study and were tested after four weeks and after eight weeks of the training program.

Primary outcome parameters

Forward shoulder posture

The magnitude of FSP was assessed using the vernier height gauge (Mitutoyo 506-207, Japan) in the sitting position. Measurement of the distance from the wall to the anterior aspect of the participant’s acromion process indicated the magnitude of FSP in centimeters.¹⁹

Chest wall mobility

The amplitude of chest mobility was shown through the amplitude of the circumference of the thoracic wall during full expiration and inspiration. Three levels of chest wall circumference, upper, middle, and lower chest, were determined with apparent landmarks on the subjects’ skin.²⁰ A measuring tape was used to measure the level of chest expansion in centimeters.

Strength of respiratory muscles

Inspiratory and expiratory muscle strength was determined by the measurement of maximum voluntary inspiratory and expiratory pressures (MIP and MEP) in centimeters of water pressure (cmH₂O) using a respiratory pressure meter (Micro RPM, Micro Medical Ltd., Rochester, UK). The evaluation followed the protocol of the American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (ATS/ESR).⁸^,²¹ The measurement was performed for three to five maximal maneuvers within the range of 5–10% reproducibility and acceptability.²²

Pulmonary functions

According to the ATS/ESR guideline, spirometry was performed for a pulmonary function test in the sitting position. Volunteers were instructed to deeply inhale and forcefully exhale through a spirometer (Viasys Micro Lab 3500, UK) for a minimum of three maneuvers, but only eight repetitions. The acceptable repeatability of each maneuver followed the criteria of the ATS/ESR guideline.²³ The maximum values of forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume within 1 sec (FEV1), and FEV1/FVC were recorded in percent predicted.

Secondary outcome parameters

Pectoralis minor length

Left and right pectoralis minor lengths were measured using the vernier caliper (530-101 series, Mitutoyo, Japan) and the pectoralis minor index (PMI) was calculated. In a relaxed sitting position, markings were made on the inferior angle of the coracoid process and the fourth costosternal junction. On each side, the distance between these markers was measured in millimeters.²⁴

Degree of thoracic kyphosis

Postural thoracic kyphosis was evaluated using a flexible ruler. In the standing position, the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra and the twelfth thoracic vertebra were marked on the volunteer’s skin. At that point, the flexible ruler curved along the thoracic spines, and the thoracic angle was computed using the flexicurve method.⁹

Strength of scapulothoracic muscles

Serratus anterior and lower trapezius muscle strength tests were performed, as described by previous studies.⁵^,¹³ The resistance force from the maximum isometric contraction was measured by the hand-held dynamometer (Baseline electronic push/pull dynamometer, Model 12-0342, Ufam Decoration Co., LTD) and was normalized by the body weight (in kilograms).

Symptom of breathlessness

The breathlessness score was assessed using a rate from the modified British Medical Research Council (mMRC). This method evaluates the characteristics the breathlessness which are related to health status and mortality risk.²⁵ An mMRC score<2 is identified as small breathlessness and an mMRC score≥2 is a large breathlessness.

Quality of life

Quality of life was assessed using the COPD assessment test (CAT). All participants were evaluated by CAT for quality of life. It is well accepted to have a good correlation with COPD health status measured by St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ). The validity of the Thai CAT questionnaire was moderately correlated (r=0.652) with the quality of life questionnaire (SGRQ). The Thai CAT questionnaire has acceptable reliability and validity. It can be expected to serve as a short and simple tool for assessing the health status of Thai COPD patients.²⁶ The CAT has eight items including dyspnea, cough, sputum production, wheeze, systemic symptoms of fatigue, sleep disturbance, limitation in daily activities, social life, emotional health, and feeling control. CAT scores range from 0–40. A CAT score<10 is identified as having a low impact on health status, 11–20 is identified as a moderate impact on health status, 21–30 is identified as a high impact on health status, and >30 is identified as a very high impact to health status.²⁷

Scapulothoracic exercise interventions

Each participant received routine conventional medical treatment with the same physical therapy, including breathing control with the pursed-lip technique for both groups. For the control group, the participants received conventional treatment without conducting the exercise training program to reduce FSP throughout the eight weeks of the study. For the exercise group, the participants’ vital signs were measured before exercise and then during exercise, as shown in Figure Supplementary 2. The exercise protocol in this study was supervised and applied to all participants by the same investigator. The participants followed an exercise training program for reducing FSP that was modified from previous studies.²⁸^–³⁰ The exercise plan comprised pectoral muscles self-stretching at 90° and 120° of shoulder abduction with external rotation and serratus anterior and lower trapezius strengthening exercises. The exercises were done three days a week for eight weeks.

For the stretching exercise, the participants were positioned in a standing position behind a line. The participants actively stretched their pectoral muscles by moving their trunks in rotation to the opposite side, one at a time, for each side. This was done with five repetitions/set, one set/day, 60 seconds for holding, and a 30-second break between each stretch.³¹

For the lower trapezius strengthening, a scapular posterior tilting exercise was performed in a prone sitting position, as followed in the previous studies.²⁸^,³⁰^,³² Push-ups on stable table support were modified from a study by Kisner and Colby in 2013 for strengthening the serratus anterior.²⁸

Statistical analysis

Intention-to-treat analysis with the LOCF method was performed in this study. The results were expressed as mean±SE and were analyzed by the IBM SPSS program version 25 (SCR_002865). An unpaired t-test was used to test the characteristics of the participants at baseline. A two-way ANOVA was used for comparison of the main effects of all parameters between baseline, week four, and week eight of the exercise training. The level of significance of the statistical tests was set at p<0.05.

Results

Demographic data of COPD patients at baseline and patient characteristics

The demographic data of COPD participants in the control and exercise group are shown in Table 1. There was no significant difference in any of the characteristics of the subjects, which were age, body mass index (BMI), weight, height, number of participants in each stage of COPD, CAT for quality of life, and mMRC for breathlessness score (p>0.05). The baseline characteristics of all participants in the control and exercise groups are shown in Table 1. There were no significant differences in the baseline data between the control and the exercise groups, which reflects the success of the randomization in creating the intervention and control groups with similar baseline characteristics. The interaction between time and intervention was significantly shown in the magnitude of FSP, MIP, and MEP (p<0.05).

Table 1. Demographic data and baseline characteristics of participants (mean±SE).

Characteristics		Control (n=20)	Exercise (n=20)	p value
Age (years)		71.10±1.02	70.80±1.00	0.83
Body mass index; BMI (kg/m²)		21.84±0.60	22.22±0.66	0.68
Weight (kg)		59.39±1.80	58.38±1.80	0.69
Height (cm)		164.90±1.31	162.25±1.69	0.22
Duration of disease (years)		9±1.71	8±0.79	0.59
Duration of disease (min–max; years)		1–31	1–15	0.59
Smoking (pack/year)		28.78±4.05	25.75±3.79	0.58
COPD stage^a (n)
I		1	3
II		13	12	0.71
III		4	4
IV		2	1
CAT^a				0.70
- Low impact (< 10 point)		17	15
- Moderate impact (10–20 points)		3	5
- High impact (21–30 points)		0	0
- Very high impact (> 30 points)		0	0
mMRC^a
- Low impact (<2 points)		14	11
- High impact (≥2 points)		6	9	0.51
Forward shoulder posture; FSP (cm)	Dominant	7.6±0.24	7.3±0.35	0.52
	Non-dominant	7.0±0.27	6.7±0.27	0.47
Pectoralis minor index; PMI	Dominant	9.61±0.13	9.62±0.14	0.99
	Non-dominant	9.93±0.13	9.78±0.12	0.40
Muscle strength test
Force of lower trapezius (N/kgbw)	Dominant	1.64±0.99	1.74±0.10	0.48
Force of serratus anterior (N/kgbw)		3.66±0.2	3.45±0.2	0.49
Force of lower trapezius (N/kgbw)	Non-dominant	1.46±0.11	1.58±0.08	0.40
Force of serratus anterior (N/kgbw)		3.36±0.18	3.16±0.17	0.41
Thoracic kyphosis (degree)		39.93±2.16	40.57±1.97	0.83
Chest expansion
- Upper part (cm)		3.2±0.15	3.4±0.15	0.45
- Middle part (cm)		3.6±0.17	3.9±0.17	0.29
- Lower part (cm)		4.7±0.27	4.7±0.28	0.90
Respiratory muscle strength
- MIP (cmH₂O)		70.40±3.72	65.80±2.24	0.30
- MEP (cmH₂O)		95.10±5.23	90.30±4.35	0.49
Pulmonary function test
- FVC (%predicted)		74.05±4.29	81.30±3.27	0.19
- FEV1 (%predicted)		56.85±3.72	59.05±4.32	0.70
- FEV1/FVC (%predicted)		73.15±3.78	68.80±4.38	0.46

a Fisher’s exact test.

Effects of eight-week scapulothoracic exercises on FSP, PMI, lower trapezius and serratus anterior muscle strength, and thoracic kyphosis

The key results of the side measurements of the structural changes for FSP, PMI, thoracic kyphosis, and strength of lower trapezius and serratus anterior muscles are shown in Figures 1 and 2. Regarding the changes in FSP within each group (Figure 1A), the control group showed a significantly increased FSP at week eight when compared to baseline, whereas the exercise group had a reduction in FSP at both weeks four and eight when compared to baseline (p<0.001, p<0.001, respectively) and compared to the control (p<0.01, p<0.001, respectively). These results show that FSP gradually increased with time in COPD patients without exercise, whereas performing the eight-week exercise training could ease FSP in COPD patients from week four to week eight of performing the exercise training.

Figure 1. Comparison of the degree of forward shoulder posture (A), pectoralis minor index (B), and thoracic kyphosis (C) between the control group and exercise group at baseline, and at four and eight weeks of the study period.

†††p<0.001 compared to baseline, *p<0.05 compared to control, **p<0.01 compared to control, ***p<0.001 compared to control. cm=centimeters.

Figure 2. Comparison of the muscle force in the lower trapezius (A), and serratus anterior (B) between the control group and exercise group at baseline, and at four and eight weeks of the study period.

††p<0.01 compared to baseline, †††p<0.001 compared to baseline, ##p<0.01 compared between four weeks and eight weeks, *p<0.05 compared to control, **p<0.01 compared to control. N/kgbw=newtons per kilogram of body weight.

As shown in Figure 1B, there were no changes in PMI within the control group. However, the exercise group showed significantly improved PMI when compared to their baseline at week four (p<0.001) and week eight (p<0.001) of the training. There was also an incremental increase of PMI at week eight (p=0.008) when compared to the control.

Regarding thoracic kyphosis (Figure 1C), the exercise group displayed a significantly reduced degree of thoracic kyphosis at week four (p<0.001) and week eight (p<0.001) when compared to baseline. These results demonstrate that the exercise program improved the alignment of the thoracic spine by improvement of the degree of thoracic kyphosis from week four to week eight of the exercise training.

The two major scapular stabilizer muscles, namely the lower trapezius and serratus anterior, were evaluated (Figure 2A and B). When compared to the baseline, the exercise group demonstrated a significantly increased amount of force generated by the lower trapezius and serratus anterior muscles at week four (p<0.001; p<0.001) and at week eight (p=0.003; p<0.001), whereas the force was not changed in the control group. Additionally, there was a marked increase in lower trapezius and serratus anterior muscle force observed at week eight of the training when compared with the control group (p=0.01; p=0.09).

These results show that reducing FSP by performing eight weeks of self-stretching the pectoral muscles and scapular muscle strengthening exercises, including the lower trapezius and serratus anterior, can improve the pectoralis minor muscle length. This is represented by PMI and the scapular muscle strength, especially in the lower trapezius and serratus anterior muscles.

Effects of eight-week scapulothoracic exercises on chest wall mobility

The three parts of the chest wall, including the upper, middle, and lower parts, were evaluated regarding chest mobility or expansion (Figure 3A–C). Compared to baseline, the exercise group showed significantly increased middle (p<0.001) and lower (p<0.001) chest expansion at week four and week eight of the training course. When compared to the control (p=0.039), the exercise group showed an incremental increase in middle chest expansion in weeks four and eight, whereas the lower chest showed improvement only at week eight. However, the upper chest expansion did not show any statistically significant change during the four to eight weeks of training exercises.

