Effectiveness of Chinese herbal medicine Zhi Shi Xiao Pi Wan on adult diabetic gastroparesis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Chin Jia Wei; Krittapat Phairoh; Baoping Kuang; Chomlak Kongart; Pawat Thanavachirasin; Raksuda Taniguchi; Tingting Liao; Vishnu Nayak Badavath; Cameron Hurst; Shuichi Abe; Somrat Charuluxananan; Sulakkana Noiprasert; Parichart Hongsing; Dhammika Leshan Wannigama

doi:10.12688/f1000research.123523.1

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Systematic Review

Effectiveness of Chinese herbal medicine Zhi Shi Xiao Pi Wan on adult diabetic gastroparesis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

[version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

Chin Jia Wei^1,2^*, Krittapat Phairoh^1,2^*, Baoping Kuang³^*, [...] Chomlak Kongart⁴^*, Pawat Thanavachirasin^1,2, Raksuda Taniguchi^1,2, Tingting Liao⁵, Vishnu Nayak Badavath⁶, Cameron Hurst⁷, Shuichi Abe⁸, Somrat Charuluxananan⁹, Sulakkana Noiprasert^1,2, Parichart Hongsing ^1,2, Dhammika Leshan Wannigama^8,10

Chin Jia Wei^1,2^*, Krittapat Phairoh^1,2^*, [...] Baoping Kuang³^*, Chomlak Kongart⁴^*, Pawat Thanavachirasin^1,2, Raksuda Taniguchi^1,2, Tingting Liao⁵, Vishnu Nayak Badavath⁶, Cameron Hurst⁷, Shuichi Abe⁸, Somrat Charuluxananan⁹, Sulakkana Noiprasert^1,2, Parichart Hongsing ^1,2, Dhammika Leshan Wannigama^8,10

^* Equal contributors

PUBLISHED 29 Jul 2022

Author details Author details

¹ Mae Fah Luang University Hospital, Chiang Rai, Thailand
² School of Integrative Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
³ Jiaozhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, QingDao City, ShanDong Province, 266300, China
⁴ Department of Thai Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University,, Bangkok, 2086, Thailand
⁵ Center of Excellence for Microcirculation, Department of Physiology,, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
⁶ School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS), Hyderabad, 509301, India
⁷ Molly Wardaguga Research Centre, Charles Darwin University, Queensland, Australia
⁸ Department of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Yamagata Prefectural Central Hospital, Yamagata, Japan
⁹ Department of Anesthesiology, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
¹⁰ Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society,, Bangkok, Thailand

Chin Jia Wei
Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation

Krittapat Phairoh
Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Project Administration, Writing – Original Draft Preparation

Baoping Kuang
Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation

Chomlak Kongart
Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Project Administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

Pawat Thanavachirasin
Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Writing – Review & Editing

Raksuda Taniguchi
Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Writing – Review & Editing

Tingting Liao
Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Writing – Review & Editing

Vishnu Nayak Badavath
Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing

Cameron Hurst
Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing

Shuichi Abe
Roles: Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing

Somrat Charuluxananan
Roles: Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing

Sulakkana Noiprasert
Roles: Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing

Parichart Hongsing
Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

Dhammika Leshan Wannigama
Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

OPEN PEER REVIEW

REVIEWER STATUS AWAITING PEER REVIEW

Abstract

Chinese herbal medicine formula Zhi Shi Xiao Pi Wan (ZSXPW) is commonly used for gastrointestinal diseases. Previous research showed ZSXPW also suggested for diabetic gastroparesis (DGP) treatment. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of ZSXPW in treating adult DGP. Six databases, including Pubmed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, China Network Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang, and Chinese Scientific Journals were searched from their inceptions to November 2021. Only randomized control trials (RCTs) evaluating ZSXPW for adult DGP were included in this review. Two investigators independently evaluated and extracted the data. Total 11 RCTs and 802 participants were included in the review. In these studies, ZSXPW was compared with oral cisapride, domperidone, and mosapride citrate tablets. The outcomes of effective rate, stomach emptying time, stomach emptying rate, motilin, gastrin, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and adverse events were analyzed. The effective rate of ZSXPW is higher than other pharmacotherapies (RR:1.24, 95% CI [1.16,1.32]). The results showed intervention group has better effect on gastric emptying time used (MD: -0.51, 95% CI [-0.81, -0.21]) and gastric emptying rate (MD: 19.32, 95% CI [12.82, 25.83]) than the comparison group. The meta-analysis results showed ZSXPW is effective on adult DGP.

