Assessment of serum testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone levels in female patients with acne vulgaris

Phu Cuong Nguyen; Hoang Van Nguyen; Van Tien Vu; Van Tran Pham; Dang Quyet Tran; Thanh Tung Nguyen

doi:10.12688/f1000research.75617.3

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Research Article

Revised

Assessment of serum testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone levels in female patients with acne vulgaris

[version 3; peer review: 1 approved, 1 not approved]

Previously titled: Assessment of serum hormone levels in female patients with acne vulgaris

Phu Cuong Nguyen¹, Hoang Van Nguyen¹, Van Tien Vu¹, Van Tran Pham², Dang Quyet Tran¹, Thanh Tung Nguyen³

Phu Cuong Nguyen¹, Hoang Van Nguyen¹, [...] Van Tien Vu¹, Van Tran Pham², Dang Quyet Tran¹, Thanh Tung Nguyen³

PUBLISHED 04 Apr 2022

Author details Author details

¹ Department of Dermatology and Venereology, 103 Military Hospital, Vietnam Military Medical University, HaNoi, Ha Dong, 100000, Vietnam
² Department of Biochemistry, 103 Military Hospital, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Ha Dong, 100000, Vietnam
³ Military Institute of Clinical Embryology and Histology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Ha Dong, 100000, Vietnam

Phu Cuong Nguyen
Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Software, Writing – Review & Editing

Hoang Van Nguyen
Roles: Data Curation, Investigation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation

Van Tien Vu
Roles: Data Curation, Investigation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation

Van Tran Pham
Roles: Data Curation, Methodology, Resources, Supervision

Dang Quyet Tran
Roles: Project Administration, Resources, Supervision, Visualization

Thanh Tung Nguyen
Roles: Investigation, Supervision, Visualization

OPEN PEER REVIEW

REVIEWER STATUS

Abstract

Introduction: Acne is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the pilosebaceous unit with differential pathogenesis. To elucidate the roles of hormones in acne pathogenesis, we conducted a study to evaluate the serum testosterone, estradiol, progesterone levels in women with acne vulgaris.
Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study, and 175 women with acne vulgaris were examined; their serum estradiol, progesterone, testosterone were analyzed by chemiluminescence technique and compared with the healthy control group.
Results: Increased serum hormone levels in women with acne vulgaris were accounted for 29.7%, and hyperandrogenism was accounted for 16.0% of cases. We found significant differences in testosterone levels (mean value, 55.67±25.56 versus 38.37±10.16 ng/dL, p<0.05) respectively in the acne group and the control group. However, the estradiol level of the acne group (323.15±93.31 pmol/L) was lower than the control group (370.94±58.88 pmol/L) with p<0.05). No statistically significant differences were found for progesterone (0.60±0.38 versus 0.50±0.15 ng/mL, p>0.05) levels. Moreover, we did not find the relationship between serum hormone levels and the severity of acne vulgaris.
Conclusion: This study showed that the female acne vulgaris patients may have high serum testosterone levels and low serum estradiol levels compared with those of female controls. However, hormone alterations had no correlation with the acne grades.

Keywords

Acne vulgaris, hormone

Corresponding author: Thanh Tung Nguyen

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work.

Copyright: © 2022 Nguyen PC et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

How to cite: Nguyen PC, Nguyen HV, Vu VT et al. Assessment of serum testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone levels in female patients with acne vulgaris [version 3; peer review: 1 approved, 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2022, 11:23 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.75617.3) First published: 11 Jan 2022, 11:23 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.75617.1) Latest published: 19 Jan 2023, 11:23 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.75617.5)

Revised Amendments from Version 2

Exclusion criteria were described in more detail. PCOS was ruled out by clinical manifestations and hormone tests. The discussion part also analyzed more information.

See the authors' detailed response to the review by Berna Aksoy
See the authors' detailed response to the review by Jerry Tan
See the authors' detailed response to the review by Mohamed Badawy Hassan Tawfik Abdel-Naser

Introduction

Acne is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the pilosebaceous unit with various manifestations, including non-inflammation and inflammation lesions. Collier et al. (2008) investigated 1013 Americans aged 20 years and older; 73.3% (744) reported ever having acne, and more women suffer from acne than men.¹ Four major factors involved in acne pathogenesis are excessive sebum production, follicular hyperkeratinization, hyper-colonization of the duct by Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes), and the production of inflammation.² Moreover, the hormone plays a part role in the pathogenesis of acne. Some studies found that acne had a relationship with hyperandrogenemia in female patients.³ Estradiol, the primary female sex hormone is known as the major active estrogen, forms in absolute serum levels and estrogenic activity during human female reproductive years. Supplying sufficient amounts of estrogens will decrease sebum production and may act by suppressing androgen production by inhibiting the pituitary from secreting gonadotropin.⁴ The effect of progesterone on sebaceous glands was still disputed. Some authors have blamed progesterone for the change of sebum production in females during the menstrual cycle. However, this theory has not been proved experimentally.⁵ Therefore, we conducted this study to evaluate the serum testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone levels and the correlation of hormonal alterations with the severity of acne in women with acne vulgaris.

Methods

Study design

A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to October 2019 at the Dermatology department of 103 military hospital, Vietnam.

Inclusion criteria

Women aged between 16 and 25 years with acne vulgaris were included. In the control group, we recruited healthy females without pregnancy, lactation, using oral contraceptive pills or other hormonal medication.