Figure 3. Comparison of upper (A), middle (B), and lower chest expansion (C) between the control group and exercise group at baseline, and at four and eight weeks of the study period.

†p<0.05 compared to baseline, ††p<0.01 compared to baseline, †††p<0.001 compared to baseline, *p<0.05 compared to control, **p<0.01 compared to control. cm=centimeters.

Effects of eight-week scapulothoracic exercises on respiratory muscle strength

The strength of the inspiratory and expiratory muscles was measured as the maximal inspiratory (MIP) and expiratory pressure (MEP), respectively (see Figure 4A and B). Compared to baseline, the exercise group showed a significantly increase in MIP and MEP at week four (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively) and week eight (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). When compared to the control, the MIP and MEP of the exercise group were significantly increased at week eight (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively) through the training exercises.

Figure 4. Comparison of maximal inspiratory pressure; MIP (A) and maximal expiratory pressure; MEP (B) between the control group and exercise group at baseline, and at four and eight weeks of the study period.

†††p<0.001 compared to baseline; *p<0.05 compared to control; ***p<0.001 compared to control. cmH₂O=centimeters of water.

Effects of eight-week scapulothoracic exercises on pulmonary functions

Regarding the pulmonary function test, the exercise group did not display a significant difference in the pulmonary function parameters: the %FVC predicted, %FEV₁ predicted, and %FEV₁/FVC when compared with baseline and with the control group, as shown in Table Supplementary 1.

Effects of eight-week scapulothoracic exercises for reducing FSP on mMRC, and CAT

Considering the mMRC and CAT score, breathlessness (mMRC) and quality of life of the participants with COPD (CAT) were not changed in the exercise group when compared within the group and with the control, as illustrated in Table Supplementary 2. These results imply that an eight-week exercise training program could not change the patients’ quality of life. However, the training program did not induce the severity of breathlessness in the older participants with COPD.

Discussion

This study evaluated the effects of an eight-week exercise regimen for reducing FSP on chest expansion, respiratory muscle strength, and pulmonary function in COPD patients. The results showed that performing an exercise training program that included stretching pectoral muscles and strengthening scapular muscles three days a week for eight weeks improved chest expansion and respiratory muscle strength.

In the exercise group, there was a significant reduction in the degree of FSP with an increase in PMI. Similarly, soft tissue mobilization and stretching of the pectoralis muscles could reduce FSP, which led to alleviation of scapular anterior tilting in the sagittal plane and scapular internal rotation in the transverse plane.²⁰ In addition, the viscoelastic effect of muscle stretching increases the range of motion, which is related to a reduction in the resistance to stretch and muscle stiffness, and an increase in muscle compliance.¹¹ Reducing tension in the stretched pectoral muscles allows them to lengthen and also decreases FSP.

To correct muscle imbalance, the strengthening exercises for the agonist's muscles are important to counteract muscle weakness related to FSP. The lower trapezius and serratus anterior are the primary agonist muscles to control posterior tilting and upward rotation of the scapular, which are necessary for the subacromial space expansion in FSP.³³ Therefore, activation of the lower trapezius and serratus anterior muscles is important for correcting muscle imbalance and re-establishing the normal plane of the scapula in COPD patients with FSP.

Our results showed a significant increase in the magnitude of lower trapezius and serratus anterior muscle force in the exercise group. Therefore, eight-week scapular strengthening exercises focusing on the lower trapezius and serratus anterior muscles after stretching the pectoral muscles could be applied as a potential method to increase the length of the pectoralis minor muscle and the strength of the scapular muscles. An increase in scapular stabilizing muscle strength could adjust the proprioception of shoulder joint and restore the scapular position to the normal scapula-humeral alignment, thus reducing FSP in COPD patients.³⁴ These findings are consistent with the eight-week exercise program, which is comprised of stretching the anterior shoulder muscles (i.e., pectoralis, levator scapulae, and sternocleidomastoid) and strengthening of the posterior shoulder muscles (i.e., middle trapezius, lower trapezius, and serratus anterior) that could decrease FSP in swimmers.³⁵

This study showed that the correction of the upper quadrant muscles in COPD patients improved, not only shoulder posture, but also the posture of the thoracic spine. These results are consistent with the findings of Kim et al.(2018) who reported that rehabilitation with resistive and stretching exercises could re-balance muscle force and restore muscle elasticity, thus reducing FSP and thoracic kyphosis angle.³⁶

Some recognize that poor posture with FSP limits respiratory function. Alteration of upper body alignment changes respiratory muscle length, especially the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, affecting its force-generating capacity.³⁷ The tightness of the pectoralis muscle resulting from FSP limits the mobility and compliance ability of the chest wall to create maximal lung capacity during inspiration.²³ COPD patients with FSP have a reduced ability to raise and expand the thorax, which limits their lung capacity.³² Regarding FSP reduction, pectoralis muscle stretching causes the pectoralis muscle fibers to lengthen, as shown by the increased PMI, and the compliance of the anterior chest wall is improved.

Our findings showed an improvement in chest wall mobility when compared with the control. The increment in chest mobility was shown in the middle section, which is the area of the pectoralis minor muscle. Reduction of FSP provides the approximation of the ribs to the pelvis, decreases intra-abdominal pressure, and allows the diaphragm to descend caudally.¹⁴ Presumably, the diaphragm can work more effectively to expand the lower chest and create maximum contraction force during respiration, as indicated in the increased lower chest mobility and respiratory muscle strength found in this study.

Considering the pulmonary function, the exercises for reducing FSP led to no significant improvement of the pulmonary functions, including FEV₁, FVC, and FEV₁/FVC. This indicates that correcting FSP does not alleviate the respiratory abnormalities in COPD patients. Our findings are consistent with a study by Wang (2015), in which no noticeable changes were found in the respiratory functions (i.e., FEV₁, FVC, and FEV₁/FVC) of COPD patients after posture was improved by stretching and mobilization of the thoracic cage.³⁸ The explanation for the non-improvement of the pulmonary function in the COPD participants was reported as being due to the advanced age, advanced thoracic kyphosis, and the longer duration of disease in the participants. In addition, smoking history is associated with the severity of airway inflammation in COPD patients. These factors result in structural deterioration, making it difficult to restore.

The prevention of aggravated symptoms was also found in this study as it was illustrated that there were no changes in the breathlessness score and quality of life in the exercise-trained COPD participants when compared to their control. Our findings are consistent with a study by McKeough (2016), in which no significant decrease in dyspnea in a patient with stable COPD was reported after upper training.³⁹ However, in a meta-analysis study, upper limb training was given in a shorter period of three to eight weeks and there was a significant decrease in dyspnea, suggesting that a short duration of upper limb training can reduce dyspnea in stable COPD patients.⁴⁰ Quality of life was assessed by CAT score and there were no changes in the exercise-trained COPD participants when compared to their control. Consequently, this study only shows that upper limb training improves or corrects shoulder posture in stable COPD but does not improve the quality of life in a patient with COPD.³⁹

The limitations of this study included the reduction in FSP found in this study resulting from the combination of a static self-stretching and strengthening exercise program. Firstly, differential analysis between pectoral stretching and scapular muscle strengthening exercises should be performed in future studies. Secondly, the findings of this study cannot be generalised to other situations or conditions, such as female patients or males with other pulmonary diseases, as the present study was only comprised of 60 to 90-year-old male COPD patients. Thirdly, the detraining effects after the eight-week exercise program could be observed in order to observe respiratory muscular adaptations. Finally, only a single-blind study was performed in the present research because of the limited number of investigators. To minimize bias, the blinding of all therapists and assessors should be considered in any future research.

Conclusions

Based on these findings, the eight-week regimen of pectoral stretching and scapular strengthening exercises could improve pectoral muscle tightness and scapular muscle strength i.e., lower trapezius and serratus anterior muscles, which can lead to significantly reduced FSP in male COPD patients. There was increased chest mobility and respiratory muscle strength following this exercise intervention. Thus, the results might provide perspectives for the improvement of the quality of life in male COPD patients.

Ethical approval

This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Nakhon Nayok Hospital (REC 10/2560) and the Nakhon Nayok Public Health Office (NPHO 2018-004) by the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki.

Informed consent

Data collection and the need for informed consent were approved by the Thai Clinical Trial Registry (registration number TCTR20180525001). Written informed consent was obtained from each of the participants.

Author contributions

Conceptualization, KT, SL; Data curation, KT, UC, SL; Formal Analysis, KT; Funding acquisition, KT, SL; Investigation, KT, UC, SL; Methodology, KT, UT; Visualization, KT, SL; Project administration, KT; Supervision, SL; Writing–original draft, KT, SL; Writing–review & editing, UC, SL, KT.

Submission statement

All authors have read and agree with manuscript content. The manuscript has not been published and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere.

Acknowledge Statement

The authors thank all the participants for their participation. We sincerely thank Ms. Apinyaluck Da-asa from the Nakhon Nayok Hospital, and Mrs. Hathaichanok Prateepchinda from the Ban Na Hospital for the management of patients in this study.

Data availability

Underlying data

Figshare: [Additional methods], https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.21312333.

The project contains the following underlying data:

- Methods

Extended data

Data repository name: [Supplementary data]. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.21312378.

This project contains the following extended data:

- Supplementary Table 1. Group comparison of pulmonary functions at baseline (week zero), week four, and week eight of the study period.
- Supplementary Table 2. COPD assessment test (CAT) and modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnea scale; comparison at baseline, and at four and eight weeks of the study period.
- Supplementary Figure 1. Flow diagram for the study.
- Supplementary Figure 2. Exercise intervention comprised of pectoral stretching and scapular stabilizer exercise. Pectoralis major (clavicular part) and pectoralis minor stretching exercise: (A and B) starting position, (C and D) stretch at the end range of motion. Scapular stabilizer exercises: (E) serratus anterior exercise push-up on table, scapular posterior tilt (SPT) exercise: (F) starting position (G) SPT in long arm. (H) Progression of strengthening exercise protocol was modified from ACSM’s prescription.
- Questionnaire: appendix form.

Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero “No rights reserved” data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication).

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Version 2

VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 10 Nov 2022

Author details Author details

Usa Chinwaro
Roles: Data Curation, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing

Sarawut Lapmanee
Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

Competing interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information

This study was funded by the Srinakharinwirot University research grant (Grant No.035/2562 to KT) and Faculty of Medicine, Siam University for Publication Support Grants (to SL).

The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Article Versions (2)

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Published: 20 Aug 2024, 11:1284

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.126832.2

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Published: 10 Nov 2022, 11:1284

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.126832.1

© 2022 Thongchote K et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Thongchote K, Chinwaro U and Lapmanee S. Effects of scapulothoracic exercises on chest mobility, respiratory muscle strength, and pulmonary function in male COPD patients with forward shoulder posture: a randomized control trial [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2022, 11:1284 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.126832.1)

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Reviewer Report 29 Feb 2024

Sonia Pawaria, Faculty of Physiotherapy, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, India

Approved

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.139281.r243958

The randomized controlled trial examined the effects of scapulothoracic exercises on male COPD patients with forward shoulder posture. Through a comprehensive assessment, including measures of chest mobility, respiratory muscle strength, and pulmonary function, the study aimed to elucidate the potential benefits of targeted interventions. Participants underwent a structured exercise regimen focusing on scapulothoracic region mobility and strength. The results revealed significant improvements in chest mobility, indicating enhanced thoracic expansion. Additionally, there were notable enhancements in respiratory muscle strength, suggesting improved respiratory efficiency. Pulmonary function assessments demonstrated favourable changes, with notable increases in vital capacity and forced expiratory volume. These findings underscore the potential of scapulothoracic exercises as an adjunct therapy for COPD patients with forward shoulder posture, offering a promising avenue for optimizing respiratory health and functional outcomes. However, further research is warranted to explore the long-term effects and optimal dosage of such interventions. I would like to acknowledge the commendable effort undertaken by the researchers in investigating posture correction strategies in COPD. Currently, pulmonary rehabilitation predominantly emphasises breathing retraining, making this exploration particularly significant.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Women Health, Renal Rehabilitation

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

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Reviewer Report 27 Mar 2023

Pattanasin Areeudomwong, Department of Physical Therapy, School of Integrative Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand

Approved with Reservations

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.139281.r166096

This study looked at the effects of scapulothoracic muscle stretching and strengthening exercises on COPD outcome outcomes. Although the major sources of chest wall problems, such as barrel chest shape, which commonly occurs in COPD patients, are not addressed directly in this work, it is interesting to apply simple interventions to address the consequences of COPD in terms of scapulothoracic muscle imbalance. My suggestions for improving this manuscript are as follows:

Title:

"A randomized control trial" should be "a randomized controlled trial" in title of the study. Please double-check the manuscript for spelling, typos, and grammatical errors.