Keywords

Zhi Shi Xiao Pi Wan, Chinese herbal medicine formula, Diabetic gastroparesis, Systematic review, Meta analysis

Corresponding authors: Parichart Hongsing, Dhammika Leshan Wannigama

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work.

Copyright: © 2022 Jia Wei C et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

How to cite: Jia Wei C, Phairoh K, Kuang B et al. Effectiveness of Chinese herbal medicine Zhi Shi Xiao Pi Wan on adult diabetic gastroparesis: a systematic review and meta-analysis [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]. F1000Research 2022, 11:861 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.123523.1) First published: 29 Jul 2022, 11:861 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.123523.1) Latest published: 29 Jul 2022, 11:861 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.123523.1)

Introduction

Diabetes as a significant global challenge to the health and wellbeing of individual, family, and countries. There are a lot of the costs spend on the treatment and prevention of diabetes. A data from International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Atlas 10^th edition showed there is a continued global increase in diabetes prevalence. The total number of adults with diabetes is 537 million in year 2021, it is a rise of 16% (74 million) compare with the data in year 2019.¹ The unstable glycemia control will cost a lot of money on the treatment and cause diabetes related complications such as diabetic retinopathy, diabetic kidney disease, diabetic neuropathy, etc. They cause the quality of life decrease and may threaten the life of patients.²^,³

Diabetes gastroparesis (DGP) is one of the common complications of diabetes. Long-standing type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus may affect motility and function of the gastrointestinal tract. The symptoms included early satiety, postprandial fullness, nausea, vomiting, belching, and bloating.⁴^,⁵ The pathogenesis of DGP is still unclear. The causes of DGP include poor glycemia control, sympathetic vagal neuropathy, Cajal interstitial cell abnormalities, and loss of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS).⁶^,⁷ A study showed that acute hyperglycemia affects gastric functions including inhibition of antral contractility and delayed gastric emptying.⁸^,⁹ Another study showed insulin-induced hypoglycemia could happened accelerate of gastric emptying.¹⁰ The principal goals for the treatment of DGP are to correct fluid, electrolyte, and nutritional deficiency, and reduce the symptoms. One of the most important targets in DGP management is change of habit. For example, patients are encouraged to eat more often with less amount or a smaller size of food.¹¹

Zhi Shi Xiao Pi Wan (ZSXPW) is a common Chinese herbal medicine formula for gastric diseases. In transitional Chinese medicine clinical application, it can be used while patients have the symptoms of “Food Stagnation” such as poor appetite, stomach bloating, constipation, etc. The main formation of ZSXPW includes Shengjiang (Zingiberis rhizome Recens), Gancao (Glycyrrhiza radix et rhizoma), Maiya (Hordei fructus germinatus), Fuling (Poria), Baizhu (Atractylodes macrocephala rhizoma.), Banxia (Pinellia rhizoma), Renshen (Ginseng radix et rhizoma), Houpu (Magnolia officinalis cortex), Zhishi (Aurantii Fructus Immaturus), and Huanglian (Coptidis rhizoma).¹²^,¹³ A previous study has shown that ZSXPW alleviates the clinical symptoms such as early satiation, postprandial fullness, nausea, etc.¹³ To date there are only research on the effect of ZSXPW on treatment of DGP. The knowledge concerning the ZSXPW and DGP is necessary for treatment and management. Therefore, to provide evidence based practical information for physicians, this systematic review and meta-analysis of ZSXPW and DGP outcomes conducted.

Method

The review protocol was registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (CRD42021283873).

Study selection criteria

This systematic review was designed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Chinese herbal medicine formula ZSXPW for DGP. No limits on language and publication type were placed on study selection. The participants included studies were adult DGP patients aged 18 years old and above. The included studies were RCTs comparing oral ZSXPW in any preparation forms as the recommended treatment for DGP. If ZSXPW used with other Chinese herbs only the studies using ZSXPW as main formula and other herbs as additional modification were included.

