Keywords
INFERTILITY, TRANSVAGINAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY, DIAGNOSIS
This article is included in the Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research collection.
INFERTILITY, TRANSVAGINAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY, DIAGNOSIS
Infertility is the inability to conceive after one year of unprotected intercourse. Approximately 15.5% of women globally are afflicted with infertility.1 In India, the prevalence ranges from 3.9 to 16.8% (according to the Government website). The standard workup for female infertility includes assessing ovarian reserve, tubal and uterine examination, hormonal issues such as thyroid disorders and prolactin abnormalities, and confirmation of polycystic ovarian syndrome/disorder (PCOS).2
Female infertility causes are difficult to pinpoint. Although there are numerous therapies available, the treatment will be determined on the basis of cause of infertility. The most significant gains in assisted reproductive technology (ART) have resulted from advancements in pelvic structure evaluation tools.3 Infertility evaluation necessitates histo-pathological testing as well as visualization using several imaging modalities. There are many causes of infertility, including ovarian (such as ovarian dysgenesis or agenesis, premature ovarian failure, oophoritis, chocolate cyst, and polycystic ovarian syndrome), uterine (such as fibroid, adenomyosis, mullerian duct anomalies, endometrial polyp, endometriosis, endometritis, and intra-uterine adhesions caused by infectious causes such as tuberculosis), cervical aetiology (such as cervical stenosis), tubal aetiology (such as tubal occlusion, hydrosalpinx, pelvic inflammatory illness, and endometriosis).4
Because it is inexpensive, convenient, and gives basic information about the morphology of the uterus, cervix, endometrium, adnexa, and ovaries, ultrasound is the chosen initial modality of study for evaluating possible causes of female infertility.5
Transvaginal ultrasonography (TVS) is a relatively new diagnostic method for the female pelvic region. A high frequency transducer is implanted endo-vaginally to evaluate pelvic organs in detail. But other investigations are needed to confirm TVS's role and to know how accurate it is in diagnosing various causes of primary and secondary infertility.5
Infertility has a negative physical and psychological impact on the individual, and the causes can be difficult to identify. Although there are numerous therapies available, the treatment of choice will be determined by the cause of infertility. Transvaginal ultrasonography is a relatively new diagnostic method for the female pelvic region. It is a low-cost, rapid, safe (no ionising radiation), and precise technique for determining the reasons of various gynecological problems. The goal of this study is to re-evaluate the role of TVS in diagnosing various causes of infertility. It reduces the need for invasive diagnostic procedures such as hysteroscopy.
What are the common causes of infertility and its various imaging findings when diagnosed with transvaginal ultrasound?
The aim of this study is to describe the role of transvaginal ultrasonography in diagnosing various causes of female infertility.
1. To describe the role of transvaginal ultrasonography in evaluating various adnexal, uterine and cervical pathologies as a cause of female infertility.
2. To find the ovarian causes of infertility by measuring the ovarian volume, follicular size, and ovarian reserve assessment in form of antral follicular count.
3. To compare the accuracy in diagnosis of female infertility by TVS in comparison with other diagnostic modalities like hysteroscopy, MRI, histopathology etc. wherever possible.
The institute will begin data collection after the project has been ethically cleared.
Once a patient passes the eligibility requirements for the study, the process will be described to them and written agreement will be obtained.
A female attendant/nurse will be present throughout the process.
Proper sanitary conditions will be maintained – Gloves will be worn by the health professionals, and a condom will be used to cover the transvaginal probe.
Before the scan, the patient will be instructed to empty her bladder, and she will be scanned in the lithotomy position. TVS is performed with a 5-12 MHz endovaginal probe on ALOKA HITACHI ARIETTA S-70 and WIPRO GE LOGIQ P5 PRO ultrasound equipment during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle (the 5th-13th day following menstruation).
The TVS probe will be first covered with ultrasound gel, then with a condom, and finally with ultrasound gel again over the covered transducer. A female nurse will inject it inside the patient.
