Realisation of Solid-State Electrochromic Devices Based on Gel Electrolyte

Benedict Wen-Cheun Au; Kah-Yoong Chan; Mohd Zainizan Sahdan; Abraham Shiau-Iun Chong; Dietmar Knipp

doi:10.12688/f1000research.73661.2

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Research Article

Revised

Realisation of Solid-State Electrochromic Devices Based on Gel Electrolyte

[version 2; peer review: 2 approved]

Benedict Wen-Cheun Au¹, Kah-Yoong Chan ¹, Mohd Zainizan Sahdan², Abraham Shiau-Iun Chong³, Dietmar Knipp⁴

Benedict Wen-Cheun Au¹, Kah-Yoong Chan ¹, [...] Mohd Zainizan Sahdan², Abraham Shiau-Iun Chong³, Dietmar Knipp⁴

PUBLISHED 06 Jun 2022

Author details Author details

¹ Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Selangor, 63100, Malaysia
² Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, 86400, Malaysia
³ KESPRO Consultants Sdn Bhd, KESPRO Consultants Sdn Bhd, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
⁴ School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Bremen, 28759, Germany

Benedict Wen-Cheun Au
Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation

Kah-Yoong Chan
Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing

Mohd Zainizan Sahdan
Roles: Validation

Abraham Shiau-Iun Chong
Roles: Conceptualization

Dietmar Knipp
Roles: Conceptualization, Validation

OPEN PEER REVIEW

REVIEWER STATUS

This article is included in the Energy gateway.

This article is included in the Research Synergy Foundation gateway.

Abstract

Background: In the last decade, there has been much interest in the area of solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) to address the issues of electrolyte leakage and evaporation in electrochromic devices (ECD). ECD is a state-of-the-art technology having the ability to change from transparent state to opaque state under the influence of a small applied voltage for energy saving applications.
Methods: In this work, tungsten oxide (WO₃) films were fabricated via the sol-gel spin-coating method. Subsequently,ECDs were assembled based on SPE and liquid polymer electrolyte (LPE), respectively using indium doped tin oxide (ITO) coated glass as conducting electrodes and WO₃ films as working electrode.
Results: Cyclic voltammetry (CV) results revealed reduced ionic conductivity of conducting ions in SPE based ECD (SECD) owing to increased viscosity by addition of PMMA. However, lesser time was required for the colouration process. LPE based ECD (LECD) showed higher colouration efficiency (CE) compared to its SECD counterpart. This is attributed to its larger optical modulation.
Conclusions: This work presents a comparison between the performance of LECD and SECD in terms of electrochromic (EC) and optical properties. They were analysed through CV, chronoamperometry (CA) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer. Furthermore, this work provides an insight on the employment of solid-state electrolytes in ECDs in view of the persistent leakage and evaporation problems in ECD implementation.

Keywords

Electrochromic Device, Solid Polymer Electrolyte, Tungsten Oxide

Corresponding author: Kah-Yoong Chan

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information: Grant Title: Investigation on the Properties of All-Solid-State Electrochromic Devices based on AZO Transparent Conducting Electrodes for Energy-Saving Smart Window Applications. (Ref: FRGS/1/2020/TK0/MMU/02/2) (FRGS 2020-1)

Copyright: © 2022 Au BWC et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

How to cite: Au BWC, Chan KY, Sahdan MZ et al. Realisation of Solid-State Electrochromic Devices Based on Gel Electrolyte [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]. F1000Research 2022, 11:380 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73661.2) First published: 31 Mar 2022, 11:380 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73661.1) Latest published: 06 Jun 2022, 11:380 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73661.2)

Revised Amendments from Version 1

In the revised manuscript, the film thickness and composition of solid and liquid polymer electrolytes were added to the 'Methods' section. The diffusion coefficient values were corrected in the text below the Randles-Sevcik equation.

See the authors' detailed response to the review by Soo Kien Chen
See the authors' detailed response to the review by Mahesh A. Shinde

Introduction

Electrochromism is an occurrence where the colour of electrochromic (EC) materials changes upon the application of a minute potential difference.¹ Since its discovery by Deb,² it has generated wide spread interest among researchers in a range of applications, including smart-windows,³ rear-view mirrors⁴ and sun roofs.⁵ Lately, researchers have attempted solid polymer electrolytes (SPE) as an alternative to conventional liquid polymer electrolytes (LPE) as a mean to address issues such as electrolyte leakage and stability.⁶