The included studies needed to report at least one of the outcomes, which were effectiveness of the treatment or stomach empty rate; secondary outcomes were the level of Motilin (MOT), gastrin (GAS), somatostatin (SS), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and adverse events (AEs). Studies with incomplete information were excluded.

Search strategy

The references were searched in six databases, including Pubmed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, China Network Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Database, and Chinese Scientific Journals Database. Abstracts and full texts were read by two members (CJW and PT) independently according to the selection criteria. The disagreement was solved by the third member (RT).

Methodological assessment

Two members assessed the methodological quality of included studies independently by using the risk of bias tools. Disagreements were solved through discussion with the third member. Each subject was assessed as low, unclear, or high risk, with reasons and proof to support the judgements.

Data extraction

Two members independently undertook data extraction via a standardized data collection form. The information such as 1^st author, year of publication, study design, sample size, comparator group, study setting, outcome measured, methodology for statistical data analysis, and publication characteristic were extracted and recorded. Any divergence on data extraction were judged by the two reviewers (CJW and PT). The third reviewer checked the final results of the data extraction and provided arbitration for further disagreements.

Risk of bias assessment

The Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions was used for assessment of the quality of randomized studies.¹⁴ Any discrepancies in the assessment of risk of bias were resolved by discussion and an arbiter was consulted if necessary.

Statistical analysis

Review Manager 5.4 (RevMan 5.4) software was used to perform meta-analysis. Studies were grouped for analysis according to their comparisons and outcome. Dichotomous data were expressed as risk ratio (RR) and continuous data were expressed as mean difference (MD), both with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Subgroup analysis was performed based on the type of pharmacotherapy medicine used on the compare group and treatment duration. Publication bias was assessed using a funnel plot.

Results

In total 976 studies were found from six databases, 80 duplicated and 875 studies were excluded after screening the titles and abstracts. Ten studies were further excluded for the reason of not being proper RCTs, not standard pharmacotherapy used in control group, intervention group not ZSXPW, etc. Eleven studies were included for meta-analysis after full text reading.¹⁵^–²⁵ All trials were conducted in China. The flow chart of literature retrieval and screening is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. PRISMA flow chart of study selection process.

Included studies characteristics

All 11 studies used the modification of ZSXPW as treatment, the modifications are based on the original formula of ZSXPW. The preparation of ZSXPW was in decoctions form. The modification of ZSXPW decoction used in 11 trials, cisapride was used in 3 trials, domperidone used in 4 trials, and mosapride citrate used in 4 trials. Table 1 lists the detail information of all included studies. The treatment duration in range of 14 days to 60 days.

Table 1. Characteristics of included studies.