Abstract:

When compared to the control group, it is unclear which intervention improves outcome measures. Please explain such intervention in the results section.

Introduction:

In COPD patients, lung hyperinflation reduces chest wall mobility and causes poor posture, such as rounded shoulders and scapulothoracic muscle imbalance. Because the main problems of chest wall rigidity, respiratory muscle weakness, and lung hyperinflation are not solved by the interventions in this study, pectoral muscle stretching and lower trapezius and serratus anterior muscle strengthening exercises may temporarily improve such COPD problems. As a result, as I mentioned in the introduction section, the authors should provide possible mechanisms of used interventions for improving outcomes.
Please explain the study's gap and why it is important to examine current interventions in older COPD patients at various stages of COPD.

Methods

For the study, researchers enrolled COPD patients in stages 1-4. Do the various stages of COPD affect patients' exercise performance and tiredness?
Are COPD patients with musculoskeletal problems, such as pain and shoulder joint stiffness, excluded from the study?
What parameter is used to estimate an effect size of 0.38?
How many times does the assessor measure each outcome?
Please double-check whether the paper cited at number 9 in the list proposes a method of measuring thoracic kyphosis.
On Page 5, I do not believe that breathing control with pursed lips is merely a routine conventional medical and physiotherapy treatment for COPD.
Please rewrite pectoral muscle stretching. Is each arm fixed for the purpose of stretching?
Why don't the researchers use two-way repeated measures ANOVA instead of two-way ANOVA for the three outcome measurement periods?

Results:

Page 7: What are "the key results of the side measurements..."?
Because the figures show both within- and between-group findings, "within-group comparison" should be indicated in all figure captions.

Discussion:

Please provide additional reasons why improvements in rounded shoulders, respiratory muscle strength, and scapulothoracic muscle flexibility and strength in COPD patients do not correlate with unchangeable lung function, dyspnea, and quality of life.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Partly
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Partly
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

No
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: Exercise therapy, Manual therapy, Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above.

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Author Response 20 Aug 2024

Sarawut Lapmanee, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Siam University, Bangkok, 10160, Thailand

20 Aug 2024

Author Response

Title:
- "A randomized control trial" should be "a randomized controlled trial" in title of the study. Please double-check the manuscript for spelling, typos, and grammatical errors.
Thank ... Continue reading Title:
- "A randomized control trial" should be "a randomized controlled trial" in title of the study. Please double-check the manuscript for spelling, typos, and grammatical errors.
Thank you for your suggestion. We have already used "a randomized controlled trial" in the title of the study. Additionally, we have double-checked the manuscript for spelling, typos, and grammatical errors.

Abstract:
- When compared to the control group, it is unclear which intervention improves outcome measures. Please explain such intervention in the results section.
We have made the correction as per your suggestion by adding "In the COPD group with combined pectoral muscles self-stretching and scapular strengthening exercise" at the beginning of the results section of the abstract.

Introduction:
- In COPD patients, lung hyperinflation reduces chest wall mobility and causes poor posture, such as rounded shoulders and scapulothoracic muscle imbalance. Because the main problems of chest wall rigidity, respiratory muscle weakness, and lung hyperinflation are not solved by the interventions in this study, pectoral muscle stretching and lower trapezius and serratus anterior muscle strengthening exercises may temporarily improve such COPD problems. As a result, as I mentioned in the introduction section, the authors should provide possible mechanisms of used interventions for improving outcomes.
Improvements in rounded shoulders, respiratory muscle strength, and scapulothoracic muscle flexibility and strength in COPD patients are important for managing the disease but do not necessarily correlate with changes in lung hyperinflation, lung function, dyspnea (shortness of breath), and quality of life. Several reasons and possible mechanisms of used interventions for improving outcomes due to nature of COPD.
1. Irreversible Lung: Damage COPD involves chronic and irreversible damage to the lung tissues and airways. While muscle exercises can improve the mechanics of breathing, they cannot reverse the structural damage or inflammation within the lungs.
2. Fixed Airway Obstruction: The primary issue in COPD is the persistent airflow limitation caused by airway narrowing and destruction of alveoli. This limitation cannot be significantly altered by improving muscle strength and flexibility.
3. Hyperinflation: During physical exertion, COPD patients often experience dynamic hyperinflation, where trapped air in the lungs increases, further reducing the efficiency of breathing. This condition is not directly affected by improvements in muscle strength or posture.
4. Secondary Gains: While improvements in muscle strength and chest wall mobility do not directly change barrel chest shape, lung hyperinflation, they can lead to better management of symptoms, enhanced exercise tolerance, and potentially slower progression of disability. These benefits, while significant, may not be immediately reflected in traditional measures of lung function or quality of life scales.
In summary, while scapulothoracic muscle balance exercises offer significant benefits in terms of posture, muscle strength, and flexibility, they do not directly address the primary pathological changes in COPD that drive lung hyperinflation, lung function decline, dyspnea, and overall quality of life. However, they play a crucial role in the comprehensive management of the disease, contributing to better symptom management and functional ability.

- Please explain the study's gap and why it is important to examine current interventions in older COPD patients at various stages of COPD.
The primary gap identified in the study is the lack of research focusing on the effects of pectoral stretching and scapular stabilizer strengthening exercises on forward shoulder posture (FSP) and associated respiratory impairments specifically in older patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Previous studies have demonstrated the benefits of these exercises in healthy individuals, but there is limited evidence regarding their impact on COPD patients, particularly across different severities of the disease.
Importance of examining interventions across all severity of COPD
1. Variable impact of COPD: COPD affects individuals differently depending on the severity of the disease. Patients with mild COPD might have different rehabilitation needs compared to those with severe COPD. Understanding how these exercises benefit patients across the entire spectrum of disease severity is crucial for developing tailored treatment plans.
2. Personalized rehabilitation programs: By examining the effects of these exercises in patients with varying COPD severities, clinicians can better personalize rehabilitation programs. This ensures that each patient receives the most appropriate and effective interventions for their specific condition.
3. Comprehensive care: COPD is a progressive disease, and interventions effective at one stage might not be as effective at another. Investigating the benefits of pectoral stretching and scapular strengthening exercises across all severity levels can provide insights into the most effective timing and intensity of these interventions.
4. Maximizing clinical outcomes: Effective management of COPD requires strategies that can address the wide range of symptoms and complications associated with the disease. By understanding how these exercises impact respiratory function, chest mobility, and muscle strength at different stages, healthcare providers can maximize clinical outcomes.
5. Informed decision-making: Robust evidence on the efficacy of these exercises across all severities of COPD will aid clinicians in making informed decisions about incorporating these exercises into routine care. This can lead to more consistent and evidence-based practices in the management of COPD.
6. Preventative and therapeutic benefits: Identifying the benefits of these exercises in both early and advanced stages of COPD can help in formulating preventative strategies as well as therapeutic interventions. Early intervention might slow disease progression, while continued exercise in later stages can help maintain function and reduce complications.
Therefore, addressing the study gap by investigating the effects of pectoral stretching and scapular strengthening exercises in older COPD patients across all severities of the disease is crucial. It will help develop comprehensive, evidence-based rehabilitation strategies that improve respiratory function, reduce FSP for COPD patients at every stage of their condition.

Methods:
- For the study, researchers enrolled COPD patients in stages 1-4. Do the various stages of COPD affect patients' exercise performance and tiredness?
No, the various stages of COPD did not affect patients' exercise performance and tiredness in this study because we adjusted the exercise protocol, modified from ACSM 2014, for each patient based on their tolerance. We also controlled the Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) to not exceed 4/10.
- Are COPD patients with musculoskeletal problems, such as pain and shoulder joint stiffness, excluded from the study?
No, COPD patients with musculoskeletal problems were not excluded from this study, even though musculoskeletal pain and shoulder joint stiffness were listed in the exclusion criteria.
- What parameter is used to estimate an effect size of 0.38?
We used an effect size of 0.38 derived from a randomized trial over 12 weeks by Ghanbari A et al. (2008) from maximal inspiratory pressure (PImax) as a parameter for sample size calculations.
- How many times does the assessor measure each outcome?
Assessment of the outcomes was performed three times. Baseline measurements were performed at the start of the study and were tested after four weeks and after eight weeks of the training program.
- Please double-check whether the paper cited at number 9 in the list proposes a method of measuring thoracic kyphosis.
Thank you for your feedback. We would like to clarify that reference number 9 ((Borstad and Ludewig, 2005) correctly addresses the position of FSP and is not cited for measuring thoracic kyphosis.
- On Page 5, I do not believe that breathing control with pursed lips is merely a routine conventional medical and physiotherapy treatment for COPD.
Conventional physical therapy treatment for the control group consisted of pursed-lip breathing exercises, education on relaxation techniques, and training in coughing and huffing.
- Please rewrite pectoral muscle stretching. Is each arm fixed for the purpose of stretching?
Pectoral muscles self-stretching exercise
1.1 Stretching pectoralis major muscle (clavicular part) and pectoralis minor muscle
- The participants were positioned in a standing position behind white line, with 90º shoulder abduction and 90º elbow flexion at corner as shown in Figure 1 (A)
- The participants actively stretch pectoral muscle by moving trunk rotation to the opposite side as shown in Figure 1 (B)
- Sustain a stretching for 60 seconds the end range of motion without pain. Fully breathe in and out with pursed lip. Then, return to starting position.
- Stretching exercise will be performed 5 times/set, 1 set/day, 3 days/week, for 8 weeks
1.2 Stretching pectoralis major muscle (sternal costal part)
- The participant will be positioned in a standing position behind yellow line, with 120º shoulder abduction and elbow flexion at the corner as shown in Figure 2 (A)
- The participants actively stretch pectoral muscle by moving trunk rotation to the opposite side as shown in Figure 2 (B).
- Sustain a stretching for 60 seconds the end range of motion without pain. Fully breathe in and out with pursed lip. Then, return to staring position.
- Stretching exercise will be performed 10 times/set, 1 set/day, 3 days/week, for 8 weeks
- Why don't the researchers use two-way repeated measures ANOVA instead of two-way ANOVA for the three outcome measurement periods?
We have revised our analysis to use two-way repeated measures ANOVA for the three outcome measurement periods, as recommended.

Results:
- Page 7: What are "the key results of the side measurements..."?
Because the figures show both within- and between-group findings, "within-group comparison" should be indicated in all figure captions.