SPEs are made by adding a polymer material to solidify the polymer electrolyte into a solid thin film layer upon solvent evaporation. Gelatin is one of the polymer materials attempted for Li based SPEs in electrochromic devices (ECDs).⁷ Ramadan et al. prepared ECD with gelatin cross-linking with formaldehyde, plasticized with glycerol and contained different LiClO₄ concentration.⁸ The device revealed 38% optical modulation at 600 nm wavelength with colouration efficiency (CE) of 23 cm² C^-1. In addition, with its good mechanics, adhesion to electrode and optical properties, it is deemed as promising for EC smart window applications. Poly (methyl-methacrylate) (PMMA) is another polymer material used in fabricating SPEs for ECDs, as it is well-known for its chemistry and lower cost of processing as laminates.⁹ Anamika assembled a complementary ECD based on PMMA:PC:LiClO₄ solid electrolyte leading to a ITO/WO₃/PMMA:PC:LiClO₄/NiO/ITO structure. This ECD demonstrated fast colouring and bleaching time of 1.2 s and 1.5 s respectively, with a large optical modulation of 50.3% at 630 nm wavelength. On top of that, CE was calculated to be as high as 243 cm² C^-1.¹⁰ In another work, Evecan and Zayim produced an all-solid-state ECD using PMMA:PC:LiClO₄ as solid electrolyte which had respond times of approximately 10 s. Besides that, the large optical modulation of 48.07% led to a high CE of 68.7 cm² C^-1.¹¹

In this work, a comparison between LPE and SPE based ECDs is made in terms of EC and optical properties. Propylene carbonate (PC):Lithium perchlorate (LiClO₄) was used as LPE, while PC:LiClO₄:PMMA was used as SPE in ECD study. Their respective optical and EC properties are elucidated and discussed in this paper.

Methods

This section describes the experimental design. The EC WO₃ films here were produced according to the sol-gel spin-coated method in our previous work.¹² Tungsten hexachloride (WCl₆) powder was adopted as precursor for WO₃, absolute ethanol (C₂H₆O) was used as solvent, glacial acetic acid (CH₃COOH) was used as chelating agent and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) was used as strong oxidizing agent. 1 g of WCl₆ powder and 2 ml of glacial acetic acid were added to 20 ml absolute ethanol. The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes before adding 2 ml of H₂O₂ and subsequently stirred for another 30 minutes at room temperature. Next, the WO₃ solution was continuously stirred for two hours at 40 °C to obtain a homogenous clear solution. Preceding the deposition of WO₃ films, acetone and IPA were used to wash the ITO coated glass substrates for 10 minutes, respectively. Then, the sol-gel solution was shifted to the ITO coated glass substrates and spun for 30 seconds at 3000 RPM. Subsequently, the fresh WO₃ coating was heated at 100 °C on a hotplate for three minutes to allow solvent vaporisation. Multiple coatings were accumulated to obtain a film thickness of approximately 338 nm. Lastly, the coated WO₃ films were heat-treated at 250 °C for one hour.

7 g of PMMA powder was added to 1 M PC:LiClO₄ polymer electrolyte and stirred for the formation of SPE. Subsequently, a solid-state ECD was assembled with PC:LiClO₄:PMMA SPE sandwiched between WO₃ film as the colour changing layer and ITO coated glass as the counter electrode, forming a ITO/WO₃/PC:LiClO₄:PMMA/ITO device structure. An acrylic frame of 1 mm thickness was used as spacer to store the SPE between the electrodes and the boundaries of the ECD were closed up with silicone sealant to avert moisture from entering the ECD. Identical to the solid-state ECD, 1 M PC:LiClO₄ liquid polymer electrolyte (LPE) was used for the non-solid-state ECD, forming a ITO/WO₃/PC:LiClO₄/ITO device structure. Both the sealed solid-state and non-solid state ECDs were dried overnight before measurements were carried out. For simplicity purposes, the SPE based ECD is named as SECD, while the LPE based ECD is named as LECD in this paper.

Optical properties of the ECDs were evaluated by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer. EC properties were measured using a two-electrode setup via a potentiostat-galvanostat. The anodic and cathodic peak currents and diffusion coefficient for the insertion and extraction of Li⁺ ions were analyzed by performing the cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements between −3.0 V to 3.0 V at a scan rate of 0.1 V s^-1. Chronoamperometry (CA) assessments were conducted to analyse the switching kinetics of the ECDs while documenting the transmittances in the dark blue and translucent states in the range of 280 nm to 900 nm wavelength.

Results

The device structure for both SECD and LECD is presented in Figure 1. Sol-gel deposited WO₃ films are used as the EC layer and ITO coated glasses are used as the conductive electrodes. The SPE and LPE are sandwiched in between the ECD using an acrylic spacer. To explain further, the WO₃ films are the colour changing layer, ITO coated glasses conduct electricity across the ECDs and the SPE and LPE supplies the necessary ions for ECD operation.