Exclusion criteria

Patients diagnosed with other types of acne, rosacea, seborrheic dermatitis; patients using oral contraceptives in the last three months; patients treated with drugs causing acne (glucocorticoids, lithium, isoniazid, phenytoin, selective reuptake serotonin inhibitors) or other hormonal medication; a history of ovarian or pelvic surgery; pregnant or breastfeeding women.

PCOS was ruled out by the manifestation of hyperandrogenism (hirsutism, oligomenorrhea) and confirmed with transvaginal and pelvic ultrasound.

Techniques of the research

All patients for each group were asked about risk factors, clinically examined, were performed tests (control group, acne group), and registered to study records.

Acne severity grading: The severity of acne was cored was according to Global Acne Grading System (GAGS).⁶ Each type of acneiform lesion has a gravity score: no lesions: 0; comedones: 1; papules: 2; pustules: 3; and nodules: 4. The local score was calculated using factor × grade 0-4. Depending on the acne lesion location, the factor had the following values: forehead: 2; right cheek: 2; left cheek: 2; chin: 1; thorax and upper torso: 1. The sum of the local scores was the global score which settled acne severity. In our study, a global score of 1-18 signified mild acne, 19-30 was moderate acne, and a global score > 31 was severe acne.

Endocrine evaluation: Each patient performed a hormonal profile, including testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone. Blood samples were collected at 08:00 am on the second to the fourth day of menses (the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle). Each 4 mL of venous blood was Blood samples are contained in a tube with EDTA anticoagulant solution. After being incubated at room temperature for 10–20 minutes, samples are centrifuged for about 20 minutes at 2000–3000 rpm. After centrifuging, the plasma was taken for measuring hormone levels using direct chemiluminescent technology in the Unicel^® DXI800 machine. Units: testosterone for ng/dL, estradiol for pmol/L, progesterone for ng/mL. Women’s testosterone normal levels were considered as ≤0.86 ng/mL; estradiol ranged from 74–532 pmol/L; progesterone was ≤1 ng/mL.

Data analysis

The data were analyzed by SPSS software version 22.0. Mean SD are in the form: $\bar{X}$ ±SD, comparing two means using the student t-test. The research results were compared by the Chi-squared test, and a p-value under 0.05 was considered to be of statistical significance.

Results

Two hundred ten female participants were enrolled and divided into 175 female patients with acne vulgaris and 35 healthy controls.

The mean age of patients and BMI showed no statistically significant difference between the study group and the control group with p>0.05 (Table 1).

Table 1. Age and BMI features of acne vulgaris group and control group.

Characteristics	Acne group (n=175)	Control group (n=35)	p-value	Normal range
Average age (years)	20.82±2.53	19.91±2.57	>0.05
BMI (kg/m²)	19.33±1.51	18.90±1.62	>0.05	18.5–24.9

The plasma testosterone level of the acne vulgaris patients was higher than the control group, respectively 55.67±25.56 ng/dL, 38.37±10.16 ng/dL. The difference was statistically significant. On the other hand, plasma estradiol level in acne vulgaris patients was lower than the control group with a statistically significant difference, respectively 323.15±93.31 pmol/L and 370.94±58.88 pmol/l. However, plasma progesterone levels were not different between both groups (Table 2).

Table 2. Plasma hormone levels of acne vulgaris group and control group.

Characteristics	Acne group (n=175)	Control group (n=35)	p-value	Normal range
Testosterone (ng/dL)	55.67±25.56	38.37±10.16	<0.05	6–86
Estradiol (pmol/L)	323.15±93.31	370.94±58.88	<0.05	74–532
Progesterone (ng/mL)	0.60±0.38	0.50±0.15	>0.05	<1

Fifty-two patients (29.7%) out of 175 acne patients had hormonal alterations, including 28 patients (16%) with hyperandrogenism; 20 patients (11.43%) had increased serum progesterone level, only four patients (2.29%) had increased serum estradiol level, no patient had low hormonal levels (Table 3).

Table 3. Hormonal alterations in female acne patients.

Value	Testosterone	Estradiol	Progesterone	Total (n=175)
Normal	147 (84.0%)	171 (97.71%)	155 (88.57%)	124
Increase	28 (16.0%)	4 (2.29%)	20 (11.43%)	52 (29.7%)
Decrease	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)

There were no different hormone levels between the grades of the acne vulgaris group, and there were no different testosterone levels between the mild acne and control groups with p>0.05. However, testosterone levels in moderate and severe groups were statistically significantly higher than in the control group. Estradiol levels in the moderate and severe groups were statistically significantly lower than the control group with p<0.05. However, the estradiol level in the mild group was not significantly lower when compared with the control group. Progesterone levels in the mild and moderate groups were similar to the control group, except the severe group was higher than the control group; the difference was statistically significant (Table 4).

Table 4. Plasma hormone levels in severity groups of acne patients.