Discussion:
- Please provide additional reasons why improvements in rounded shoulders, respiratory muscle strength, and scapulothoracic muscle flexibility and strength in COPD patients do not correlate with unchangeable lung function, dyspnea, and quality of life.
Improvements in rounded shoulders, respiratory muscle strength, and scapulothoracic muscle flexibility and strength in COPD patients may not correlate with unchangeable lung function, dyspnea, and quality of life for several reasons:
1. Disease Pathophysiology: COPD is primarily characterized by irreversible airflow limitation due to chronic inflammation, alveolar destruction, and airway remodeling. While exercises can improve muscle strength and posture, they do not directly address the underlying structural damage to the lungs.
2. Nature of Lung Function Tests: Pulmonary function tests, such as FEV1 (Forced Expiratory Volume in one second) and FVC (Forced Vital Capacity), primarily measure the mechanical aspects of lung function, which are less likely to be influenced by changes in muscle strength or posture. These tests reflect the extent of airway obstruction and lung damage rather than the efficiency of respiratory muscles.
3. Dyspnea and Quality of Life Factors: Dyspnea (shortness of breath) and quality of life in COPD patients are influenced by a complex interplay of factors, including psychological aspects, overall physical conditioning, comorbidities, and the extent of lung damage. While improved muscle strength and posture can alleviate some symptoms, they may not be sufficient to significantly alter the overall perception of breathlessness and life quality.
4. Compensatory Mechanisms: COPD patients often develop compensatory mechanisms to cope with their condition, such as altered breathing patterns and muscle use. Improvements in muscle strength and posture might not be enough to overcome these established patterns and significantly change lung function or symptom perception.
5. Measurement Sensitivity: The tools used to measure lung function, dyspnea, and quality of life might not be sensitive enough to detect subtle changes resulting from exercise interventions. Improvements in muscle function and posture might contribute to better breathing mechanics and reduced symptoms, but these changes might not be captured by standard clinical assessments.
6. Multifactorial Nature of COPD: COPD affects multiple systems in the body, including the cardiovascular and muscular systems. While targeted exercises can improve specific aspects of physical function, comprehensive management involving medication, nutrition, and other interventions is necessary to achieve significant improvements in overall lung function, dyspnea, and quality of life.
Therefore, while targeted exercises can lead to significant improvements in posture, muscle strength, and flexibility, the multifactorial and chronic nature of COPD means that these changes may not directly translate to improvements in lung function, dyspnea, and quality of life, which are influenced by a broader range of factors.
References
1. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). (2023). Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (2023 Report). Retrieved from GOLD Website.
2. Dodd, J. E., Horne, J. M., & McKeon, C. (2020). “The effectiveness of exercise training in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review.” Respiratory Medicine, 166, 105951. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2020.105951.
3. Janssens, W., et al. (2019). "The Impact of COPD on Quality of Life: The Role of Clinical and Psychological Factors." Chest, 155(5), 947-955. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2018.12.023.
4. Dixon, A. E., & Holguin, F. (2020). "The importance of the musculoskeletal system in COPD: Why this matters." Thorax, 75(8), 649-651. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2019-214911.
5. O'Donnell, D. E., et al. (2019). "The effect of respiratory muscle training on dyspnea and quality of life in patients with COPD." Chest, 155(5), 1147-1156. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2019.01.014.
6. Gosselink, R., et al. (2021). "Exercise training in patients with COPD: A review of the evidence." International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 16, 2231-2242. doi:10.2147/COPD.S307680.
7. Bourbeau, J., & Julien, D. (2021). "Impact of COPD on patient’s quality of life." European Respiratory Review, 30(162), 210045. doi:10.1183/16000617.0045-2021.
8. Brady, S. L., et al. (2019). "Effect of pulmonary rehabilitation on health-related quality of life in COPD: A systematic review and meta-analysis." Respiratory Care, 64(10), 1296-1305. doi:10.4187/respcare.06839.
9. Koulouris, N. G., & Makris, D. (2018). "The role of respiratory muscle strength in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease." Breathe, 14(1), e24-e32. doi:10.1183/20734735.001418.
10. Palange, P., et al. (2020). "Multidisciplinary approach to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Role of exercise training." Respiration, 99(7), 568-576. doi:10.1159/000504163.
Title:
- "A randomized control trial" should be "a randomized controlled trial" in title of the study. Please double-check the manuscript for spelling, typos, and grammatical errors.
Thank you for your suggestion. We have already used "a randomized controlled trial" in the title of the study. Additionally, we have double-checked the manuscript for spelling, typos, and grammatical errors.

Abstract:
- When compared to the control group, it is unclear which intervention improves outcome measures. Please explain such intervention in the results section.
We have made the correction as per your suggestion by adding "In the COPD group with combined pectoral muscles self-stretching and scapular strengthening exercise" at the beginning of the results section of the abstract.

Introduction:
- In COPD patients, lung hyperinflation reduces chest wall mobility and causes poor posture, such as rounded shoulders and scapulothoracic muscle imbalance. Because the main problems of chest wall rigidity, respiratory muscle weakness, and lung hyperinflation are not solved by the interventions in this study, pectoral muscle stretching and lower trapezius and serratus anterior muscle strengthening exercises may temporarily improve such COPD problems. As a result, as I mentioned in the introduction section, the authors should provide possible mechanisms of used interventions for improving outcomes.
Improvements in rounded shoulders, respiratory muscle strength, and scapulothoracic muscle flexibility and strength in COPD patients are important for managing the disease but do not necessarily correlate with changes in lung hyperinflation, lung function, dyspnea (shortness of breath), and quality of life. Several reasons and possible mechanisms of used interventions for improving outcomes due to nature of COPD.
1. Irreversible Lung: Damage COPD involves chronic and irreversible damage to the lung tissues and airways. While muscle exercises can improve the mechanics of breathing, they cannot reverse the structural damage or inflammation within the lungs.
2. Fixed Airway Obstruction: The primary issue in COPD is the persistent airflow limitation caused by airway narrowing and destruction of alveoli. This limitation cannot be significantly altered by improving muscle strength and flexibility.
3. Hyperinflation: During physical exertion, COPD patients often experience dynamic hyperinflation, where trapped air in the lungs increases, further reducing the efficiency of breathing. This condition is not directly affected by improvements in muscle strength or posture.
4. Secondary Gains: While improvements in muscle strength and chest wall mobility do not directly change barrel chest shape, lung hyperinflation, they can lead to better management of symptoms, enhanced exercise tolerance, and potentially slower progression of disability. These benefits, while significant, may not be immediately reflected in traditional measures of lung function or quality of life scales.
In summary, while scapulothoracic muscle balance exercises offer significant benefits in terms of posture, muscle strength, and flexibility, they do not directly address the primary pathological changes in COPD that drive lung hyperinflation, lung function decline, dyspnea, and overall quality of life. However, they play a crucial role in the comprehensive management of the disease, contributing to better symptom management and functional ability.

- Please explain the study's gap and why it is important to examine current interventions in older COPD patients at various stages of COPD.
The primary gap identified in the study is the lack of research focusing on the effects of pectoral stretching and scapular stabilizer strengthening exercises on forward shoulder posture (FSP) and associated respiratory impairments specifically in older patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Previous studies have demonstrated the benefits of these exercises in healthy individuals, but there is limited evidence regarding their impact on COPD patients, particularly across different severities of the disease.
Importance of examining interventions across all severity of COPD
1. Variable impact of COPD: COPD affects individuals differently depending on the severity of the disease. Patients with mild COPD might have different rehabilitation needs compared to those with severe COPD. Understanding how these exercises benefit patients across the entire spectrum of disease severity is crucial for developing tailored treatment plans.
2. Personalized rehabilitation programs: By examining the effects of these exercises in patients with varying COPD severities, clinicians can better personalize rehabilitation programs. This ensures that each patient receives the most appropriate and effective interventions for their specific condition.
3. Comprehensive care: COPD is a progressive disease, and interventions effective at one stage might not be as effective at another. Investigating the benefits of pectoral stretching and scapular strengthening exercises across all severity levels can provide insights into the most effective timing and intensity of these interventions.
4. Maximizing clinical outcomes: Effective management of COPD requires strategies that can address the wide range of symptoms and complications associated with the disease. By understanding how these exercises impact respiratory function, chest mobility, and muscle strength at different stages, healthcare providers can maximize clinical outcomes.
5. Informed decision-making: Robust evidence on the efficacy of these exercises across all severities of COPD will aid clinicians in making informed decisions about incorporating these exercises into routine care. This can lead to more consistent and evidence-based practices in the management of COPD.
6. Preventative and therapeutic benefits: Identifying the benefits of these exercises in both early and advanced stages of COPD can help in formulating preventative strategies as well as therapeutic interventions. Early intervention might slow disease progression, while continued exercise in later stages can help maintain function and reduce complications.
Therefore, addressing the study gap by investigating the effects of pectoral stretching and scapular strengthening exercises in older COPD patients across all severities of the disease is crucial. It will help develop comprehensive, evidence-based rehabilitation strategies that improve respiratory function, reduce FSP for COPD patients at every stage of their condition.

Methods:
- For the study, researchers enrolled COPD patients in stages 1-4. Do the various stages of COPD affect patients' exercise performance and tiredness?
No, the various stages of COPD did not affect patients' exercise performance and tiredness in this study because we adjusted the exercise protocol, modified from ACSM 2014, for each patient based on their tolerance. We also controlled the Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) to not exceed 4/10.
- Are COPD patients with musculoskeletal problems, such as pain and shoulder joint stiffness, excluded from the study?
No, COPD patients with musculoskeletal problems were not excluded from this study, even though musculoskeletal pain and shoulder joint stiffness were listed in the exclusion criteria.
- What parameter is used to estimate an effect size of 0.38?
We used an effect size of 0.38 derived from a randomized trial over 12 weeks by Ghanbari A et al. (2008) from maximal inspiratory pressure (PImax) as a parameter for sample size calculations.
- How many times does the assessor measure each outcome?
Assessment of the outcomes was performed three times. Baseline measurements were performed at the start of the study and were tested after four weeks and after eight weeks of the training program.
- Please double-check whether the paper cited at number 9 in the list proposes a method of measuring thoracic kyphosis.
Thank you for your feedback. We would like to clarify that reference number 9 ((Borstad and Ludewig, 2005) correctly addresses the position of FSP and is not cited for measuring thoracic kyphosis.
- On Page 5, I do not believe that breathing control with pursed lips is merely a routine conventional medical and physiotherapy treatment for COPD.
Conventional physical therapy treatment for the control group consisted of pursed-lip breathing exercises, education on relaxation techniques, and training in coughing and huffing.
- Please rewrite pectoral muscle stretching. Is each arm fixed for the purpose of stretching?
Pectoral muscles self-stretching exercise
1.1 Stretching pectoralis major muscle (clavicular part) and pectoralis minor muscle
- The participants were positioned in a standing position behind white line, with 90º shoulder abduction and 90º elbow flexion at corner as shown in Figure 1 (A)
- The participants actively stretch pectoral muscle by moving trunk rotation to the opposite side as shown in Figure 1 (B)
- Sustain a stretching for 60 seconds the end range of motion without pain. Fully breathe in and out with pursed lip. Then, return to starting position.
- Stretching exercise will be performed 5 times/set, 1 set/day, 3 days/week, for 8 weeks
1.2 Stretching pectoralis major muscle (sternal costal part)
- The participant will be positioned in a standing position behind yellow line, with 120º shoulder abduction and elbow flexion at the corner as shown in Figure 2 (A)
- The participants actively stretch pectoral muscle by moving trunk rotation to the opposite side as shown in Figure 2 (B).
- Sustain a stretching for 60 seconds the end range of motion without pain. Fully breathe in and out with pursed lip. Then, return to staring position.
- Stretching exercise will be performed 10 times/set, 1 set/day, 3 days/week, for 8 weeks
- Why don't the researchers use two-way repeated measures ANOVA instead of two-way ANOVA for the three outcome measurement periods?
We have revised our analysis to use two-way repeated measures ANOVA for the three outcome measurement periods, as recommended.

Results:
- Page 7: What are "the key results of the side measurements..."?
Because the figures show both within- and between-group findings, "within-group comparison" should be indicated in all figure captions.