Figure 1. Device structure of SECD and LECD.

CV characteristics of the SECD and LECD are depicted in Figure 2. Upon applying −3.0 V, both the ECDs changed into its dark blue state. This is attributed to the transition from the W⁶⁺ state to the W⁵⁺ state of the WO₃. On the other hand, the ECDs returned to its transparent state when 3.0 V was applied.¹³ To explain further, ions were inserted into the WO₃ layer during the negative voltage cycle and hence its dark blue appearance. In the positive voltage cycle, extracted ions meaning the WO₃ layer became transparent again. This reversible reaction can be represented by the chemical equation below¹⁴:

{WO}_{3} (colourless) + x {Li}^{+} + x e^{-} \leftarrow \to {Li}_{x} {WO}_{3} (dark blue)

where Li⁺ is the ions in the SPE and LPE, x is the ion concentration. In Figure 2, the area under the CV curve of LECD is larger compared to the SECD which indicate greater charge storage capacity.¹⁵

Figure 2. CV curves of SECD and LECD.

The LECD anodic peak current of 0.253 mA was found to be greater than the 0.184 mA of SECD. Besides, the LECD cathodic peak current of −1.177 mA was also observed to be greater than the −0.865 mA of SECD. These results were further used to compute the diffusion coefficient during insertion and extraction procedure of Li⁺ ions through the Randles-Sevcik equation¹⁶:

i_{p} = 2.72 \times 10^{5} \times n^{3 / 2} \times D^{1 / 2} \times C_{o} \times υ^{1 / 2}

where i_p is the anodic peak current and cathodic peak current respectively, n is the number of electrons, D is the diffusion coefficient, C_o is the concentration of electrolyte and υ is the scan rate. Subsequently, the mentioned parameter above is summarized in Table 1. Both the anodic diffusion coefficient of 6.168 × 10⁻¹³ cm² s⁻¹ and cathodic diffusion coefficient of 1.333 × 10⁻¹¹ cm² for LECD were computed to be greater than the 3.261 × 10⁻¹³ cm² s⁻¹ and 7.189 × 10⁻¹² cm² s⁻¹ of SECD, respectively. Deepa et al. explained that the addition of PMMA in the polymer electrolytes increases the viscosity tremendously, leading to a decrease in conductivity.¹⁷ Therefore, the lower diffusion coefficient in SECD is attributable to the increase in viscosity. However, it is worth noting that even though SPE in SECD is highly viscous, the anodic and cathodic diffusion coefficients compared to LECD merely differs by a factor of 2, which is only a slight decrease. The results here are comparable to the work of Kufian et al.¹⁸ and Wu et al.⁹

Table 1. Diffusion coefficient of the Li⁺ ions in SECD and LECD.

Type of ECD	Anodic peak current (mA)	Cathodic peak current (mA)	Anodic diffusion coefficient (cm²/s^-1)	Cathodic diffusion coefficient (cm²/s^-1)
SECD	0.1841	-0.8648	3.261 × 10^-13	7.189 × 10^-12
LECD	0.2533	-1.1775	6.168 × 10^-13	1.333 × 10^-11

CA assessments were conducted to further analyze the electrochemical behaviour of both devices. It was performed with a sweeping voltage of −3 V to 3 V for 60 s while documenting the transmittances in the dark blue and translucent states at 633 nm wavelength, simultaneously. Besides, the switching time for both the ECDs were extracted from the CA results and tabulated in Table 2.

Table 2. Switching time of LECD and SECD.

	Colouring time (s)	Bleaching time (s)
LECD	2.75	1.41
SECD	1.88	1.42

Switching time represents the time taken to arrive at its steady state. As shown in Table 2, LECD required more time for colouration compared to its SECD counterpart. We speculate that this is due to the difference in Li⁺ ions in both LPE and SPE during the colouring process. As explained earlier, the solvation of Li⁺ ions in PMMA leads to a decrease in the concentration of colouration ions. Consequently, the SECD reaches its steady state faster than the LECD which has higher concentration of colouration ions. It is worth noting that regardless of LPE or SPE, time taken for colouration is longer than decolouration. In the dark blue state, EC WO₃ is very conductive while it exhibits insulating nature in the translucent state. This is an indication that transiting from conductive state to insulating states is a much quicker process.¹⁹

In terms of optical properties, the original, coloured and bleached transmittance of SECD and LECD are recorded in Figure 3(a) and 3(b) respectively, under wavelengths between 280 nm and 900 nm as well as its corresponding colour change of the physical ECDs.