Hormone	Acne vulgaris group			Control group (4)	p-value
Hormone	Mild (1)	Moderate (2)	Severe (3)	Control group (4)	p-value
Testosterone (ng/dL)	43.06±14.76	56.92±27.64	60.71±25.85	38.37±10.16	p_1,4>0.05 p_2,4<0.05 p_3,4<0.05
Testosterone (ng/dL)	p>0.05				p_1,4>0.05 p_2,4<0.05 p_3,4<0.05
Estradiol (pmol/L)	354.97±108.46	325.13±91.79	305.26±83.0	370.94±58.88	p_1,4>0.05 p_2,4<0.05 p_3,4<0.05
Estradiol (pmol/L)	p>0.05				p_1,4>0.05 p_2,4<0.05 p_3,4<0.05
Progesterone (ng/mL)	0.52± 0.32	0.59 ± 0.39	0.65±0.40	0.50 ± 0.15	p_1,4>0.05 p_2,4>0.05 p_3,4<0.05
Progesterone (ng/mL)	p>0.05				p_1,4>0.05 p_2,4>0.05 p_3,4<0.05

Discussion

In this study, the median age in the acne groups were 20.82±2.53 years, younger than the previous study, with a mean of 26.64 years.⁵

In literature reviews, authors conducted studies to determine the relationship between serum hormone levels and acne. However, the results were not consistent. In 2013, da Cunha et al. investigated 835 female patients with acne vulgaris and found that 56.52% of cases changed at least one androgen hormone, and DHEAS levels were the most frequently increased.⁵ In this study, we found that the rate of changing hormone levels in female patients with acne vulgaris was 29.14%.

Androgens play a crucial role in acne pathogenesis. Androgens increase sebum production and increase the keratinization process around the neck of hair follicles, facilitating the formation of acne. In the study by Cunha et al., the authors found that the rate of androgenism was 10.77%.⁵ In 2014, Wei et al. studied endocrine disorders in 242 acne patients and showed that serum testosterone levels were significantly increased in the acne patient group compared with controls.⁷ In this study, we found that the testosterone level of the acne group was higher than controls, and the hyperandrogenism rate was 16%. This result was also consistent with the study by Bakry et al.¹

However, in the study by Cetinozman⁸ and Akdogan,⁹ no significant change in testosterone levels was found between the acne and control groups. The discrepancy among the research results can be explained that the numbers of samples of the previous authors were not large enough, and the method of grading the severity of acne disease between the studies based on the different scales. Furthermore, anti-androgen therapy improved acne lesions in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome,¹⁰ which shows the critical role of androgen in the pathogenesis of acne.

We hypothesize that estrogens might impact sebum secretion by three different mechanisms: the opposition of androgens within the sebaceous glands, inhibition of gonadal androgen production via a negative feedback mechanism on gonadotropin release, and affects genes that play a role in sebaceous gland growth and lipid production.¹¹ Wei et al. surveyed 118 female acne patients compared with 90 sex-matched controls. The results showed that the estradiol level in the acne group decreased significantly compared with the control group with a p-value less than 0.001.⁷ This result was also consistent with our result.

Testosterone is converted into a more potent form DHT by 5-ARD (5α-reductase) enzyme causing an excess sebum production, whereas progesterone inhibits the activity of this enzyme and prevents turning testosterone into DHT. So, progesterone itself might be expected to reduce sebaceous gland activity. However, the progesterone effect on acne remains unclear. Although some studies show that progesterone can reduce androgen effects by inhibiting the 5-ARD enzyme or androgen receptors,¹² the fluctuation of sebum production in women during the menstrual cycle and premenstrual cyclic flare has partly been associated with progesterone, and some progestins lead to an exacerbation of acne by interacting with androgen receptors.^12,13 In our study, there was no statically significant difference between the acne group and controls in terms of serum progesterone levels. However, the progesterone level of the severe acne was higher than the control group.

In the study by Bakry et al., the progesterone levels in female acne patients were higher than those in the control group.² It was similar to the study by Arora et al.¹⁴ The difference in results between our study and other studies can be explained by the different days of hormone tests in the menstrual cycle and different inclusion criteria. Arora¹⁴ and Bakry² investigated plasma hormones during the luteal phase of menses. Meanwhile, we performed in the follicular phase of menses.

There was no significant correlation of testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone levels with severity with Spearman Correlation (Table 4). In the study by Kiaynai et al., there was no positive correlation between testosterone plasma levels and the severity of acne.¹⁵ Skrgatic et al. reported similar results when investigating Croatian females of reproductive age.¹⁶ In contrast, Rehman et al. found a correlation between acne severity and plasma testosterone levels.¹⁷ However, these studies were based on small sample sizes and excluded patients with mild acne with no hyperandrogenism and selected patients with severe comedones, severe inflammatory and/or purulent papules, and mild acne patients with hyperandrogenism.

Conclusion

This study showed that the female acne vulgaris patients might have high serum testosterone levels and low serum estradiol levels compared with those of female controls. However, hormone levels differences had no correlation with acne grade.

Data availability

Underlying data

Dryad: Underlying data for ‘Assessment of serum hormone levels in female patients with acne vulgaris’. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.bvq83bk9z¹⁸

The project contains the following underlying data:

‐ DATA.xlsx

Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0).

Ethics approval

Approval was obtained from the ethics committee of Hanoi Department of Science and Technology with the code: 01C-08/14-2017-3. The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Consent to participate

Written informed consent for publication of the patients’ details was obtained from the patients.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the Department of Dermatology and Venereology of 103 Military hospital, Military Medical University, for their support during the study and to the patients for their voluntary participation in this research.