First author	Publication year, Coutry	Number of participants	Gender (M/F)	Participant’s age (Mean SD, Range)	Duration of diabetes (Mean SD, Range)	Treatment duration	Intervention	Control	Adverse events
Gao Xue Qing	2003, China	I: 46 C: 46	I: 28/18 C: 30/16	I: 20 ~ 70 C: 18 ~ 72	I: 5 ~ 22 C: 5 ~ 24	30 days	Modification Zhishixiaopi decoction, 200ml/time, 3 times/day, before meal	Cisapride tablets, 10mg, 3 times/day, before meal	None
Wu Zhen Dong	2005, China	I: 28 C: 24	I: 16/12 C: 10/14	I: 65.5, 40 ~ 73 C: 64.1, 42 ~ 72	None	4 weeks	Basic treatment for diabetes, modification Zhishixiaopi decoction, 200ml/time, 3 times/day, before meal	Basic treatment for diabetes, cisapride tablet 20mg, 3 times/day, before meal	None
Dong Wen Ling	2009, China	I: 32 C: 32	I: 9/23 C: 7/25	I: 59.6, 41 ~76 C: 55.7, 39 ~ 77	I: 2 ~ 15 C: 1.5 ~ 15	1 month	Modification Zhishixiaopi decoction, 250ml/time, 2 times/day, after meal	Domperidone 10mg/time, 3 times/day, before meal	None
Yang Li Hong	2010, China	I: 30 C: 30	I: 20/10 C: 19/11	I: 56.73 ± 14.14, 33 ~ 74 C: 56.76 ± 14.21, 34 ~ 75	I: 7.57 ± 2.48 C: 7.85 ± 2.74	4 weeks	Basic treatment for diabetes, modification of Zhishixiaopi decoction, 200ml/time, 2 times/day	Basic treatment for diabetes, mosapride 5mg, 3 times/day, before meal	I: None C: Breast tenderness 4, galactorrhea 1
Zhao Yun Yan	2010, China	I: 36 C:32 5 dropouts	I: 15/18 C: 13/17	I: 63.20 ± 6.93, 52 ~ 75 C: 61.90 ± 6.41, 48 ~ 73	I: 16.30 ± 7.52 C: 18.10 ± 7.94	4 weeks	Modification Zhishixiaopi decoction, 200ml/time, 2 times/day, after meal	Domperidone tablets 10mg, 3 times/day, before meal	I: None C: Breast tenderness 2, galactorrhea 1
Deng Han Jun	2012, China	I: 32 C: 32	I: 20/12 C: 21/11	I: 49.2 ~ 76.6 C: 48.6 ~ 76.2	I: 6.8 ~ 11.6 C: 6.5 ~ 11.4	60 days	Modification Zhishixiaopi decoction, 150ml/time, 3 times/day, after meal	Cisapride tablets 10mg, 3 times/day, before meal	None
Lu Xue Ying	2012, China	I: 59 C: 59	I: 34/25 C: 31/28	I: 56.42 ± 4.96, 45 ~ 72 C: 54.63 ± 4.48, 33 ~ 67	I: 6.81 ± 2.57 C: 5.97 ± 2,75	4 weeks	Modification Zhishixiaopi decoction, 200ml/time, 2 times/day	Domperidone tablets 10mg, 3 times/day	None
Guo Xiao	2015, China	I: 24 C: 25	I: 14/10 C: 14/11	I: 57.9 ± 4.72 C: 59.2 ± 6.41	I: 5.27 ± 5.17 C: 5.91 ± 5.42	2 weeks	Modification Zhishixiaopi decoction, 200ml/time, 2 times/day, after meal	Mosapride citrate tablets 5mg, 3 times/day, before meal	None
Liu Ning Zhou	2017, China	I: 32 C: 34	I: 19/13 C: 20/14	I: 42.67 ± 6.52, 31 ~ 65 C: 44.55 ± 5.78, 33 ~ 65	I: 16.02 ± 7.12 months C: 15.61 ± 6.66 months	4 weeks	Basic treatment for diabetes, domperidone tablets 10mg (3 times / day, before meal) modification Zhishixiaopi decoction (2 times/day)	Basic treatment for diabetes, domperidone tablets 10mg, 3 times/day, before meal	None
Xu Bao Shi	2020, China	I: 35 C: 35	I: 18/17 C: 19/16	I: 54.05 ± 6.73, 37 ~ 75 C: 54.12 ± 6.91, 38 ~ 76	None	1 month	Modification Zhishixiaopi decoction, 200ml/time, 2 times/day	Mosapride citrate tablets 5mg, 3 times/day, before meal	I: Palpitation 1, diarrhea 1, dizzy 1 C: Palpitation 2, hypokalemia 1, diarrhea 2, dizzy 3
Yang Fei	2020, China	I: 51 C: 50	None	I: 54.58 ± 4.06 C: 54.32 ± 4.01	I: 17.13 months C: 17.76 months	1 month	Modification Zhishixiaopi decoction, 200ml/time, 2 times/day	Mosapride citrate tablets	I: Galactorrhea 1, hypersomnia 2, breast tenderness 1, dryness mouth 1 C: Galactorrhea 1, hypersomnia 1, breast tenderness 1, mouth dryness 1

Participants

In total there were 804 participants with DGP involved in 11 RCTs, 5 participants drop out. All participants aged between 20 to 76 years old. Ten studies mentioned the gender of participants, there were 377 male participants and 321 female participants. The participants were divided into 6 groups ZSXPW group (n = 253), ZSXPW with domperidone group (n = 32), ZSXPW with mosapride citrate group (n = 110), domperidone group (n =157), mosapride citrate group (n = 140), and cisapride group (n = 102).