Figure 3. Original, bleached and coloured transmittances of (a) SECD and (b) LECD.

Both ECDs are highly transparent with an approximate 85% in the visible range prior to any measurements. For SECD, the dark blue state exhibited 30% transmittance and the translucent state exhibited 46% with an optical modulation of 16%. On the other hand, LECD had 19% in the coloured state and 40% in the bleached state, which are lower than the SECD. However, the obtained optical modulation of 21% was slightly higher. Bohnke et al. explained that PMMA molecules may solvate the Li⁺ ions via their negatively charged carbonyl group. This leads to a decrease in the overall amount of Li⁺ ions needed for colouration process in the SPE.²⁰ Therefore, it reflects on the higher transmittance level of SECD in the coloured state compared to LECD. In the work of Namrata and Awalendra, a systematic shift of the PMMA main XRD peak to a higher angle proved the interaction between LiClO₄ and PMMA. Consequently, this resulted in the emergence of possible complexations of Li⁺ ions with electron abundant sites in the host polymer matrix.²¹

Results from the optical properties were subsequently utilized to evaluate the colouration efficiency (CE) with the following equation²²:

CE = \frac{Δ OD}{Q_{in}} = \frac{log (\frac{T_{b}}{T_{c}})}{Q_{in}}

where ΔOD is the change in optical density at 633 nm wavelength, and Q_in is the inserted charge. CE is a key aspect in the study of EC and is described as the ratio between optical density change and a unit of injected charge per unit area during colouration process. The CE for LECD and SECD was calculated to be 78.7 cm² C^-1 and 56.1 cm² C^-1, respectively. Despite having a greater colouring charge density of 4.11 mCcm^-2 in LECD compared to 3.31 mCcm^-2 in SECD, the better CE was mainly attributed to the larger optical modulation.

Conclusions

ECDs based on LPE and SPE were produced using ITO coated glasses as a pair of conductive electrodes. Their respective EC properties were discussed and elucidated. CV results showed greater diffusion coefficient in LECD owing to its less viscous nature of the LPE. More time was needed for the colouration process in LECD due to the higher concentration of Li⁺ ions. Both LECD and SECD had high transparency of approximately 85% in the original state in the visible range. Greater optical modulation was observed in LECD compared to SECD leading to greater CE. This research demonstrated that while possessing inferior EC properties, the implementation of SECDs is the way forward towards a new generation of ECDs where the persistent electrolyte leakage and evaporation problem in conventional LECDs can finally be eliminated.

Author contributions

Benedict Wen-Cheun Au: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation.

Kah-Yoong Chan: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing.

Mohd Zainizan Sahdan: Validation

Abraham Shiau-Iun Chong: Conceptualization

Dietmar Knipp: Conceptualization, Validation

Data availability

Underlying data will be shared upon request.

Dryad, https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.qfttdz0jx

Data are available under the terms of the CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) Public Domain Dedication.

Ethical approval number

EA2092021

Acknowledgements

This research work is funded by Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), Malaysia, under The Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) (FRGS 2020-1), project ID: FRGS/1/2020/TK0/MMU/02/2. We would like to express our gratitude towards the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) Malaysia for financially supporting this work.

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Version 2

VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 31 Mar 2022

Author details Author details

Benedict Wen-Cheun Au
Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation

Kah-Yoong Chan
Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing

Mohd Zainizan Sahdan
Roles: Validation

Abraham Shiau-Iun Chong
Roles: Conceptualization

Dietmar Knipp
Roles: Conceptualization, Validation

Competing interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information

Grant Title: Investigation on the Properties of All-Solid-State Electrochromic Devices based on AZO Transparent Conducting Electrodes for Energy-Saving Smart Window Applications. (Ref: FRGS/1/2020/TK0/MMU/02/2) (FRGS 2020-1)

Article Versions (2)

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Published: 06 Jun 2022, 11:380

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73661.2

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https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73661.1

© 2022 Au BWC et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Au BWC, Chan KY, Sahdan MZ et al. Realisation of Solid-State Electrochromic Devices Based on Gel Electrolyte [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]. F1000Research 2022, 11:380 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73661.2)

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Reviewer Report 09 Jun 2022

Mahesh A. Shinde, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA

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https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.134098.r139748

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Version 1

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PUBLISHED 31 Mar 2022

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Reviewer Report 25 Apr 2022

Mahesh A. Shinde, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA

Approved with Reservations

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.77327.r129458

The article proposed the Solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) for the replacement of liquid polymer electrolyte (LPE). the implementation of SPE based electrochromic devices (ECD) showing good electrochromic performance then LPE based ECD. The results appear to be compelling and warrant indexing. The manuscript contains interesting results for the field of electrochromic devices, but some explanations are not clearly written and experimental data are not sufficient to discuss the results in detail. I feel the manuscript could be improved when properly addressing the points below.