References

1. Collier CN, et al.: The prevalence of acne in adults 20 years and older. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2008; 58(1): 56–59. PubMed Abstract
2. Bakry OA, et al.: Role of hormones and blood lipids in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris in non-obese, non-hirsute females. Indian Dermatol. Online J. 2014; 5(1): S9–S16.
3. Placzek M, et al.: Elevated 17-hydroxyprogesterone serum values in male patients with acne. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2005; 53(6): 955–958. PubMed Abstract
4. Thiboutot D: Acne: hormonal concepts and therapy. Clin. Dermatol. 2004; 22(5): 419–428. PubMed Abstract
5. da Cunha MG , Fonseca FL, Machado CD: Androgenic hormone profile of adult women with acne. Dermatology. 2013; 226(2): 167–171. PubMed Abstract
6. Doshi A, Zaheer A, Stiller MJ: A comparison of current acne grading systems and proposal of a novel system. Int. J. Dermatol. 1997; 36(6):416–418. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
7. Wei B, et al.: Higher 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone levels aggravated the severity of male adolescent acne in Northeast China. Dermatology. 2014; 229(4): 359–362. PubMed Abstract
8. Cetinozman F, et al.: Insulin sensitivity, androgens and isotretinoin therapy in women with severe acne. J. Dermatol. Treat. 2014; 25(2):119–122. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
9. Akdogan N, et al.: Association of serum hormone levels with acne vulgaris: Low estradiol level can be a pathogenetic factor in female acne. Our Dermatology Online . 2018; 9(3):249–256. Publisher Full Text
10. de Gonçalves MHH , et al.: Síndrome do ovário policístico: abordagem dermatológica.An. Bras. Dermatol.2011; 86: 111–119. Publisher Full Text
11. Ian Mason J: The 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase gene family of enzymes. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 1993; 4(6): 199–203.
12. Rabe T, et al.: Inhibition of skin 5 alpha-reductase by oral contraceptive progestins in vitro. Gynecol. Endocrinol. 2000; 14(4): 223–230. PubMed Abstract
13. Bitzer J, Tschudin S, Alder J: Acceptability and side-effects of Implanon in Switzerland: a retrospective study by the Implanon Swiss Study Group. Eur. J. Contracept. Reprod. Health Care. 2004; 9(4): 278–284. PubMed Abstract
14. Arora MK, Seth S, Dayal S: The relationship of lipid profile and menstrual cycle with acne vulgaris. Clin. Biochem. 2010; 43(18):1415–1420. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
15. Kiayani AJ, Rehman FU: Association Of Serum Testosterone And Sex Hormone Binding Globulin Levels In Females With Acne Based On Its Severity. J. Ayub Med. Coll. Abbottabad. 2016; 28(2):357–359.
16. Pavicic Baldani D, et al.: Hyperandrogenemia association with acne and hirsutism severity in Croatian women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Acta Dermatovenerol. Croat. 2013; 21(2):105–112. PubMed Abstract
17. Moksedur Rahman M, et al., Association of Serum Testosterone with Acne Vulgaris in Women. Vol. 5. 2012.
18. Nguyen PC, et al.: Assessment of serum hormone levels in female patients with acne vulgaris. Dryad, Dataset. 2022. Publisher Full Text

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Version 5

VERSION 5 PUBLISHED 11 Jan 2022

Author details Author details

Phu Cuong Nguyen
Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Software, Writing – Review & Editing

Hoang Van Nguyen
Roles: Data Curation, Investigation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation

Van Tien Vu
Roles: Data Curation, Investigation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation

Van Tran Pham
Roles: Data Curation, Methodology, Resources, Supervision

Dang Quyet Tran
Roles: Project Administration, Resources, Supervision, Visualization

Thanh Tung Nguyen
Roles: Investigation, Supervision, Visualization

Competing interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information

The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work.

Article Versions (5)

version 5

Revised

Published: 19 Jan 2023, 11:23

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.75617.5

version 4

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Published: 22 Apr 2022, 11:23

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.75617.4

version 3

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Published: 04 Apr 2022, 11:23

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version 2

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Published: 09 Feb 2022, 11:23

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.75617.2

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Published: 11 Jan 2022, 11:23

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.75617.1

© 2022 Nguyen PC et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Nguyen PC, Nguyen HV, Vu VT et al. Assessment of serum testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone levels in female patients with acne vulgaris [version 3; peer review: 1 approved, 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2022, 11:23 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.75617.3)

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Version 2

VERSION 2

PUBLISHED 09 Feb 2022

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Reviewer Report 08 Mar 2022

Jerry Tan, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada

Not Approved

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.121108.r126046

Most importantly, there is inadequate detail on the acne and control cohorts. In the former, it is important to ensure selection criteria are detailed as it is not stated. How will the reader know that these patients were not pre-selected based on a history or physical findings of virilism or other hyper-androgenic features? In the latter, most significant are age matching and ensuring that controls were not on birth control pills or other hormonal therapies that may confound hormonal test results.

Secondly, determination of acne severity uses a scale not typical for clinical or epidemiological acne research.

Furthermore, there are prior studies showing no association between hormonal abnormalities and acne in women – these should be referenced.

Finally, there is awkward sentence structure, syntax and word choice leading to difficulty in my comprehension.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

No
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

No
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

No
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

No

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: Acne

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above.

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Author Response 04 Apr 2022

NGUYEN CUONG, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, 103 Military Hospital, Vietnam Military Medical University, HaNoi, 100000, Vietnam

04 Apr 2022

Author Response
- We added the inclusion and exclusion criteria in detail for the control and acne groups in the new version of our article.
- In the previous
... Continue reading
We added the inclusion and exclusion criteria in detail for the control and acne groups in the new version of our article.

In the previous article, we based on the acne grading score by Karen Mckoy. This score was not used widely in other studies, and we adjusted and fixed them suitable with the Global Acne Grading System. In our research, a global score of 1-18 signified mild acne, 19‐30 was moderate acne, and a global score > 31 was severe acne.