Outcomes

The primary outcome measures of clinical effect were report in 10 trials,¹⁵^–²³^,²⁵ 2 trials reported time used on stomach emptying,²⁰^,²³ and 3 trials reported the stomach emptying rate.¹⁸^,¹⁹^,²² The secondary outcomes were reported in 5 trials, which included motilin, gastrin, somastostatin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide rate.¹⁹^,²¹^,²²^,²⁴^,²⁵ Adverse events were reported in 4 trials.¹⁸^,¹⁹^,²⁴^,²⁵

Risk of bias assessment

All trials announced randomization, four studies were assessed as “low risk” since they used random number for randomization,¹⁹^,²²^,²⁴^,²⁵ other studies didn’t report the method for randomization. However, no details were found in random allocation concealment, blinding of participants, personnel, and outcome assessors.

Clinical effectiveness

There were 10 trials reported the clinical effective rate of the treatment. The clinical effect rate judged according to the stomach function rate and symptoms after treatment as shown in Figure 2. The analysis results show ZSXPW is more effective than another pharmacotherapy (RR: 1.24, 95% CI [1.16, 1.32], I² = 0%, P < 0.00001). The 3 trials were evaluated the clinical effectiveness of ZSXPW with cisapride,¹⁵^,¹⁶^,²⁰ the results showed the clinical effectiveness of ZSXPW is 1.25 times more effective (3 trials, n = 208, RR: 1.25, 95% CI, [1.09, 1.43], I² = 0%, P = 0.001). 4 trials evaluated the clinical effectiveness of ZSXPW with domperidone,¹⁷^,¹⁹^,²¹^,²³ the analysis results showed the clinical effectiveness of ZSXPW is 1.23 times more effective (4 trials, n = 314, RR: 1.23, 95% CI [1.12, 1.36], I² = 0%, P < 0.0001). 1 trial compared ZSXPW decoction to mosapride citrate, the result showed ZSXPW is more effective in clinical application (1 trial, n = 60, RR: 1.26, 95% CI [1.02,1.55]).¹⁸ 2 trials showed the combination of ZSXPW and mosapride citrate is more effective than single used mosapride citrate (2 trials, n = 150, RR: 1.21, 95% CI [1.08, 1.37], I² = 0%, P = 0.002)²²^,²⁵

Figure 2. Forest plot of clinical effect.

Time used for gastric emptying

Two trials reported the time used for gastric emptying.²⁰^,²³The result showed patients in ZSXPW group spend less time on gastric emptying (2 trials, n = 130, MD: -0.51, 95% CI [-0.81, -0.21], I² = 84%, P = 0.0008). The used time for stomach emptying was shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3. a-Used time for stomach emptying; b-Stomach emptying rate.

Gastric emptying rate

Gastric emptying rate was reported by 3 trials.¹⁸^,¹⁹^,²² The results showed patients with ZSXPW had a higher gastric emptying rate than the control group (3 trials, n = 172, MD: 19.32, 95% CI [12.82, 25.83], I² = 0%, P < 0.00001). The gastric emptying rate was shown in Figure 3.

Sub-outcomes

Motilin

There were 5 studies reported the motilin rate and 3 trials compared combination of ZSXPW with mosapride citrate to mosapride citrate single used. Two trials showed the motilin rate is lower in ZSXPW group²²^,²⁴ and 1 trial showed the motilin rate is lower in control group.²⁵ The total result showed the motilin rate is lower in control groups (3 trials, n = 220, MD: 0.40, 95% CI [-6.32, 7.12], P = 0.91). Two trials compared ZSXPW to domperidone.¹⁹^,²¹ One trial showed the motilin rate is lower in ZSXPW group,¹⁹ another trial showed the motilin rate is lower in control group.²¹ The total result showed control group had lesser motilin rate (2 trials, n = 182, MD: 25,56, 95% CI [10.37, 40.76], P = 0.0010). The total rate of motilin is less in control group (5 trials, n = 401, MD: 4.52, 95% CI [-1.63,10.66], P = 0.15). The motilin rate was shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4. a-Motilin rate; b-Somatostatin rate; c-Gastrin rate; d-Vasoactive intestinal peptide.