The thickness of WO3 film should be mentioned in the manuscript.
The electrolyte composition should be explained in the manuscript such as molar ratio and weight percentage.
SPE electrolyte results should be compared with previous literature in tabular form.
Why did authors measure the electrochromic performance at 633 nm as many previous WO3 based ECD report measure electrochromic performance at 700nm wavelength?

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Partly
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Partly
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: Electrochromic devices

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above.

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Author Response 06 Jun 2022

Kah-Yoong Chan, Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, 63100, Malaysia

06 Jun 2022

Author Response

Dear Prof. Dr. Mahesh A. Shinde,

Thank you for your comments on our manuscript titled “Realisation of Solid-State Electrochromic Devices based on Gel Electrolyte”. We have carefully reviewed the ... Continue reading Dear Prof. Dr. Mahesh A. Shinde,

Thank you for your comments on our manuscript titled “Realisation of Solid-State Electrochromic Devices based on Gel Electrolyte”. We have carefully reviewed the comments and have revised the manuscript accordingly. Changes to the manuscript are highlighted in red.

Comment:

1. The thickness of WO₃film should be mentioned in the manuscript.

Answer: The thickness is approximately of 340 nm and has been added into the manuscript.

2. The electrolyte composition should be explained in the manuscript such as molar ratio and weight percentage.

Answer: The electrolyte composition is added to the manuscript.

3. SPE electrolyte results should be compared with previous literature in tabular form.

Answer: This summary is in a Review Paper, accepted and to be published in Polymers (Publisher: MDPI).

4. Why did authors measure the electrochromic performance at 633 nm as many previous WO₃based ECD report measure electrochromic performance at 700 nm wavelength?

Answer: The work here focuses on visible wavelengths ranging from 350 nm to 650 nm where 700 nm is approaching the infrared region. Besides that, this work is with reference to many existing reports which measures electrochromic properties at 633 nm.
Dear Prof. Dr. Mahesh A. Shinde,

Thank you for your comments on our manuscript titled “Realisation of Solid-State Electrochromic Devices based on Gel Electrolyte”. We have carefully reviewed the comments and have revised the manuscript accordingly. Changes to the manuscript are highlighted in red.

Comment:

1. The thickness of WO₃film should be mentioned in the manuscript.

Answer: The thickness is approximately of 340 nm and has been added into the manuscript.

2. The electrolyte composition should be explained in the manuscript such as molar ratio and weight percentage.

Answer: The electrolyte composition is added to the manuscript.

3. SPE electrolyte results should be compared with previous literature in tabular form.

Answer: This summary is in a Review Paper, accepted and to be published in Polymers (Publisher: MDPI).

4. Why did authors measure the electrochromic performance at 633 nm as many previous WO₃based ECD report measure electrochromic performance at 700 nm wavelength?

Answer: The work here focuses on visible wavelengths ranging from 350 nm to 650 nm where 700 nm is approaching the infrared region. Besides that, this work is with reference to many existing reports which measures electrochromic properties at 633 nm.
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
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COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT

Author Response 06 Jun 2022

Kah-Yoong Chan, Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, 63100, Malaysia

06 Jun 2022

Author Response

Dear Prof. Dr. Mahesh A. Shinde,

Thank you for your comments on our manuscript titled “Realisation of Solid-State Electrochromic Devices based on Gel Electrolyte”. We have carefully reviewed the ... Continue reading Dear Prof. Dr. Mahesh A. Shinde,

Thank you for your comments on our manuscript titled “Realisation of Solid-State Electrochromic Devices based on Gel Electrolyte”. We have carefully reviewed the comments and have revised the manuscript accordingly. Changes to the manuscript are highlighted in red.

Comment:

1. The thickness of WO₃film should be mentioned in the manuscript.

Answer: The thickness is approximately of 340 nm and has been added into the manuscript.

2. The electrolyte composition should be explained in the manuscript such as molar ratio and weight percentage.

Answer: The electrolyte composition is added to the manuscript.

3. SPE electrolyte results should be compared with previous literature in tabular form.

Answer: This summary is in a Review Paper, accepted and to be published in Polymers (Publisher: MDPI).

4. Why did authors measure the electrochromic performance at 633 nm as many previous WO₃based ECD report measure electrochromic performance at 700 nm wavelength?