Some authors found no relationship between hormone disorders and acne in female patients in the literature. And we added the results of these studies and gave our discussion about this difference.
We added the inclusion and exclusion criteria in detail for the control and acne groups in the new version of our article.

In the previous article, we based on the acne grading score by Karen Mckoy. This score was not used widely in other studies, and we adjusted and fixed them suitable with the Global Acne Grading System. In our research, a global score of 1-18 signified mild acne, 19‐30 was moderate acne, and a global score > 31 was severe acne.

Some authors found no relationship between hormone disorders and acne in female patients in the literature. And we added the results of these studies and gave our discussion about this difference.
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
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Author Response 04 Apr 2022

NGUYEN CUONG, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, 103 Military Hospital, Vietnam Military Medical University, HaNoi, 100000, Vietnam

04 Apr 2022

Author Response
- We added the inclusion and exclusion criteria in detail for the control and acne groups in the new version of our article.
- In the previous
... Continue reading
We added the inclusion and exclusion criteria in detail for the control and acne groups in the new version of our article.

In the previous article, we based on the acne grading score by Karen Mckoy. This score was not used widely in other studies, and we adjusted and fixed them suitable with the Global Acne Grading System. In our research, a global score of 1-18 signified mild acne, 19‐30 was moderate acne, and a global score > 31 was severe acne.

Some authors found no relationship between hormone disorders and acne in female patients in the literature. And we added the results of these studies and gave our discussion about this difference.
We added the inclusion and exclusion criteria in detail for the control and acne groups in the new version of our article.

In the previous article, we based on the acne grading score by Karen Mckoy. This score was not used widely in other studies, and we adjusted and fixed them suitable with the Global Acne Grading System. In our research, a global score of 1-18 signified mild acne, 19‐30 was moderate acne, and a global score > 31 was severe acne.

Some authors found no relationship between hormone disorders and acne in female patients in the literature. And we added the results of these studies and gave our discussion about this difference.
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern

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Reviewer Report 16 Feb 2022

Berna Aksoy, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey

Approved

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.121108.r122986

The article is satisfactory ... Continue reading

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Version 1

VERSION 1

PUBLISHED 11 Jan 2022

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Reviewer Report 02 Feb 2022

Berna Aksoy, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey

Approved with Reservations

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.79509.r119712

This manuscript evaluates serum hormone levels in women, comparing with a control group. The manuscript evaluated 3 hormones at menstruation period. However, themanuscript needs revision as:

Progesterone 0,5 vs 0,6 may be better analysed by increasing control size, which is too small (175 vs 35). Additionally severe acne vs control group progesterone levels are significantly different. For a better statistical analysis the control group should be nearly half, and I think, therefore, that increasing control size will be meaningful statistically. The same is applicable to progesterone levels.

Acne vulgaris is a term up to age 25, what is the rationale that you choose 30 years? Acne adultorum is supposed to be related to hormonal disturbances. Many acne adultorum patients are stressful working women, there is an increased rate of stress hormones such as prolactin and cortisol. It is better you exclude women over 25.

Estradiol, progesterone and testosterone levels are in fact not enough for hormonal evaluation in women.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

No
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Partly
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

No source data required
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

No

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: Acne

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above.

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Author Response 09 Feb 2022

NGUYEN CUONG, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, 103 Military Hospital, Vietnam Military Medical University, HaNoi, 100000, Vietnam

09 Feb 2022

Author Response

1. Progesterone 0,5 vs 0,6 may be better analysed by increasing control size, which is too small (175 vs 35). Additionally severe acne vs control group progesterone levels are significantly ... Continue reading 1. Progesterone 0,5 vs 0,6 may be better analysed by increasing control size, which is too small (175 vs 35). Additionally severe acne vs control group progesterone levels are significantly different. For a better statistical analysis the control group should be nearly half, and I think, therefore, that increasing control size will be meaningful statistically. The same is applicable to progesterone levels.

- This article studied the relationship between acne vulgaris with three degrees of disease and hormone levels. And mild acne was found not in relation to sex hormone disorders. This study tried to find this relationship in the moderate and severe groups, with 35 patients in each group. So we decided to choose the control group of around 35 patients. To be more meaningful statistically, we will increase the number of patients in the control group.

2. Acne vulgaris is a term up to age 25, what is the rationale that you choose 30 years? Acne adultorum is supposed to be related to hormonal disturbances. Many acne adultorum patients are stressful working women, there is an increased rate of stress hormones such as prolactin and cortisol. It is better you exclude women over 25.

Acne that occurs in patients over 25 years old is called post-adolescent acne, and the hormone levels in these patients will be affected by external factors such as stress. And Our study first chooses female acne patients ranging from 16 to 30. When we checked our data and found that patients over 25 years old had no change in my statistical data, we could replace the inclusive criteria field that we chose the patients from 16 to 25 years old.

3. Estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone levels are in fact not enough for hormonal evaluation in women.

- Thank you for your comment. We will consider changing the article to “Assessment of serum testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone levels in female patients with acne”.
1. Progesterone 0,5 vs 0,6 may be better analysed by increasing control size, which is too small (175 vs 35). Additionally severe acne vs control group progesterone levels are significantly different. For a better statistical analysis the control group should be nearly half, and I think, therefore, that increasing control size will be meaningful statistically. The same is applicable to progesterone levels.

- This article studied the relationship between acne vulgaris with three degrees of disease and hormone levels. And mild acne was found not in relation to sex hormone disorders. This study tried to find this relationship in the moderate and severe groups, with 35 patients in each group. So we decided to choose the control group of around 35 patients. To be more meaningful statistically, we will increase the number of patients in the control group.