Discussion:
- Please provide additional reasons why improvements in rounded shoulders, respiratory muscle strength, and scapulothoracic muscle flexibility and strength in COPD patients do not correlate with unchangeable lung function, dyspnea, and quality of life.
Improvements in rounded shoulders, respiratory muscle strength, and scapulothoracic muscle flexibility and strength in COPD patients may not correlate with unchangeable lung function, dyspnea, and quality of life for several reasons:
1. Disease Pathophysiology: COPD is primarily characterized by irreversible airflow limitation due to chronic inflammation, alveolar destruction, and airway remodeling. While exercises can improve muscle strength and posture, they do not directly address the underlying structural damage to the lungs.
2. Nature of Lung Function Tests: Pulmonary function tests, such as FEV1 (Forced Expiratory Volume in one second) and FVC (Forced Vital Capacity), primarily measure the mechanical aspects of lung function, which are less likely to be influenced by changes in muscle strength or posture. These tests reflect the extent of airway obstruction and lung damage rather than the efficiency of respiratory muscles.
3. Dyspnea and Quality of Life Factors: Dyspnea (shortness of breath) and quality of life in COPD patients are influenced by a complex interplay of factors, including psychological aspects, overall physical conditioning, comorbidities, and the extent of lung damage. While improved muscle strength and posture can alleviate some symptoms, they may not be sufficient to significantly alter the overall perception of breathlessness and life quality.
4. Compensatory Mechanisms: COPD patients often develop compensatory mechanisms to cope with their condition, such as altered breathing patterns and muscle use. Improvements in muscle strength and posture might not be enough to overcome these established patterns and significantly change lung function or symptom perception.
5. Measurement Sensitivity: The tools used to measure lung function, dyspnea, and quality of life might not be sensitive enough to detect subtle changes resulting from exercise interventions. Improvements in muscle function and posture might contribute to better breathing mechanics and reduced symptoms, but these changes might not be captured by standard clinical assessments.
6. Multifactorial Nature of COPD: COPD affects multiple systems in the body, including the cardiovascular and muscular systems. While targeted exercises can improve specific aspects of physical function, comprehensive management involving medication, nutrition, and other interventions is necessary to achieve significant improvements in overall lung function, dyspnea, and quality of life.
Therefore, while targeted exercises can lead to significant improvements in posture, muscle strength, and flexibility, the multifactorial and chronic nature of COPD means that these changes may not directly translate to improvements in lung function, dyspnea, and quality of life, which are influenced by a broader range of factors.
References
1. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). (2023). Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (2023 Report). Retrieved from GOLD Website.
2. Dodd, J. E., Horne, J. M., & McKeon, C. (2020). “The effectiveness of exercise training in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review.” Respiratory Medicine, 166, 105951. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2020.105951.
3. Janssens, W., et al. (2019). "The Impact of COPD on Quality of Life: The Role of Clinical and Psychological Factors." Chest, 155(5), 947-955. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2018.12.023.
4. Dixon, A. E., & Holguin, F. (2020). "The importance of the musculoskeletal system in COPD: Why this matters." Thorax, 75(8), 649-651. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2019-214911.
5. O'Donnell, D. E., et al. (2019). "The effect of respiratory muscle training on dyspnea and quality of life in patients with COPD." Chest, 155(5), 1147-1156. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2019.01.014.
6. Gosselink, R., et al. (2021). "Exercise training in patients with COPD: A review of the evidence." International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 16, 2231-2242. doi:10.2147/COPD.S307680.
7. Bourbeau, J., & Julien, D. (2021). "Impact of COPD on patient’s quality of life." European Respiratory Review, 30(162), 210045. doi:10.1183/16000617.0045-2021.
8. Brady, S. L., et al. (2019). "Effect of pulmonary rehabilitation on health-related quality of life in COPD: A systematic review and meta-analysis." Respiratory Care, 64(10), 1296-1305. doi:10.4187/respcare.06839.
9. Koulouris, N. G., & Makris, D. (2018). "The role of respiratory muscle strength in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease." Breathe, 14(1), e24-e32. doi:10.1183/20734735.001418.
10. Palange, P., et al. (2020). "Multidisciplinary approach to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Role of exercise training." Respiration, 99(7), 568-576. doi:10.1159/000504163.
Competing Interests: We would like to confirm that we have no competing interests that could be construed to influence our judgment of the article's or peer review report's validity or importance. Close
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Author Response 20 Aug 2024

Sarawut Lapmanee, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Siam University, Bangkok, 10160, Thailand

20 Aug 2024

Author Response

Title:
- "A randomized control trial" should be "a randomized controlled trial" in title of the study. Please double-check the manuscript for spelling, typos, and grammatical errors.
Thank ... Continue reading Title:
- "A randomized control trial" should be "a randomized controlled trial" in title of the study. Please double-check the manuscript for spelling, typos, and grammatical errors.
Thank you for your suggestion. We have already used "a randomized controlled trial" in the title of the study. Additionally, we have double-checked the manuscript for spelling, typos, and grammatical errors.

Abstract:
- When compared to the control group, it is unclear which intervention improves outcome measures. Please explain such intervention in the results section.
We have made the correction as per your suggestion by adding "In the COPD group with combined pectoral muscles self-stretching and scapular strengthening exercise" at the beginning of the results section of the abstract.

Introduction:
- In COPD patients, lung hyperinflation reduces chest wall mobility and causes poor posture, such as rounded shoulders and scapulothoracic muscle imbalance. Because the main problems of chest wall rigidity, respiratory muscle weakness, and lung hyperinflation are not solved by the interventions in this study, pectoral muscle stretching and lower trapezius and serratus anterior muscle strengthening exercises may temporarily improve such COPD problems. As a result, as I mentioned in the introduction section, the authors should provide possible mechanisms of used interventions for improving outcomes.
Improvements in rounded shoulders, respiratory muscle strength, and scapulothoracic muscle flexibility and strength in COPD patients are important for managing the disease but do not necessarily correlate with changes in lung hyperinflation, lung function, dyspnea (shortness of breath), and quality of life. Several reasons and possible mechanisms of used interventions for improving outcomes due to nature of COPD.
1. Irreversible Lung: Damage COPD involves chronic and irreversible damage to the lung tissues and airways. While muscle exercises can improve the mechanics of breathing, they cannot reverse the structural damage or inflammation within the lungs.
2. Fixed Airway Obstruction: The primary issue in COPD is the persistent airflow limitation caused by airway narrowing and destruction of alveoli. This limitation cannot be significantly altered by improving muscle strength and flexibility.
3. Hyperinflation: During physical exertion, COPD patients often experience dynamic hyperinflation, where trapped air in the lungs increases, further reducing the efficiency of breathing. This condition is not directly affected by improvements in muscle strength or posture.
4. Secondary Gains: While improvements in muscle strength and chest wall mobility do not directly change barrel chest shape, lung hyperinflation, they can lead to better management of symptoms, enhanced exercise tolerance, and potentially slower progression of disability. These benefits, while significant, may not be immediately reflected in traditional measures of lung function or quality of life scales.
In summary, while scapulothoracic muscle balance exercises offer significant benefits in terms of posture, muscle strength, and flexibility, they do not directly address the primary pathological changes in COPD that drive lung hyperinflation, lung function decline, dyspnea, and overall quality of life. However, they play a crucial role in the comprehensive management of the disease, contributing to better symptom management and functional ability.

- Please explain the study's gap and why it is important to examine current interventions in older COPD patients at various stages of COPD.
The primary gap identified in the study is the lack of research focusing on the effects of pectoral stretching and scapular stabilizer strengthening exercises on forward shoulder posture (FSP) and associated respiratory impairments specifically in older patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Previous studies have demonstrated the benefits of these exercises in healthy individuals, but there is limited evidence regarding their impact on COPD patients, particularly across different severities of the disease.
Importance of examining interventions across all severity of COPD
1. Variable impact of COPD: COPD affects individuals differently depending on the severity of the disease. Patients with mild COPD might have different rehabilitation needs compared to those with severe COPD. Understanding how these exercises benefit patients across the entire spectrum of disease severity is crucial for developing tailored treatment plans.
2. Personalized rehabilitation programs: By examining the effects of these exercises in patients with varying COPD severities, clinicians can better personalize rehabilitation programs. This ensures that each patient receives the most appropriate and effective interventions for their specific condition.
3. Comprehensive care: COPD is a progressive disease, and interventions effective at one stage might not be as effective at another. Investigating the benefits of pectoral stretching and scapular strengthening exercises across all severity levels can provide insights into the most effective timing and intensity of these interventions.
4. Maximizing clinical outcomes: Effective management of COPD requires strategies that can address the wide range of symptoms and complications associated with the disease. By understanding how these exercises impact respiratory function, chest mobility, and muscle strength at different stages, healthcare providers can maximize clinical outcomes.
5. Informed decision-making: Robust evidence on the efficacy of these exercises across all severities of COPD will aid clinicians in making informed decisions about incorporating these exercises into routine care. This can lead to more consistent and evidence-based practices in the management of COPD.
6. Preventative and therapeutic benefits: Identifying the benefits of these exercises in both early and advanced stages of COPD can help in formulating preventative strategies as well as therapeutic interventions. Early intervention might slow disease progression, while continued exercise in later stages can help maintain function and reduce complications.
Therefore, addressing the study gap by investigating the effects of pectoral stretching and scapular strengthening exercises in older COPD patients across all severities of the disease is crucial. It will help develop comprehensive, evidence-based rehabilitation strategies that improve respiratory function, reduce FSP for COPD patients at every stage of their condition.

Methods:
- For the study, researchers enrolled COPD patients in stages 1-4. Do the various stages of COPD affect patients' exercise performance and tiredness?
No, the various stages of COPD did not affect patients' exercise performance and tiredness in this study because we adjusted the exercise protocol, modified from ACSM 2014, for each patient based on their tolerance. We also controlled the Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) to not exceed 4/10.
- Are COPD patients with musculoskeletal problems, such as pain and shoulder joint stiffness, excluded from the study?
No, COPD patients with musculoskeletal problems were not excluded from this study, even though musculoskeletal pain and shoulder joint stiffness were listed in the exclusion criteria.
- What parameter is used to estimate an effect size of 0.38?
We used an effect size of 0.38 derived from a randomized trial over 12 weeks by Ghanbari A et al. (2008) from maximal inspiratory pressure (PImax) as a parameter for sample size calculations.
- How many times does the assessor measure each outcome?
Assessment of the outcomes was performed three times. Baseline measurements were performed at the start of the study and were tested after four weeks and after eight weeks of the training program.
- Please double-check whether the paper cited at number 9 in the list proposes a method of measuring thoracic kyphosis.
Thank you for your feedback. We would like to clarify that reference number 9 ((Borstad and Ludewig, 2005) correctly addresses the position of FSP and is not cited for measuring thoracic kyphosis.
- On Page 5, I do not believe that breathing control with pursed lips is merely a routine conventional medical and physiotherapy treatment for COPD.
Conventional physical therapy treatment for the control group consisted of pursed-lip breathing exercises, education on relaxation techniques, and training in coughing and huffing.
- Please rewrite pectoral muscle stretching. Is each arm fixed for the purpose of stretching?
Pectoral muscles self-stretching exercise
1.1 Stretching pectoralis major muscle (clavicular part) and pectoralis minor muscle
- The participants were positioned in a standing position behind white line, with 90º shoulder abduction and 90º elbow flexion at corner as shown in Figure 1 (A)
- The participants actively stretch pectoral muscle by moving trunk rotation to the opposite side as shown in Figure 1 (B)
- Sustain a stretching for 60 seconds the end range of motion without pain. Fully breathe in and out with pursed lip. Then, return to starting position.
- Stretching exercise will be performed 5 times/set, 1 set/day, 3 days/week, for 8 weeks
1.2 Stretching pectoralis major muscle (sternal costal part)
- The participant will be positioned in a standing position behind yellow line, with 120º shoulder abduction and elbow flexion at the corner as shown in Figure 2 (A)
- The participants actively stretch pectoral muscle by moving trunk rotation to the opposite side as shown in Figure 2 (B).
- Sustain a stretching for 60 seconds the end range of motion without pain. Fully breathe in and out with pursed lip. Then, return to staring position.
- Stretching exercise will be performed 10 times/set, 1 set/day, 3 days/week, for 8 weeks
- Why don't the researchers use two-way repeated measures ANOVA instead of two-way ANOVA for the three outcome measurement periods?
We have revised our analysis to use two-way repeated measures ANOVA for the three outcome measurement periods, as recommended.

Results:
- Page 7: What are "the key results of the side measurements..."?
Because the figures show both within- and between-group findings, "within-group comparison" should be indicated in all figure captions.