Somatostatin

Five studies reported the somatostatin rate and 3 trials compared combination of ZSXPW with mosapride citrate to mosapride citrate single used. One trial showed the somatostatin rate is lower in ZSXPW group²⁵ and 2 trials showed the somatostatin rate is lower in control group.²²^,²⁴ The total result showed the motilin rate is lower in ZSXPW groups, and the difference was statistically significant (3 trials, n = 220, MD: -27.05, 95% CI [-28.05, -26.04], P < 0.00001). Two trials compared ZSXPW to domperidone. Both trials showed the somatostatin rate is lower in ZSXPW group.¹⁹^,²¹ The total result showed ZSXPW group had lesser motilin rate and the difference was statistically significant (2 trials, n = 181, MD: -43.17, 95% CI [-49.80, -36.54], P < 0.00001). The total rate of somatostatin rate is less in ZSXPW group (5 trials, n = 401, MD: -27.41, 95% CI [-28.40,-26.41], P < 0.00001). The somatostatin rate was shown in Figure 4.

Gastrin

There were five studies reported the Gastrin rate and 3 trials compared combination of ZSXPW with mosapride citrate to mosapride citrate single used. Two trials showed the motilin rate is lower in ZSXPW group²²^,²⁴ and 1 trial showed the motilin rate is lower in control group.²⁵ The total result showed the motilin rate is lower in control groups (3 trials, n = 220, MD: 7.78, 95% CI [6.76, 8.81], P < 0.00001). The 2 trials compared ZSXPW to domperidone. Both trials showed the motilin rate is lower in control group.¹⁹^,²¹ The result showed control group had lesser motilin rate (2 trials, n = 182, MD: 11.62, 95% CI [5.10, 18.15], P = 0.0005). The total rate of gastrin is lower in control group (5 trials, n = 401, MD: 7.87, 95% CI [6.86, 8.89], P < 0.00001). The gastrin rate was shown in Figure 4.

Vasoactive intestinal peptide

Three studies reported the vasoactive intestinal peptide rate.¹⁹^,²¹^,²⁴ The results showed control group had lesser vasoactive intestinal peptide rate (3 trials, n = 151, MD: -7.66, 95% CI [-9.91, -5.40], P < 0.00001). The vasoactive intestinal peptide rate was shown in Figure 4.

Adverse event

Four studies reported adverse events happened during the research.¹⁸^,¹⁹^,²⁴^,²⁵ The adverse events include breast tenderness, galactorrhea, palpitation, diarrhea, dizzy, hypokalemia, diarrhea, hypersomnia, and mouth dryness. The analysis result showed ZSXPW group had less adverse events than control group and the difference was statistically significant (4 trials, RR: 0.42, 95% CI [0.20, 0.89], P = 0.02). The adverse events related to ZSXPW treatment was shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5. Adverse events related to ZSXPW treatment.

Publication bias

Two studies were assessed as “low risk” for “random sequence generation” since the random number used for randomization,¹⁹^,²² other studies were assessed as “unclear” since they only mention about random without the method. All studies were “unclear risk” for allocation concealment, blinding of participants and personnel, and blinding of outcome assessment. All studies were “low risk” incomplete outcome data because of no dropouts happened and one studies mention about dropout.¹⁹ All studies assessed as “low risk” for selective reporting and other bias. The funnel plot about publication bias was shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6. Funnel plot.

Discussion

The results of this review showed ZSXPW is effective on the treatment of DGP. The clinical effect, stomach emptying time, and stomach emptying rate (P < 0.05). The main compound of Ban Xia is Alkaloid. Study showed Ban Xia can relieve the sensation of vomit and nausea by inhibiting the vomiting center and vagus nerve.²⁶ Ren Shen, Fu Ling, Bai Zhu, and Gan Cao is a combination of Si Jun Zi Tang (SJZT), which is a commonly used herbal medicine formula in clinical application. SJZT has the effects improving the immune function of the intestinal mucosa and repairing the damaged intestinal mucosa. This might relate to the increase of CD4⁺ cells and the reduction of the proportion of CD3⁺ and CD8⁺T cells.²⁷