Answer: The work here focuses on visible wavelengths ranging from 350 nm to 650 nm where 700 nm is approaching the infrared region. Besides that, this work is with reference to many existing reports which measures electrochromic properties at 633 nm.
Dear Prof. Dr. Mahesh A. Shinde,

Thank you for your comments on our manuscript titled “Realisation of Solid-State Electrochromic Devices based on Gel Electrolyte”. We have carefully reviewed the comments and have revised the manuscript accordingly. Changes to the manuscript are highlighted in red.

Comment:

1. The thickness of WO₃film should be mentioned in the manuscript.

Answer: The thickness is approximately of 340 nm and has been added into the manuscript.

2. The electrolyte composition should be explained in the manuscript such as molar ratio and weight percentage.

Answer: The electrolyte composition is added to the manuscript.

3. SPE electrolyte results should be compared with previous literature in tabular form.

Answer: This summary is in a Review Paper, accepted and to be published in Polymers (Publisher: MDPI).

4. Why did authors measure the electrochromic performance at 633 nm as many previous WO₃based ECD report measure electrochromic performance at 700 nm wavelength?

Answer: The work here focuses on visible wavelengths ranging from 350 nm to 650 nm where 700 nm is approaching the infrared region. Besides that, this work is with reference to many existing reports which measures electrochromic properties at 633 nm.
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
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Reviewer Report 19 Apr 2022

Soo Kien Chen, " Department of Physics, Faculty of Science", Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia

Approved

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.77327.r129461

In the present communication, the authors evaluated and compared the electrochemical and optical properties of SECD and LECD. It was found that the SECD showed lower diffusion coefficient due to its higher viscosity. Nevertheless, its colouring time is shorter than ... Continue reading

“Multiple coatings were accumulated to obtain a desired film thickness.” What is the thickness of the film?
EC properties were measured using “in” a two-electrode setup via a potentiostat-galvanostat. Reconsider "in".

2. Results and discussion

P. 4: “Both the anodic diffusion coefficient of 3.261 1013 cm2 s -1 and cathodic diffusion coefficient of 7.189 1012 cm2 s -1 for LECD were computed to be greater than the 6.168 10-13 cm2 s -1 and 1.333 10-11 cm2 s -1 of SECD, respectively.” This behaviour is opposite to that given in Table 1.
P5 - We speculate that this is due to the difference in Li+ ions in both LPE and SPE during “in” the colouring process. Reconsider "in".

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Not applicable
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: Nanomaterials, magnetism

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

CITE

Report a concern

Author Response 06 Jun 2022

Kah-Yoong Chan, Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, 63100, Malaysia

06 Jun 2022

Author Response

Dear Prof. Dr. Soo,

Thank you very much for your comments on our manuscript entitled “Realisation of Solid-State Electrochromic Devices based on Gel Electrolyte”. We have carefully reviewed the ... Continue reading Dear Prof. Dr. Soo,

Thank you very much for your comments on our manuscript entitled “Realisation of Solid-State Electrochromic Devices based on Gel Electrolyte”. We have carefully reviewed the comments and have revised the manuscript accordingly. Changes to the manuscript are highlighted in red.

Comment

Method:

1. “Multiple coatings were accumulated to obtain a desired film thickness.” What is the thickness of the film?

Answer: The film thickness is approximately 340 nm.

2.EC properties were measured using “in” a two-electrode setup via a potentiostat-galvanostat. Reconsider “in”.

Answer: “In” has been removed from the mentioned sentence

Results and discussion

P. 4: “Both the anodic diffusion coefficient of 3.261 10^-13 cm² s^-1 and cathodic diffusion coefficient of 7.189 10^-12 cm² s^-1 for LECD were computed to be greater than the 6.168 10^-13 cm² s^-1 and 1.333 10^-11 cm² s^-1 of SECD, respectively.” This behaviour is opposite to that given in Table 1.

Answer: This is amended in the manuscript. The diffusion coefficients should be the other way round.

2. P-5 - We speculate that this is due to the difference in Li+ ions in both LPE and SPE
during “in” the colouring process. Reconsider "in".

Answer: “In” has been removed from the mentioned sentence.
Dear Prof. Dr. Soo,

Thank you very much for your comments on our manuscript entitled “Realisation of Solid-State Electrochromic Devices based on Gel Electrolyte”. We have carefully reviewed the comments and have revised the manuscript accordingly. Changes to the manuscript are highlighted in red.

Comment

Method:

1. “Multiple coatings were accumulated to obtain a desired film thickness.” What is the thickness of the film?

Answer: The film thickness is approximately 340 nm.

2.EC properties were measured using “in” a two-electrode setup via a potentiostat-galvanostat. Reconsider “in”.