2. Acne vulgaris is a term up to age 25, what is the rationale that you choose 30 years? Acne adultorum is supposed to be related to hormonal disturbances. Many acne adultorum patients are stressful working women, there is an increased rate of stress hormones such as prolactin and cortisol. It is better you exclude women over 25.

Acne that occurs in patients over 25 years old is called post-adolescent acne, and the hormone levels in these patients will be affected by external factors such as stress. And Our study first chooses female acne patients ranging from 16 to 30. When we checked our data and found that patients over 25 years old had no change in my statistical data, we could replace the inclusive criteria field that we chose the patients from 16 to 25 years old.

3. Estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone levels are in fact not enough for hormonal evaluation in women.

- Thank you for your comment. We will consider changing the article to “Assessment of serum testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone levels in female patients with acne”.
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Author Response 09 Feb 2022

NGUYEN CUONG, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, 103 Military Hospital, Vietnam Military Medical University, HaNoi, 100000, Vietnam

09 Feb 2022

Author Response

1. Progesterone 0,5 vs 0,6 may be better analysed by increasing control size, which is too small (175 vs 35). Additionally severe acne vs control group progesterone levels are significantly ... Continue reading 1. Progesterone 0,5 vs 0,6 may be better analysed by increasing control size, which is too small (175 vs 35). Additionally severe acne vs control group progesterone levels are significantly different. For a better statistical analysis the control group should be nearly half, and I think, therefore, that increasing control size will be meaningful statistically. The same is applicable to progesterone levels.

- This article studied the relationship between acne vulgaris with three degrees of disease and hormone levels. And mild acne was found not in relation to sex hormone disorders. This study tried to find this relationship in the moderate and severe groups, with 35 patients in each group. So we decided to choose the control group of around 35 patients. To be more meaningful statistically, we will increase the number of patients in the control group.

2. Acne vulgaris is a term up to age 25, what is the rationale that you choose 30 years? Acne adultorum is supposed to be related to hormonal disturbances. Many acne adultorum patients are stressful working women, there is an increased rate of stress hormones such as prolactin and cortisol. It is better you exclude women over 25.

Acne that occurs in patients over 25 years old is called post-adolescent acne, and the hormone levels in these patients will be affected by external factors such as stress. And Our study first chooses female acne patients ranging from 16 to 30. When we checked our data and found that patients over 25 years old had no change in my statistical data, we could replace the inclusive criteria field that we chose the patients from 16 to 25 years old.

3. Estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone levels are in fact not enough for hormonal evaluation in women.

- Thank you for your comment. We will consider changing the article to “Assessment of serum testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone levels in female patients with acne”.
1. Progesterone 0,5 vs 0,6 may be better analysed by increasing control size, which is too small (175 vs 35). Additionally severe acne vs control group progesterone levels are significantly different. For a better statistical analysis the control group should be nearly half, and I think, therefore, that increasing control size will be meaningful statistically. The same is applicable to progesterone levels.

- This article studied the relationship between acne vulgaris with three degrees of disease and hormone levels. And mild acne was found not in relation to sex hormone disorders. This study tried to find this relationship in the moderate and severe groups, with 35 patients in each group. So we decided to choose the control group of around 35 patients. To be more meaningful statistically, we will increase the number of patients in the control group.

2. Acne vulgaris is a term up to age 25, what is the rationale that you choose 30 years? Acne adultorum is supposed to be related to hormonal disturbances. Many acne adultorum patients are stressful working women, there is an increased rate of stress hormones such as prolactin and cortisol. It is better you exclude women over 25.

Acne that occurs in patients over 25 years old is called post-adolescent acne, and the hormone levels in these patients will be affected by external factors such as stress. And Our study first chooses female acne patients ranging from 16 to 30. When we checked our data and found that patients over 25 years old had no change in my statistical data, we could replace the inclusive criteria field that we chose the patients from 16 to 25 years old.

3. Estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone levels are in fact not enough for hormonal evaluation in women.

- Thank you for your comment. We will consider changing the article to “Assessment of serum testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone levels in female patients with acne”.
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Version 5

VERSION 5 PUBLISHED 11 Jan 2022

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Berna Aksoy, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
Jerry Tan, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
Mohamed Badawy Hassan Tawfik Abdel-Naser, Bawabet Al Hayah Medical Center, Cairo, Egypt
Dalia Rifaat Al-Sharaky, Menoufia University, Shebin El Kom, Egypt

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2 Views

16 Sep 2024 | for Version 5

Dalia Rifaat Al-Sharaky, Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El Kom, Egypt

2 Views Cite this report Responses(0)

Approved With Reservations

Although the title is consistent with the presented problem and reflects the main message of the study. The aim of the study is well established by previous studies that conducted the role of hormones in female acne patients.

Regarding the title it emphasizes Vietnam female however, in general this probably diminishes the impact of the paper, as readers may assume that these findings are not able to be extrapolated to other populations. Unless there are special risk factors or absence of them in Vietnam. I prefer that this could be emphasized less and leave the readers to make their own conclusions regarding the Vietnamese female acne patients.

In the materials and methods; what are the local and systemic disorders which contraindicate the patients from participating in this study? Please state them.

The female acne patients were selected aged between 16 and 25, why this age group?

In the characteristics displayed in table 2, the age of onset was categorized into 3 groups 16 to 19, 20 to 24 and older than 24, doesn’t this compromise the third group (older than 24 years) for the eldest range of age selected is 25 years old?