Motilin is less in control group (P > 0.05) and Somatostatin is less in ZSXPW group (P < 0.05). The result showed that ZSXPW might can improve the contraction of the gastrointestinal tract and accelerate gastric emptying. ZSXPW may have the better effects on stomach emptying because of the effect of improving cholinergic nerve, improving gastric electrical activity, increase motilin rate, and decrease gastrin rate.²⁸^,²⁹ In a study showed the neuroprotective effect of ZSXPW against autophagy-induced damage and apoptosis occurs mainly through the block able of mTOR signaling pathway.¹³ Zhi Shi is the main herbs in ZSXPW, and the main compound is p-synephrine.³⁰ Studies showed that Zhi Shi has the effect on small intestine electric activity, smooth muscle contraction, antispasmodic, stimulate intestine increase intestinal peristalsis, and improve small intestine emptying activity.³¹^,³² The active compounds of Bai Zhu are sesquiterpenoids, polysaccharides and polyacetylenes. Bai Zhu can be used to promote the gastrointestinal motility, which mainly mediated by cholinergic receptors and α receptors.³³

Vasoactive intestinal peptide is less in the ZSXPW group, while gastrin is more in the control group (P < 0.05). These results showed that ZSXPW can improve digestion by stimulating the smooth muscle and accelerating the digestion activity. The major compounds of Hou Pu are polyphenolic neolignans, magnolol, and honokiol.³⁴^–³⁶ Hou Pu showed the effect of treating gastrointestinal disorder by the antispasmodic effect and relaxing gastrointestinal tract smooth muscle.³⁷^,³⁸

The adverse events which appeared in all studies included breast tenderness, galactorrhea, palpitation, etc. The analysis results showed ZSXPW had less adverse events than the control group (P<0.05). Studies have been done to determine the safety issues of herbs in ZSXPW and the results showed they are safe in clinical application in the certain dosage.³⁹^–⁴⁵

Strengths and limitations

This review included the most recent clinical research following methodology recommended by the Cochrane Handbook.⁴⁶ This review focus on ZSXPW treating adult DGP to recommended pharmacotherapy. The outcome measures included clinical effectiveness, time used for stomach empty, and stomach emptying rate

However, the review results didn’t include the control of blood glucose, only with the clinical effectiveness and stomach emptying function as the main outcome. The included studies were all conducted in China and published in Chinese language although all the majority databases had been searched. The long-term effects of ZSXPW were uncertain due to the lack of follow-up phase. Lack of the studies to determine the effect of ZSXPW to motilin, gastrin, somatostatin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide.

Conclusion

Oral ZSXPW has an effect on adult DGP treatment and had less adverse effects. More RCTs following rigorous methodology and using internally well-accepted outcome measures are needed to further define the effectiveness of ZSXPW.

Data availability statement

Underlying data

All data underlying the results are available as part of the article and no additional source data are required.

Extended data

Figshare: Effectiveness of Chinese herbal medicine Zhi Shi Xiao Pi Wan on adult diabetic gastroparesis: a systematic review and meta-analysis, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.20347299.⁴⁷

This project contains the following extended data:

− Table 1: Characteristics of included studies
− Figure 1: PRISMA Flow chart of study selection process.
− Figure 2. Forest plot of clinical effect. (a) All studies; (b) 1.2.1 ZSXPW group compare with cisapride group; 1.2.2 ZSXPW group compare with domperidone group; 1.2.3 ZSXPW plus mosapride citrate compare with mosapride citrate.
− Figure 3: (a) Used time for stomach emptying. (b) Stomach emptying rate.
− Figure 4: (a) Motilin rate (b) Somatostatin rate (c) Gastrin rate (d) Vasoactive intestinal peptide
− Figure 5: Adverse events related to ZSXPW treatment
− Figure 6: Funnel plot: ZSXPW compare with cisapride; domperidone; mosapride citrate; ZSXPW plus mosapride citrate combination compare with mosapride citrate tablet.

Reporting guidelines

Figshare: PRISMA checklist for ‘Effectiveness of Chinese herbal medicine Zhi Shi Xiao Pi Wan on adult diabetic gastroparesis: a systematic review and meta-analysis’, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.20347269.⁴⁸

Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero “No rights reserved” data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication).

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