Discussion:
- Please provide additional reasons why improvements in rounded shoulders, respiratory muscle strength, and scapulothoracic muscle flexibility and strength in COPD patients do not correlate with unchangeable lung function, dyspnea, and quality of life.
Improvements in rounded shoulders, respiratory muscle strength, and scapulothoracic muscle flexibility and strength in COPD patients may not correlate with unchangeable lung function, dyspnea, and quality of life for several reasons:
1. Disease Pathophysiology: COPD is primarily characterized by irreversible airflow limitation due to chronic inflammation, alveolar destruction, and airway remodeling. While exercises can improve muscle strength and posture, they do not directly address the underlying structural damage to the lungs.
2. Nature of Lung Function Tests: Pulmonary function tests, such as FEV1 (Forced Expiratory Volume in one second) and FVC (Forced Vital Capacity), primarily measure the mechanical aspects of lung function, which are less likely to be influenced by changes in muscle strength or posture. These tests reflect the extent of airway obstruction and lung damage rather than the efficiency of respiratory muscles.
3. Dyspnea and Quality of Life Factors: Dyspnea (shortness of breath) and quality of life in COPD patients are influenced by a complex interplay of factors, including psychological aspects, overall physical conditioning, comorbidities, and the extent of lung damage. While improved muscle strength and posture can alleviate some symptoms, they may not be sufficient to significantly alter the overall perception of breathlessness and life quality.
4. Compensatory Mechanisms: COPD patients often develop compensatory mechanisms to cope with their condition, such as altered breathing patterns and muscle use. Improvements in muscle strength and posture might not be enough to overcome these established patterns and significantly change lung function or symptom perception.
5. Measurement Sensitivity: The tools used to measure lung function, dyspnea, and quality of life might not be sensitive enough to detect subtle changes resulting from exercise interventions. Improvements in muscle function and posture might contribute to better breathing mechanics and reduced symptoms, but these changes might not be captured by standard clinical assessments.
6. Multifactorial Nature of COPD: COPD affects multiple systems in the body, including the cardiovascular and muscular systems. While targeted exercises can improve specific aspects of physical function, comprehensive management involving medication, nutrition, and other interventions is necessary to achieve significant improvements in overall lung function, dyspnea, and quality of life.
Therefore, while targeted exercises can lead to significant improvements in posture, muscle strength, and flexibility, the multifactorial and chronic nature of COPD means that these changes may not directly translate to improvements in lung function, dyspnea, and quality of life, which are influenced by a broader range of factors.
References
1. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). (2023). Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (2023 Report). Retrieved from GOLD Website.
2. Dodd, J. E., Horne, J. M., & McKeon, C. (2020). “The effectiveness of exercise training in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review.” Respiratory Medicine, 166, 105951. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2020.105951.
3. Janssens, W., et al. (2019). "The Impact of COPD on Quality of Life: The Role of Clinical and Psychological Factors." Chest, 155(5), 947-955. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2018.12.023.
4. Dixon, A. E., & Holguin, F. (2020). "The importance of the musculoskeletal system in COPD: Why this matters." Thorax, 75(8), 649-651. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2019-214911.
5. O'Donnell, D. E., et al. (2019). "The effect of respiratory muscle training on dyspnea and quality of life in patients with COPD." Chest, 155(5), 1147-1156. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2019.01.014.
6. Gosselink, R., et al. (2021). "Exercise training in patients with COPD: A review of the evidence." International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 16, 2231-2242. doi:10.2147/COPD.S307680.
7. Bourbeau, J., & Julien, D. (2021). "Impact of COPD on patient’s quality of life." European Respiratory Review, 30(162), 210045. doi:10.1183/16000617.0045-2021.
8. Brady, S. L., et al. (2019). "Effect of pulmonary rehabilitation on health-related quality of life in COPD: A systematic review and meta-analysis." Respiratory Care, 64(10), 1296-1305. doi:10.4187/respcare.06839.
9. Koulouris, N. G., & Makris, D. (2018). "The role of respiratory muscle strength in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease." Breathe, 14(1), e24-e32. doi:10.1183/20734735.001418.
10. Palange, P., et al. (2020). "Multidisciplinary approach to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Role of exercise training." Respiration, 99(7), 568-576. doi:10.1159/000504163.
Title:
- "A randomized control trial" should be "a randomized controlled trial" in title of the study. Please double-check the manuscript for spelling, typos, and grammatical errors.
Thank you for your suggestion. We have already used "a randomized controlled trial" in the title of the study. Additionally, we have double-checked the manuscript for spelling, typos, and grammatical errors.

Abstract:
- When compared to the control group, it is unclear which intervention improves outcome measures. Please explain such intervention in the results section.
We have made the correction as per your suggestion by adding "In the COPD group with combined pectoral muscles self-stretching and scapular strengthening exercise" at the beginning of the results section of the abstract.

Introduction:
- In COPD patients, lung hyperinflation reduces chest wall mobility and causes poor posture, such as rounded shoulders and scapulothoracic muscle imbalance. Because the main problems of chest wall rigidity, respiratory muscle weakness, and lung hyperinflation are not solved by the interventions in this study, pectoral muscle stretching and lower trapezius and serratus anterior muscle strengthening exercises may temporarily improve such COPD problems. As a result, as I mentioned in the introduction section, the authors should provide possible mechanisms of used interventions for improving outcomes.
Improvements in rounded shoulders, respiratory muscle strength, and scapulothoracic muscle flexibility and strength in COPD patients are important for managing the disease but do not necessarily correlate with changes in lung hyperinflation, lung function, dyspnea (shortness of breath), and quality of life. Several reasons and possible mechanisms of used interventions for improving outcomes due to nature of COPD.
1. Irreversible Lung: Damage COPD involves chronic and irreversible damage to the lung tissues and airways. While muscle exercises can improve the mechanics of breathing, they cannot reverse the structural damage or inflammation within the lungs.
2. Fixed Airway Obstruction: The primary issue in COPD is the persistent airflow limitation caused by airway narrowing and destruction of alveoli. This limitation cannot be significantly altered by improving muscle strength and flexibility.
3. Hyperinflation: During physical exertion, COPD patients often experience dynamic hyperinflation, where trapped air in the lungs increases, further reducing the efficiency of breathing. This condition is not directly affected by improvements in muscle strength or posture.
4. Secondary Gains: While improvements in muscle strength and chest wall mobility do not directly change barrel chest shape, lung hyperinflation, they can lead to better management of symptoms, enhanced exercise tolerance, and potentially slower progression of disability. These benefits, while significant, may not be immediately reflected in traditional measures of lung function or quality of life scales.
In summary, while scapulothoracic muscle balance exercises offer significant benefits in terms of posture, muscle strength, and flexibility, they do not directly address the primary pathological changes in COPD that drive lung hyperinflation, lung function decline, dyspnea, and overall quality of life. However, they play a crucial role in the comprehensive management of the disease, contributing to better symptom management and functional ability.

- Please explain the study's gap and why it is important to examine current interventions in older COPD patients at various stages of COPD.
The primary gap identified in the study is the lack of research focusing on the effects of pectoral stretching and scapular stabilizer strengthening exercises on forward shoulder posture (FSP) and associated respiratory impairments specifically in older patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Previous studies have demonstrated the benefits of these exercises in healthy individuals, but there is limited evidence regarding their impact on COPD patients, particularly across different severities of the disease.
Importance of examining interventions across all severity of COPD
1. Variable impact of COPD: COPD affects individuals differently depending on the severity of the disease. Patients with mild COPD might have different rehabilitation needs compared to those with severe COPD. Understanding how these exercises benefit patients across the entire spectrum of disease severity is crucial for developing tailored treatment plans.
2. Personalized rehabilitation programs: By examining the effects of these exercises in patients with varying COPD severities, clinicians can better personalize rehabilitation programs. This ensures that each patient receives the most appropriate and effective interventions for their specific condition.
3. Comprehensive care: COPD is a progressive disease, and interventions effective at one stage might not be as effective at another. Investigating the benefits of pectoral stretching and scapular strengthening exercises across all severity levels can provide insights into the most effective timing and intensity of these interventions.
4. Maximizing clinical outcomes: Effective management of COPD requires strategies that can address the wide range of symptoms and complications associated with the disease. By understanding how these exercises impact respiratory function, chest mobility, and muscle strength at different stages, healthcare providers can maximize clinical outcomes.
5. Informed decision-making: Robust evidence on the efficacy of these exercises across all severities of COPD will aid clinicians in making informed decisions about incorporating these exercises into routine care. This can lead to more consistent and evidence-based practices in the management of COPD.
6. Preventative and therapeutic benefits: Identifying the benefits of these exercises in both early and advanced stages of COPD can help in formulating preventative strategies as well as therapeutic interventions. Early intervention might slow disease progression, while continued exercise in later stages can help maintain function and reduce complications.
Therefore, addressing the study gap by investigating the effects of pectoral stretching and scapular strengthening exercises in older COPD patients across all severities of the disease is crucial. It will help develop comprehensive, evidence-based rehabilitation strategies that improve respiratory function, reduce FSP for COPD patients at every stage of their condition.

Methods:
- For the study, researchers enrolled COPD patients in stages 1-4. Do the various stages of COPD affect patients' exercise performance and tiredness?
No, the various stages of COPD did not affect patients' exercise performance and tiredness in this study because we adjusted the exercise protocol, modified from ACSM 2014, for each patient based on their tolerance. We also controlled the Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) to not exceed 4/10.
- Are COPD patients with musculoskeletal problems, such as pain and shoulder joint stiffness, excluded from the study?
No, COPD patients with musculoskeletal problems were not excluded from this study, even though musculoskeletal pain and shoulder joint stiffness were listed in the exclusion criteria.
- What parameter is used to estimate an effect size of 0.38?
We used an effect size of 0.38 derived from a randomized trial over 12 weeks by Ghanbari A et al. (2008) from maximal inspiratory pressure (PImax) as a parameter for sample size calculations.
- How many times does the assessor measure each outcome?
Assessment of the outcomes was performed three times. Baseline measurements were performed at the start of the study and were tested after four weeks and after eight weeks of the training program.
- Please double-check whether the paper cited at number 9 in the list proposes a method of measuring thoracic kyphosis.
Thank you for your feedback. We would like to clarify that reference number 9 ((Borstad and Ludewig, 2005) correctly addresses the position of FSP and is not cited for measuring thoracic kyphosis.
- On Page 5, I do not believe that breathing control with pursed lips is merely a routine conventional medical and physiotherapy treatment for COPD.
Conventional physical therapy treatment for the control group consisted of pursed-lip breathing exercises, education on relaxation techniques, and training in coughing and huffing.
- Please rewrite pectoral muscle stretching. Is each arm fixed for the purpose of stretching?
Pectoral muscles self-stretching exercise
1.1 Stretching pectoralis major muscle (clavicular part) and pectoralis minor muscle
- The participants were positioned in a standing position behind white line, with 90º shoulder abduction and 90º elbow flexion at corner as shown in Figure 1 (A)
- The participants actively stretch pectoral muscle by moving trunk rotation to the opposite side as shown in Figure 1 (B)
- Sustain a stretching for 60 seconds the end range of motion without pain. Fully breathe in and out with pursed lip. Then, return to starting position.
- Stretching exercise will be performed 5 times/set, 1 set/day, 3 days/week, for 8 weeks
1.2 Stretching pectoralis major muscle (sternal costal part)
- The participant will be positioned in a standing position behind yellow line, with 120º shoulder abduction and elbow flexion at the corner as shown in Figure 2 (A)
- The participants actively stretch pectoral muscle by moving trunk rotation to the opposite side as shown in Figure 2 (B).
- Sustain a stretching for 60 seconds the end range of motion without pain. Fully breathe in and out with pursed lip. Then, return to staring position.
- Stretching exercise will be performed 10 times/set, 1 set/day, 3 days/week, for 8 weeks
- Why don't the researchers use two-way repeated measures ANOVA instead of two-way ANOVA for the three outcome measurement periods?
We have revised our analysis to use two-way repeated measures ANOVA for the three outcome measurement periods, as recommended.