In the materials and methods, the authors stated that the Women’s testosterone normal levels were considered as ≤0.86 ng/mL; estradiol ranged from 74–532 pmol/L; progesterone was ≤1 ng/mL. What is the reference for these ranges.

There are other factors that may play a role in the etiopathogenesis of acne, such as stress, diet and smoking, how did the study deal with them.

In the results section you stated that female patients with acne vulgaris were selected randomly, I believe those group were selected based on a specific criteria and not randomly. Can the authors please clarify this.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Partly
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Partly
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Partly
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

I cannot comment. A qualified statistician is required.
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Partly
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

GIT pathology and immunohistochemistry

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36 Views

28 Oct 2022 | for Version 4

Mohamed Badawy Hassan Tawfik Abdel-Naser, Bawabet Al Hayah Medical Center, Cairo, Egypt

36 Views Cite this report Responses(1)

Not Approved

The authors stated that the acne group and the normal control are age-matched. You may kindly avoid this term, because they are not matched.

In the title, abstract and material and methods, the authors used the term "serum"; most importantly they collected sera, whereas in the table and also in the text they used the term "plasma". What is the reason for this?

In general, several researchers do not recommend assessment of androgens, LH, etc., in acne patients because of the hormonal circadian fluctuation unless there is clinical evidence of hormonal disturbance. There are also several confounding variables. This may provide an explanation for the inconsistent results of hormonal assessment studies that the authors of the present study referred to.¹

Another explanation for the inconsistent results is inadequate study design. In the present study authors assessed serum testosterone, estradiol and progesterone in females with acne vulgaris (n=175). Hormones levels were compared with the healthy control (n=35) of similar age. Students' test is used for the comparisons. Clearly, the control group is inadequate as it has an inacceptable large margin of error (roughly 1/√ 35 = 17%). On the other hand, the test group has less margin of error but still large (roughly 1/√175=7.5%). Accordingly, unpaired t test may return erroneous/misleading results. In addition, and considering estradiol as an example, its reference range is 74–532 pmol/L, in the test group the mean + SD is 323.15+93.31 and in the healthy control the mean + SD is 370.94+58.88. Ninety five percent (95%) of the healthy normal population will have estradiol levels in the range of 74-532 pmol/L as previously mentioned. By analogy and in this study, 95% (mean+2 SD) of females with acne have estradiol levels in the range of 136.53 – 509.78 and the healthy control group in the range of 253.15-488.7. Note that these ranges in both acne group and control group are within the normal reference range, i.e., they are normal. Accordingly, the mentioned statistical significance (p<0.05) is of no particular scientific (medical) relevance. The same concept (analysis) can also be applied on all assessed hormones.

The authors stated that 16% (n=28) of females with acne have increased testosterone level but no symptoms or signs of virilism. Was this increase above the upper limit of the lab reference range (6-86 ng/ml) or in comparison with the control group (n=35)?. This is again of no particular relevance not only because the control group is inadequate but also due to possible confounding factors. Based on the aforementioned arguments the provided statistical evaluation is misleading. There are several other similar but complex issues regarding the study design.

Some of the terms, phrases and sentences are not easy to comprehend.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Partly
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

No
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

No
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

No

References

1. Hedayat K, Lapraz J: Acne: Disorder of luteal androgen management. 2019. 165-183 Publisher Full Text

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Reviewer Expertise

Acne, pigmentary disorders

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Author Response

19 Jan 2023

NGUYEN CUONG, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, 103 Military Hospital, Vietnam Military Medical University, HaNoi, 100000, Vietnam

1. The authors stated that the acne group and the normal control are age-matched. You may kindly avoid this term because they are not matched.

=>Thank you for your valuable comments on your study. As per your opinions, we also recognized the sample sizes of the acne group and control group were asymmetrical. Therefore, we continued to recruit more healthy volunteers to take blood tests. The comparison of age variables between the two groups was shown in a new version.

2. In the title, abstract and material, and methods, the authors used the term "serum"; most importantly they collected sera, whereas in the table and also in the text they used the term "plasma". What is the reason for this?

=>We conducted hormonal evaluation tests with plasma. And we corrected this tissue.

3. In general, several researchers do not recommend the assessment of androgens, LH, etc., in acne patients because of hormonal circadian fluctuation unless there is clinical evidence of hormonal disturbance. There are also several confounding variables. This may provide an explanation for the inconsistent results of hormonal assessment studies that the authors of the present study referred to.¹

=> Some studies show that hormonal alteration has a role in female acne vulgaris. However, there is no strict guideline yet. And hormonal therapies for adult acne treatment were conducted without requiring hormonal abnormalities recently. Therefore, we conducted this study to investigate the hormonal profiles of female acne patients in Vietnam. Our result also partly contributed to the reference hormonal range in acne patients in our country. As literature reviews, plasma salivary hormone levels such as progesterone and estradiol fluctuate during menstrual cycles. To minimize these effects, we took samples at 8 a.m. on the 2-4th day of menses, the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, during which plasma hormonal levels remain relatively stable.