Answer: “In” has been removed from the mentioned sentence

Results and discussion

P. 4: “Both the anodic diffusion coefficient of 3.261 10^-13 cm² s^-1 and cathodic diffusion coefficient of 7.189 10^-12 cm² s^-1 for LECD were computed to be greater than the 6.168 10^-13 cm² s^-1 and 1.333 10^-11 cm² s^-1 of SECD, respectively.” This behaviour is opposite to that given in Table 1.

Answer: This is amended in the manuscript. The diffusion coefficients should be the other way round.

2. P-5 - We speculate that this is due to the difference in Li+ ions in both LPE and SPE
during “in” the colouring process. Reconsider "in".

Answer: “In” has been removed from the mentioned sentence.
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern
Respond or Comment

COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT

Author Response 06 Jun 2022

Kah-Yoong Chan, Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, 63100, Malaysia

06 Jun 2022

Author Response

Dear Prof. Dr. Soo,

Thank you very much for your comments on our manuscript entitled “Realisation of Solid-State Electrochromic Devices based on Gel Electrolyte”. We have carefully reviewed the ... Continue reading Dear Prof. Dr. Soo,

Thank you very much for your comments on our manuscript entitled “Realisation of Solid-State Electrochromic Devices based on Gel Electrolyte”. We have carefully reviewed the comments and have revised the manuscript accordingly. Changes to the manuscript are highlighted in red.

Comment

Method:

1. “Multiple coatings were accumulated to obtain a desired film thickness.” What is the thickness of the film?

Answer: The film thickness is approximately 340 nm.

2.EC properties were measured using “in” a two-electrode setup via a potentiostat-galvanostat. Reconsider “in”.

Answer: “In” has been removed from the mentioned sentence

Results and discussion

P. 4: “Both the anodic diffusion coefficient of 3.261 10^-13 cm² s^-1 and cathodic diffusion coefficient of 7.189 10^-12 cm² s^-1 for LECD were computed to be greater than the 6.168 10^-13 cm² s^-1 and 1.333 10^-11 cm² s^-1 of SECD, respectively.” This behaviour is opposite to that given in Table 1.

Answer: This is amended in the manuscript. The diffusion coefficients should be the other way round.

2. P-5 - We speculate that this is due to the difference in Li+ ions in both LPE and SPE
during “in” the colouring process. Reconsider "in".

Answer: “In” has been removed from the mentioned sentence.
Dear Prof. Dr. Soo,

Thank you very much for your comments on our manuscript entitled “Realisation of Solid-State Electrochromic Devices based on Gel Electrolyte”. We have carefully reviewed the comments and have revised the manuscript accordingly. Changes to the manuscript are highlighted in red.

Comment

Method:

1. “Multiple coatings were accumulated to obtain a desired film thickness.” What is the thickness of the film?

Answer: The film thickness is approximately 340 nm.

2.EC properties were measured using “in” a two-electrode setup via a potentiostat-galvanostat. Reconsider “in”.

Answer: “In” has been removed from the mentioned sentence

Results and discussion

P. 4: “Both the anodic diffusion coefficient of 3.261 10^-13 cm² s^-1 and cathodic diffusion coefficient of 7.189 10^-12 cm² s^-1 for LECD were computed to be greater than the 6.168 10^-13 cm² s^-1 and 1.333 10^-11 cm² s^-1 of SECD, respectively.” This behaviour is opposite to that given in Table 1.

Answer: This is amended in the manuscript. The diffusion coefficients should be the other way round.

2. P-5 - We speculate that this is due to the difference in Li+ ions in both LPE and SPE
during “in” the colouring process. Reconsider "in".

Answer: “In” has been removed from the mentioned sentence.
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern

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Version 2

VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 31 Mar 2022

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Version 2 (revision) 06 Jun 22		read
Version 1 31 Mar 22	read	read

Soo Kien Chen, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
Mahesh A. Shinde, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA

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6 Views

09 Jun 2022 | for Version 2

Mahesh A. Shinde, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA

6 Views Cite this report Responses(0)

Approved

The article proposed the Solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) for the replacement of liquid polymer electrolyte (LPE). The implementation of SPE based electrochromic devices (ECD) showed good electrochromic performance then LPE based ECD. The results appear to be compelling and warrant indexing. The manuscript contains interesting results for the field of electrochromic devices. I am satisfied with the revised version of the article.

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

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Reviewer Report

17 Views

25 Apr 2022 | for Version 1

Mahesh A. Shinde, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA

17 Views Cite this report Responses(1)

Approved With Reservations

The thickness of WO3 film should be mentioned in the manuscript.
The electrolyte composition should be explained in the manuscript such as molar ratio and weight percentage.
SPE electrolyte results should be compared with previous literature in tabular form.
Why did authors measure the electrochromic performance at 633 nm as many previous WO3 based ECD report measure electrochromic performance at 700nm wavelength?