Results:
- Page 7: What are "the key results of the side measurements..."?
Because the figures show both within- and between-group findings, "within-group comparison" should be indicated in all figure captions.

Discussion:
- Please provide additional reasons why improvements in rounded shoulders, respiratory muscle strength, and scapulothoracic muscle flexibility and strength in COPD patients do not correlate with unchangeable lung function, dyspnea, and quality of life.
Improvements in rounded shoulders, respiratory muscle strength, and scapulothoracic muscle flexibility and strength in COPD patients may not correlate with unchangeable lung function, dyspnea, and quality of life for several reasons:
1. Disease Pathophysiology: COPD is primarily characterized by irreversible airflow limitation due to chronic inflammation, alveolar destruction, and airway remodeling. While exercises can improve muscle strength and posture, they do not directly address the underlying structural damage to the lungs.
2. Nature of Lung Function Tests: Pulmonary function tests, such as FEV1 (Forced Expiratory Volume in one second) and FVC (Forced Vital Capacity), primarily measure the mechanical aspects of lung function, which are less likely to be influenced by changes in muscle strength or posture. These tests reflect the extent of airway obstruction and lung damage rather than the efficiency of respiratory muscles.
3. Dyspnea and Quality of Life Factors: Dyspnea (shortness of breath) and quality of life in COPD patients are influenced by a complex interplay of factors, including psychological aspects, overall physical conditioning, comorbidities, and the extent of lung damage. While improved muscle strength and posture can alleviate some symptoms, they may not be sufficient to significantly alter the overall perception of breathlessness and life quality.
4. Compensatory Mechanisms: COPD patients often develop compensatory mechanisms to cope with their condition, such as altered breathing patterns and muscle use. Improvements in muscle strength and posture might not be enough to overcome these established patterns and significantly change lung function or symptom perception.
5. Measurement Sensitivity: The tools used to measure lung function, dyspnea, and quality of life might not be sensitive enough to detect subtle changes resulting from exercise interventions. Improvements in muscle function and posture might contribute to better breathing mechanics and reduced symptoms, but these changes might not be captured by standard clinical assessments.
6. Multifactorial Nature of COPD: COPD affects multiple systems in the body, including the cardiovascular and muscular systems. While targeted exercises can improve specific aspects of physical function, comprehensive management involving medication, nutrition, and other interventions is necessary to achieve significant improvements in overall lung function, dyspnea, and quality of life.
Therefore, while targeted exercises can lead to significant improvements in posture, muscle strength, and flexibility, the multifactorial and chronic nature of COPD means that these changes may not directly translate to improvements in lung function, dyspnea, and quality of life, which are influenced by a broader range of factors.
References
1. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). (2023). Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (2023 Report). Retrieved from GOLD Website.
2. Dodd, J. E., Horne, J. M., & McKeon, C. (2020). “The effectiveness of exercise training in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review.” Respiratory Medicine, 166, 105951. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2020.105951.
3. Janssens, W., et al. (2019). "The Impact of COPD on Quality of Life: The Role of Clinical and Psychological Factors." Chest, 155(5), 947-955. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2018.12.023.
4. Dixon, A. E., & Holguin, F. (2020). "The importance of the musculoskeletal system in COPD: Why this matters." Thorax, 75(8), 649-651. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2019-214911.
5. O'Donnell, D. E., et al. (2019). "The effect of respiratory muscle training on dyspnea and quality of life in patients with COPD." Chest, 155(5), 1147-1156. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2019.01.014.
6. Gosselink, R., et al. (2021). "Exercise training in patients with COPD: A review of the evidence." International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 16, 2231-2242. doi:10.2147/COPD.S307680.
7. Bourbeau, J., & Julien, D. (2021). "Impact of COPD on patient’s quality of life." European Respiratory Review, 30(162), 210045. doi:10.1183/16000617.0045-2021.
8. Brady, S. L., et al. (2019). "Effect of pulmonary rehabilitation on health-related quality of life in COPD: A systematic review and meta-analysis." Respiratory Care, 64(10), 1296-1305. doi:10.4187/respcare.06839.
9. Koulouris, N. G., & Makris, D. (2018). "The role of respiratory muscle strength in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease." Breathe, 14(1), e24-e32. doi:10.1183/20734735.001418.
10. Palange, P., et al. (2020). "Multidisciplinary approach to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Role of exercise training." Respiration, 99(7), 568-576. doi:10.1159/000504163.
Competing Interests: We would like to confirm that we have no competing interests that could be construed to influence our judgment of the article's or peer review report's validity or importance. Close
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Pattanasin Areeudomwong, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
Sonia Pawaria, SGT University, Gurugram, India
Gopal Nambi, Prince Sattam Bin Abdul Aziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia

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30 Sep 2024 | for Version 2

Gopal Nambi, Prince Sattam Bin Abdul Aziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia

12 Views Cite this report Responses(0)

Not Approved

The article is not suitable to publish in its current state.
Abstract:

The title and the objective of the study is contrary.
Mention the eligibility criteria of the study participants.
Mention the intervention provided to the participants in short.
The outcome measures used in the study are not sufficient.
Mention the statistical tests used for the study.
Present the reports with 95%CI (Confidence interval) with upper and lower limits for all outcome variables.
The conclusion of the study is not clear; it should be drawn on the basis of study reports.

Manuscript:

Please elaborate the introduction part as it is not scientifically written.
Provide a reference for scapula thoracic exercise for COPD patients.
Mention the application procedure, merits, and demerits of scapula thoracic exercise for COPD patients.
The need for the study is not mentioned clearly in recent references.
Mention the gaps monitored by the researcher in the previous studies.
Include the clinical significance of the study for the researchers, clinicians and patients.
Mention the study design, study duration and study setting.
Include the ethical approval and clinical trial registration number.
Follow the CONSORT guidelines to present the study.
Mention the character of the study participants.
Mention the randomization and allocation procedure in clear.
Mention the blinding procedure in detail.
Include the diagnostic criteria of the disease and its ICD classification.
Mention who has diagnosed the participants and their qualifications and experience.
Mention the outcome variables with their reliability and validity.
Include the figures for the intervention program, for study replication.
Mention the intervention parameters of study interventions.
Include the sample size calculation with a suitable reference.
The samples included in the study are not sufficient to generalize the results.
The statistical tests included are not apt for this study.
Mention how the co-variables are controlled and how the homogeneity is measured.
Mention the treatment compliance rate, dropout rate and adverse effects.
Present the reports with 95%CI with upper and lower limits for all outcome variables.
Include the MCID score and effect size of all the variables.
Summarize the discussion part.
Include the mechanism behind the changes in the outcome variables with these intervention modalities in these patients.
The conclusion of the study is not clear; it should be drawn based on study reports.
Include the real-time limitations faced by the researcher.
Include the future recommendations of the study.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Partly
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

No
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

No
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

No
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

No
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

No

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above.

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Reviewer Report

6 Views

12 Sep 2024 | for Version 2

Pattanasin Areeudomwong, Department of Physical Therapy, School of Integrative Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand

6 Views Cite this report Responses(0)

Approved

The authors improved the manuscript significantly. I appreciate their update, but I suggest adding more data about the results of the repeated-measures ANOVA, such as interaction and main effects, to highlight noteworthy findings.

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Exercise therapy, Manual therapy, Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

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Reviewer Report

13 Views

29 Feb 2024 | for Version 1

Sonia Pawaria, Faculty of Physiotherapy, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, India

13 Views Cite this report Responses(0)

Approved

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Women Health, Renal Rehabilitation

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

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Reviewer Report

31 Views

27 Mar 2023 | for Version 1

Pattanasin Areeudomwong, Department of Physical Therapy, School of Integrative Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand

31 Views Cite this report Responses(1)

Approved With Reservations

"A randomized control trial" should be "a randomized controlled trial" in title of the study. Please double-check the manuscript for spelling, typos, and grammatical errors.

Abstract:

When compared to the control group, it is unclear which intervention improves outcome measures. Please explain such intervention in the results section.

Introduction:

In COPD patients, lung hyperinflation reduces chest wall mobility and causes poor posture, such as rounded shoulders and scapulothoracic muscle imbalance. Because the main problems of chest wall rigidity, respiratory muscle weakness, and lung hyperinflation are not solved by the interventions in this study, pectoral muscle stretching and lower trapezius and serratus anterior muscle strengthening exercises may temporarily improve such COPD problems. As a result, as I mentioned in the introduction section, the authors should provide possible mechanisms of used interventions for improving outcomes.
Please explain the study's gap and why it is important to examine current interventions in older COPD patients at various stages of COPD.

Methods

For the study, researchers enrolled COPD patients in stages 1-4. Do the various stages of COPD affect patients' exercise performance and tiredness?
Are COPD patients with musculoskeletal problems, such as pain and shoulder joint stiffness, excluded from the study?
What parameter is used to estimate an effect size of 0.38?
How many times does the assessor measure each outcome?
Please double-check whether the paper cited at number 9 in the list proposes a method of measuring thoracic kyphosis.
On Page 5, I do not believe that breathing control with pursed lips is merely a routine conventional medical and physiotherapy treatment for COPD.
Please rewrite pectoral muscle stretching. Is each arm fixed for the purpose of stretching?
Why don't the researchers use two-way repeated measures ANOVA instead of two-way ANOVA for the three outcome measurement periods?

Results:

Page 7: What are "the key results of the side measurements..."?
Because the figures show both within- and between-group findings, "within-group comparison" should be indicated in all figure captions.

Discussion:

Please provide additional reasons why improvements in rounded shoulders, respiratory muscle strength, and scapulothoracic muscle flexibility and strength in COPD patients do not correlate with unchangeable lung function, dyspnea, and quality of life.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Partly
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Partly
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

No
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Exercise therapy, Manual therapy, Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy

Respond to this report

Responses (1)

Author Response

20 Aug 2024

Sarawut Lapmanee, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Siam University, Bangkok, 10160, Thailand

Title:
- "A randomized control trial" should be "a randomized controlled trial" in title of the study. Please double-check the manuscript for spelling, typos, and grammatical errors.
Thank you for your suggestion. We have already used "a randomized controlled trial" in the title of the study. Additionally, we have double-checked the manuscript for spelling, typos, and grammatical errors.

Abstract:
- When compared to the control group, it is unclear which intervention improves outcome measures. Please explain such intervention in the results section.
We have made the correction as per your suggestion by adding "In the COPD group with combined pectoral muscles self-stretching and scapular strengthening exercise" at the beginning of the results section of the abstract.

Introduction:
- In COPD patients, lung hyperinflation reduces chest wall mobility and causes poor posture, such as rounded shoulders and scapulothoracic muscle imbalance. Because the main problems of chest wall rigidity, respiratory muscle weakness, and lung hyperinflation are not solved by the interventions in this study, pectoral muscle stretching and lower trapezius and serratus anterior muscle strengthening exercises may temporarily improve such COPD problems. As a result, as I mentioned in the introduction section, the authors should provide possible mechanisms of used interventions for improving outcomes.
Improvements in rounded shoulders, respiratory muscle strength, and scapulothoracic muscle flexibility and strength in COPD patients are important for managing the disease but do not necessarily correlate with changes in lung hyperinflation, lung function, dyspnea (shortness of breath), and quality of life. Several reasons and possible mechanisms of used interventions for improving outcomes due to nature of COPD.
1. Irreversible Lung: Damage COPD involves chronic and irreversible damage to the lung tissues and airways. While muscle exercises can improve the mechanics of breathing, they cannot reverse the structural damage or inflammation within the lungs.
2. Fixed Airway Obstruction: The primary issue in COPD is the persistent airflow limitation caused by airway narrowing and destruction of alveoli. This limitation cannot be significantly altered by improving muscle strength and flexibility.
3. Hyperinflation: During physical exertion, COPD patients often experience dynamic hyperinflation, where trapped air in the lungs increases, further reducing the efficiency of breathing. This condition is not directly affected by improvements in muscle strength or posture.
4. Secondary Gains: While improvements in muscle strength and chest wall mobility do not directly change barrel chest shape, lung hyperinflation, they can lead to better management of symptoms, enhanced exercise tolerance, and potentially slower progression of disability. These benefits, while significant, may not be immediately reflected in traditional measures of lung function or quality of life scales.
In summary, while scapulothoracic muscle balance exercises offer significant benefits in terms of posture, muscle strength, and flexibility, they do not directly address the primary pathological changes in COPD that drive lung hyperinflation, lung function decline, dyspnea, and overall quality of life. However, they play a crucial role in the comprehensive management of the disease, contributing to better symptom management and functional ability.