4. Another explanation for the inconsistent results is inadequate study design. In the present study authors assessed serum testosterone, estradiol and progesterone in females with acne vulgaris (n=175). Hormones levels were compared with the healthy control (n=35) of similar age. Students' test is used for the comparisons. Clearly, the control group is inadequate as it has an inacceptable large margin of error (roughly 1/√ 35 = 17%). On the other hand, the test group has less margin of error but still large (roughly 1/√175=7.5%). Accordingly, unpaired t test may return erroneous/misleading results. In addition, and considering estradiol as an example, its reference range is 74–532 pmol/L, in the test group the mean + SD is 323.15+93.31 and in the healthy control the mean + SD is 370.94+58.88. Ninety five percent (95%) of the healthy normal population will have estradiol levels in the range of 74-532 pmol/L as previously mentioned. By analogy and in this study, 95% (mean+2 SD) of females with acne have estradiol levels in the range of 136.53 – 509.78 and the healthy control group in the range of 253.15-488.7. Note that these ranges in both acne group and control group are within the normal reference range, i.e., they are normal. Accordingly, the mentioned statistical significance (p<0.05) is of no particular scientific (medical) relevance. The same concept (analysis) can also be applied on all assessed hormones.

=> Thank you for your excellent opinion. As we mentioned above, we focused on analyzing data in female patients with moderate and severe acne vulgaris (70 patients for each group) and then comparing it to the healthy control (70 participants). Although the mean hormonal level was in the normal range, this elevation was statistically significant. It can be explained that androgen bioactivity depends on the amount of plasma hormonal levels and the affinity to specific receptors, the number of receptors, or metabolism in binding sites.

5. The authors stated that 16% (n=28) of females with acne have increased testosterone level but no symptoms or signs of virilism. Was this increase above the upper limit of the lab reference range (6-86 ng/ml) or in comparison with the control group (n=35)?. This is again of no particular relevance not only because the control group is inadequate but also due to possible confounding factors. Based on the aforementioned arguments the provided statistical evaluation is misleading. There are several other similar but complex issues regarding the study design.

=> That’s a valuable finding. We meant that 16% of female acne patients had plasma testosterone levels increase above the normal range.

6. Some of the terms, phrases, and sentences are not easy to comprehend.

=> Thank you for your comment. With the new version, sentences and grammar were checked and re-written to more comprehend. After all, we would like to express our special thanks to you for your valuable comments.

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37 Views

08 Mar 2022 | for Version 2

Jerry Tan, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada

37 Views Cite this report Responses(1)

Not Approved

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

No
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

No
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

No
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

No

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Acne

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Author Response

04 Apr 2022

NGUYEN CUONG, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, 103 Military Hospital, Vietnam Military Medical University, HaNoi, 100000, Vietnam

We added the inclusion and exclusion criteria in detail for the control and acne groups in the new version of our article.
In the previous article, we based on the acne grading score by Karen Mckoy. This score was not used widely in other studies, and we adjusted and fixed them suitable with the Global Acne Grading System. In our research, a global score of 1-18 signified mild acne, 19‐30 was moderate acne, and a global score > 31 was severe acne.
Some authors found no relationship between hormone disorders and acne in female patients in the literature. And we added the results of these studies and gave our discussion about this difference.

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17 Views

16 Feb 2022 | for Version 2

Berna Aksoy, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey

17 Views Cite this report Responses(0)

Approved

The article is satisfactory in its revised form: approved.

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

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35 Views

02 Feb 2022 | for Version 1

Berna Aksoy, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey

35 Views Cite this report Responses(1)

Approved With Reservations

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

No
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Partly
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

No source data required
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

No

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Acne

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Author Response

09 Feb 2022

NGUYEN CUONG, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, 103 Military Hospital, Vietnam Military Medical University, HaNoi, 100000, Vietnam

1. Progesterone 0,5 vs 0,6 may be better analysed by increasing control size, which is too small (175 vs 35). Additionally severe acne vs control group progesterone levels are significantly different. For a better statistical analysis the control group should be nearly half, and I think, therefore, that increasing control size will be meaningful statistically. The same is applicable to progesterone levels.

- This article studied the relationship between acne vulgaris with three degrees of disease and hormone levels. And mild acne was found not in relation to sex hormone disorders. This study tried to find this relationship in the moderate and severe groups, with 35 patients in each group. So we decided to choose the control group of around 35 patients. To be more meaningful statistically, we will increase the number of patients in the control group.

2. Acne vulgaris is a term up to age 25, what is the rationale that you choose 30 years? Acne adultorum is supposed to be related to hormonal disturbances. Many acne adultorum patients are stressful working women, there is an increased rate of stress hormones such as prolactin and cortisol. It is better you exclude women over 25.

Acne that occurs in patients over 25 years old is called post-adolescent acne, and the hormone levels in these patients will be affected by external factors such as stress. And Our study first chooses female acne patients ranging from 16 to 30. When we checked our data and found that patients over 25 years old had no change in my statistical data, we could replace the inclusive criteria field that we chose the patients from 16 to 25 years old.

3. Estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone levels are in fact not enough for hormonal evaluation in women.

- Thank you for your comment. We will consider changing the article to “Assessment of serum testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone levels in female patients with acne”.

View more View less

Competing Interests

Author

Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article:

Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested

Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.

Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions

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Assessment of serum testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone levels in female patients with acne vulgaris

Abstract

Keywords

Revised Amendments from Version 2

Introduction

Methods

Study design

Inclusion criteria

Exclusion criteria

Techniques of the research

Data analysis

Results

Table 1. Age and BMI features of acne vulgaris group and control group.

Table 2. Plasma hormone levels of acne vulgaris group and control group.

Table 3. Hormonal alterations in female acne patients.

Table 4. Plasma hormone levels in severity groups of acne patients.

Discussion

Conclusion

Data availability

Underlying data

Ethics approval

Consent to participate

Acknowledgments

References

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