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Partly
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Partly
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Electrochromic devices

Respond to this report

Responses (1)

Author Response

06 Jun 2022

Kah-Yoong Chan, Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, 63100, Malaysia

Dear Prof. Dr. Mahesh A. Shinde,

Thank you for your comments on our manuscript titled “Realisation of Solid-State Electrochromic Devices based on Gel Electrolyte”. We have carefully reviewed the comments and have revised the manuscript accordingly. Changes to the manuscript are highlighted in red.

Comment:

1. The thickness of WO₃film should be mentioned in the manuscript.

Answer: The thickness is approximately of 340 nm and has been added into the manuscript.

2. The electrolyte composition should be explained in the manuscript such as molar ratio and weight percentage.

Answer: The electrolyte composition is added to the manuscript.

3. SPE electrolyte results should be compared with previous literature in tabular form.

Answer: This summary is in a Review Paper, accepted and to be published in Polymers (Publisher: MDPI).

4. Why did authors measure the electrochromic performance at 633 nm as many previous WO₃based ECD report measure electrochromic performance at 700 nm wavelength?

Answer: The work here focuses on visible wavelengths ranging from 350 nm to 650 nm where 700 nm is approaching the infrared region. Besides that, this work is with reference to many existing reports which measures electrochromic properties at 633 nm.

View more View less

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Back to all reports

Reviewer Report

15 Views

19 Apr 2022 | for Version 1

Soo Kien Chen, " Department of Physics, Faculty of Science", Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia

15 Views Cite this report Responses(1)

Approved

“Multiple coatings were accumulated to obtain a desired film thickness.” What is the thickness of the film?
EC properties were measured using “in” a two-electrode setup via a potentiostat-galvanostat. Reconsider "in".

2. Results and discussion

P. 4: “Both the anodic diffusion coefficient of 3.261 1013 cm2 s -1 and cathodic diffusion coefficient of 7.189 1012 cm2 s -1 for LECD were computed to be greater than the 6.168 10-13 cm2 s -1 and 1.333 10-11 cm2 s -1 of SECD, respectively.” This behaviour is opposite to that given in Table 1.
P5 - We speculate that this is due to the difference in Li+ ions in both LPE and SPE during “in” the colouring process. Reconsider "in".

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Not applicable
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Nanomaterials, magnetism

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

Respond to this report

Responses (1)

Author Response

06 Jun 2022

Kah-Yoong Chan, Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, 63100, Malaysia

Dear Prof. Dr. Soo,

Thank you very much for your comments on our manuscript entitled “Realisation of Solid-State Electrochromic Devices based on Gel Electrolyte”. We have carefully reviewed the comments and have revised the manuscript accordingly. Changes to the manuscript are highlighted in red.

Comment

Method:

1. “Multiple coatings were accumulated to obtain a desired film thickness.” What is the thickness of the film?

Answer: The film thickness is approximately 340 nm.

2.EC properties were measured using “in” a two-electrode setup via a potentiostat-galvanostat. Reconsider “in”.

Answer: “In” has been removed from the mentioned sentence

Results and discussion

P. 4: “Both the anodic diffusion coefficient of 3.261 10^-13 cm² s^-1 and cathodic diffusion coefficient of 7.189 10^-12 cm² s^-1 for LECD were computed to be greater than the 6.168 10^-13 cm² s^-1 and 1.333 10^-11 cm² s^-1 of SECD, respectively.” This behaviour is opposite to that given in Table 1.

Answer: This is amended in the manuscript. The diffusion coefficients should be the other way round.

2. P-5 - We speculate that this is due to the difference in Li+ ions in both LPE and SPE
during “in” the colouring process. Reconsider "in".

Answer: “In” has been removed from the mentioned sentence.

View more View less

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article:

Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested

Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.

Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions

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Realisation of Solid-State Electrochromic Devices Based on Gel Electrolyte

Abstract

Keywords

Revised Amendments from Version 1

Introduction

Methods

Results

Figure 1. Device structure of SECD and LECD.

Figure 2. CV curves of SECD and LECD.

Table 1. Diffusion coefficient of the Li+ ions in SECD and LECD.

Table 2. Switching time of LECD and SECD.

Figure 3. Original, bleached and coloured transmittances of (a) SECD and (b) LECD.

Conclusions

Author contributions

Data availability

Ethical approval number

Acknowledgements

References

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Table 1. Diffusion coefficient of the Li⁺ ions in SECD and LECD.