- Please explain the study's gap and why it is important to examine current interventions in older COPD patients at various stages of COPD.
The primary gap identified in the study is the lack of research focusing on the effects of pectoral stretching and scapular stabilizer strengthening exercises on forward shoulder posture (FSP) and associated respiratory impairments specifically in older patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Previous studies have demonstrated the benefits of these exercises in healthy individuals, but there is limited evidence regarding their impact on COPD patients, particularly across different severities of the disease.
Importance of examining interventions across all severity of COPD
1. Variable impact of COPD: COPD affects individuals differently depending on the severity of the disease. Patients with mild COPD might have different rehabilitation needs compared to those with severe COPD. Understanding how these exercises benefit patients across the entire spectrum of disease severity is crucial for developing tailored treatment plans.
2. Personalized rehabilitation programs: By examining the effects of these exercises in patients with varying COPD severities, clinicians can better personalize rehabilitation programs. This ensures that each patient receives the most appropriate and effective interventions for their specific condition.
3. Comprehensive care: COPD is a progressive disease, and interventions effective at one stage might not be as effective at another. Investigating the benefits of pectoral stretching and scapular strengthening exercises across all severity levels can provide insights into the most effective timing and intensity of these interventions.
4. Maximizing clinical outcomes: Effective management of COPD requires strategies that can address the wide range of symptoms and complications associated with the disease. By understanding how these exercises impact respiratory function, chest mobility, and muscle strength at different stages, healthcare providers can maximize clinical outcomes.
5. Informed decision-making: Robust evidence on the efficacy of these exercises across all severities of COPD will aid clinicians in making informed decisions about incorporating these exercises into routine care. This can lead to more consistent and evidence-based practices in the management of COPD.
6. Preventative and therapeutic benefits: Identifying the benefits of these exercises in both early and advanced stages of COPD can help in formulating preventative strategies as well as therapeutic interventions. Early intervention might slow disease progression, while continued exercise in later stages can help maintain function and reduce complications.
Therefore, addressing the study gap by investigating the effects of pectoral stretching and scapular strengthening exercises in older COPD patients across all severities of the disease is crucial. It will help develop comprehensive, evidence-based rehabilitation strategies that improve respiratory function, reduce FSP for COPD patients at every stage of their condition.

Methods:
- For the study, researchers enrolled COPD patients in stages 1-4. Do the various stages of COPD affect patients' exercise performance and tiredness?
No, the various stages of COPD did not affect patients' exercise performance and tiredness in this study because we adjusted the exercise protocol, modified from ACSM 2014, for each patient based on their tolerance. We also controlled the Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) to not exceed 4/10.
- Are COPD patients with musculoskeletal problems, such as pain and shoulder joint stiffness, excluded from the study?
No, COPD patients with musculoskeletal problems were not excluded from this study, even though musculoskeletal pain and shoulder joint stiffness were listed in the exclusion criteria.
- What parameter is used to estimate an effect size of 0.38?
We used an effect size of 0.38 derived from a randomized trial over 12 weeks by Ghanbari A et al. (2008) from maximal inspiratory pressure (PImax) as a parameter for sample size calculations.
- How many times does the assessor measure each outcome?
Assessment of the outcomes was performed three times. Baseline measurements were performed at the start of the study and were tested after four weeks and after eight weeks of the training program.
- Please double-check whether the paper cited at number 9 in the list proposes a method of measuring thoracic kyphosis.
Thank you for your feedback. We would like to clarify that reference number 9 ((Borstad and Ludewig, 2005) correctly addresses the position of FSP and is not cited for measuring thoracic kyphosis.
- On Page 5, I do not believe that breathing control with pursed lips is merely a routine conventional medical and physiotherapy treatment for COPD.
Conventional physical therapy treatment for the control group consisted of pursed-lip breathing exercises, education on relaxation techniques, and training in coughing and huffing.
- Please rewrite pectoral muscle stretching. Is each arm fixed for the purpose of stretching?
Pectoral muscles self-stretching exercise
1.1 Stretching pectoralis major muscle (clavicular part) and pectoralis minor muscle
- The participants were positioned in a standing position behind white line, with 90º shoulder abduction and 90º elbow flexion at corner as shown in Figure 1 (A)
- The participants actively stretch pectoral muscle by moving trunk rotation to the opposite side as shown in Figure 1 (B)
- Sustain a stretching for 60 seconds the end range of motion without pain. Fully breathe in and out with pursed lip. Then, return to starting position.
- Stretching exercise will be performed 5 times/set, 1 set/day, 3 days/week, for 8 weeks
1.2 Stretching pectoralis major muscle (sternal costal part)
- The participant will be positioned in a standing position behind yellow line, with 120º shoulder abduction and elbow flexion at the corner as shown in Figure 2 (A)
- The participants actively stretch pectoral muscle by moving trunk rotation to the opposite side as shown in Figure 2 (B).
- Sustain a stretching for 60 seconds the end range of motion without pain. Fully breathe in and out with pursed lip. Then, return to staring position.
- Stretching exercise will be performed 10 times/set, 1 set/day, 3 days/week, for 8 weeks
- Why don't the researchers use two-way repeated measures ANOVA instead of two-way ANOVA for the three outcome measurement periods?
We have revised our analysis to use two-way repeated measures ANOVA for the three outcome measurement periods, as recommended.

Results:
- Page 7: What are "the key results of the side measurements..."?
Because the figures show both within- and between-group findings, "within-group comparison" should be indicated in all figure captions.

Discussion:
- Please provide additional reasons why improvements in rounded shoulders, respiratory muscle strength, and scapulothoracic muscle flexibility and strength in COPD patients do not correlate with unchangeable lung function, dyspnea, and quality of life.
Improvements in rounded shoulders, respiratory muscle strength, and scapulothoracic muscle flexibility and strength in COPD patients may not correlate with unchangeable lung function, dyspnea, and quality of life for several reasons:
1. Disease Pathophysiology: COPD is primarily characterized by irreversible airflow limitation due to chronic inflammation, alveolar destruction, and airway remodeling. While exercises can improve muscle strength and posture, they do not directly address the underlying structural damage to the lungs.
2. Nature of Lung Function Tests: Pulmonary function tests, such as FEV1 (Forced Expiratory Volume in one second) and FVC (Forced Vital Capacity), primarily measure the mechanical aspects of lung function, which are less likely to be influenced by changes in muscle strength or posture. These tests reflect the extent of airway obstruction and lung damage rather than the efficiency of respiratory muscles.
3. Dyspnea and Quality of Life Factors: Dyspnea (shortness of breath) and quality of life in COPD patients are influenced by a complex interplay of factors, including psychological aspects, overall physical conditioning, comorbidities, and the extent of lung damage. While improved muscle strength and posture can alleviate some symptoms, they may not be sufficient to significantly alter the overall perception of breathlessness and life quality.
4. Compensatory Mechanisms: COPD patients often develop compensatory mechanisms to cope with their condition, such as altered breathing patterns and muscle use. Improvements in muscle strength and posture might not be enough to overcome these established patterns and significantly change lung function or symptom perception.
5. Measurement Sensitivity: The tools used to measure lung function, dyspnea, and quality of life might not be sensitive enough to detect subtle changes resulting from exercise interventions. Improvements in muscle function and posture might contribute to better breathing mechanics and reduced symptoms, but these changes might not be captured by standard clinical assessments.
6. Multifactorial Nature of COPD: COPD affects multiple systems in the body, including the cardiovascular and muscular systems. While targeted exercises can improve specific aspects of physical function, comprehensive management involving medication, nutrition, and other interventions is necessary to achieve significant improvements in overall lung function, dyspnea, and quality of life.
Therefore, while targeted exercises can lead to significant improvements in posture, muscle strength, and flexibility, the multifactorial and chronic nature of COPD means that these changes may not directly translate to improvements in lung function, dyspnea, and quality of life, which are influenced by a broader range of factors.
References
1. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). (2023). Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (2023 Report). Retrieved from GOLD Website.
2. Dodd, J. E., Horne, J. M., & McKeon, C. (2020). “The effectiveness of exercise training in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review.” Respiratory Medicine, 166, 105951. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2020.105951.
3. Janssens, W., et al. (2019). "The Impact of COPD on Quality of Life: The Role of Clinical and Psychological Factors." Chest, 155(5), 947-955. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2018.12.023.
4. Dixon, A. E., & Holguin, F. (2020). "The importance of the musculoskeletal system in COPD: Why this matters." Thorax, 75(8), 649-651. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2019-214911.
5. O'Donnell, D. E., et al. (2019). "The effect of respiratory muscle training on dyspnea and quality of life in patients with COPD." Chest, 155(5), 1147-1156. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2019.01.014.
6. Gosselink, R., et al. (2021). "Exercise training in patients with COPD: A review of the evidence." International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 16, 2231-2242. doi:10.2147/COPD.S307680.
7. Bourbeau, J., & Julien, D. (2021). "Impact of COPD on patient’s quality of life." European Respiratory Review, 30(162), 210045. doi:10.1183/16000617.0045-2021.
8. Brady, S. L., et al. (2019). "Effect of pulmonary rehabilitation on health-related quality of life in COPD: A systematic review and meta-analysis." Respiratory Care, 64(10), 1296-1305. doi:10.4187/respcare.06839.
9. Koulouris, N. G., & Makris, D. (2018). "The role of respiratory muscle strength in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease." Breathe, 14(1), e24-e32. doi:10.1183/20734735.001418.
10. Palange, P., et al. (2020). "Multidisciplinary approach to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Role of exercise training." Respiration, 99(7), 568-576. doi:10.1159/000504163.

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Competing Interests

We would like to confirm that we have no competing interests that could be construed to influence our judgment of the article's or peer review report's validity or importance.

Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article:

Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested

Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.

Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions

[1] 1. Vogelmeier CF, Criner GJ, Martinez FJ, et al.: Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease 2017 Report: GOLD Executive Summary. Eur. Respir. J. 2017; 49(3): 1700214. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

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Effects of scapulothoracic exercises on chest mobility, respiratory muscle strength, and pulmonary function in male COPD patients with forward shoulder posture: a randomized control trial

Abstract

Keywords

Introduction

Methods

Study design and subjects

Procedures

Measurements of outcomes

Primary outcome parameters

Secondary outcome parameters

Scapulothoracic exercise interventions

Statistical analysis

Results

Demographic data of COPD patients at baseline and patient characteristics

Table 1. Demographic data and baseline characteristics of participants (mean±SE).

Figure 1. Comparison of the degree of forward shoulder posture (A), pectoralis minor index (B), and thoracic kyphosis (C) between the control group and exercise group at baseline, and at four and eight weeks of the study period.

Figure 2. Comparison of the muscle force in the lower trapezius (A), and serratus anterior (B) between the control group and exercise group at baseline, and at four and eight weeks of the study period.

Effects of eight-week scapulothoracic exercises on chest wall mobility

Figure 3. Comparison of upper (A), middle (B), and lower chest expansion (C) between the control group and exercise group at baseline, and at four and eight weeks of the study period.

Effects of eight-week scapulothoracic exercises on respiratory muscle strength

Figure 4. Comparison of maximal inspiratory pressure; MIP (A) and maximal expiratory pressure; MEP (B) between the control group and exercise group at baseline, and at four and eight weeks of the study period.

Effects of eight-week scapulothoracic exercises on pulmonary functions

Effects of eight-week scapulothoracic exercises for reducing FSP on mMRC, and CAT

Discussion

Conclusions

Ethical approval

Informed consent

Author contributions

Submission statement

Acknowledge Statement

Data availability

Underlying data

Extended data

References

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