The uterus will be examined in both saggital and transverse views to examine the entire uterine anatomy, including the cervix, ovaries, adnexa, myometrium, and endometrium (thickness and consistency). The measurement of uterine dimensions (length and height) is taken in the saggital plane, whereas the width is assessed in the transverse plane (at the level of the tubal ostia). The mid-saggital plane is used to evaluate endometrial thickness. Ovarian length, height, and width will be measured, as well as the baseline AFC (antral follicle count of follicles measuring 2-10mm and >10mm).6 AFC is calculated by adding the total follicles of both ovaries (AFC5 is regarded low, AFC>=20 is called ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, and AFC=4 indicates a chance of menopause within the next 7 years).7–9
Free fluid and sliding sign (to see adhesion) are seen in examination of the culdesac- This involves applying gentle pressure through probe on the lower abdomen to assess the gliding of anterior rectum and sigmoid colon along the posterior aspect of the upper portion of uterus, cervix, and vaginal wall. When sliding sign is “Negative”, it indicates the obliteration of pouch of Douglas which can be due to endometriosis.
Thus data will be collected regarding the various causes of infertility relating to adnexal, uterine and cervical pathologies, and ovarian causes (by measuring the ovarian volume, follicular size, and ovarian reserve assessment in form of antral follicular count). Also data regarding causes of infertility will be collected from different modalities like Magnetic resonance imaging of pelvis and hysterosalpingography and results of other modalitity will be compared with results from transvaginal ultrasound.
As this is mainly a descriptive study, the data(causes) will be enumerated in a tabular form. And wherever possible accuracy of transvaginal sonography in diagnosing infertility will be mentioned in percentage (as compared to different modalities).
This study will be a descriptive prospective cross-sectional study conducted on patients visiting the OPD department as well as the IPD patients of Hospital from January 2023 to January 2025. The population will consist of married women in the age group of 18-40 years with the inability to conceive for one year despite being sexually active, who present to the gynecology department.
We will use purposive sampling to recruit the participants.
Sample size:
Formula with prevalence with proportion
Topic: female infertility.
Prevalence= 3.9 to 16.6% (average -10.25%) (website)
Formula
α: type I error = 0.05
Estimated proportion (p) = 0.10
Estimation of error (d) = 0.05
Minimum sample size needed = 139
Duration of study: 2023 – 2025
• Female patients under the age of 18.
• Female patients above the age of 40.
• Married female patients who refuse to give consent.
• Married female patients with suspected infertility caused by medication, radiation, or pituitary, adrenal, or thyroid gland issues.
• Female patients who are married and have a uterine congenital abnormality.
Study Status:
Recruitment.
A study ‘Role of transvaginal ultrasonography and diagnostic hysteroscopy in assessing endometrial cavity of women presenting with infertility’ was conducted by K. Sarala et al. in 2018. This study concluded that hysteroscopy can be regarded as the gold standard in the diagnosis of infertility. The study compared the transvaginal findings with hysteroscopic findings. The transvaginal findings and hysteroscopic findings were similar. The various causes of infertility were endometrial hyperplasia, submucous fibroids, endometrial polyps, adhesions and congenital malformations in decreasing order of frequency respectively. Thus it was concluded that although hysteroscopy is considered gold-standard, transvaginal sonography can be used as an initial investigation in the infertility work.10
In the study conducted by Maysa S. Elkerdawy et al. on role of ultra-sonography (USG) in management of primary infertility, it was found that 60% of patients had uterine abnormalities (mainly subseptate and bicornuate uterus) while approximately 23% of patients had ovarian pathology (mainly polycystic ovaries). Only a small percentage of patients had tubal and cervical pathologies (like hydrosalpinx, cervical mass etc.). It was further found that USG can be used as a primary tool for investigation.4
In the study carried out by Salaam AJ et al. on the topic of evaluation of infertile women using transvaginal USG, primary fertility constituted about 42% of total subjects while secondary infertility constituted about 58%, and about 54% had normal TVS findings and rest (46%) had abnormal findings like uterine fibroid, free fluid in Pouch of Douglas (POD), endometritis, and hydrosalpinx in the decreasing order of frequency. It was also found that there was a significant difference in volume between the right and left ovaries in infertile women with Polycystic ovaries (PCO). This study found that a high yield of sonographic anomalies were observed on transvaginal sonography in infertile subjects, bolstering TVS's essential function as a useful diagnostic tool for evaluating infertility.11
In the study conducted on transvaginal sonographical findings by Nafeesa Binti Hussain et al. on women presenting with inability to conceive, they inferred the following: 75%of cases were of primary infertility while 25% of cases were of secondary infertility, and the most common pathological findings were polycystic ovarian syndrome (69%), followed by chronic pelvic inflammatory disorder, fibroid, anatomical disorders, endometrial or cervical polyps, and endometritis in decreasing order of frequency. The study concluded that PCO was the most frequent finding in women with infertility, which was easily diagnosed by transvaginal sonography.5
Transvaginal ultrasonography is a highly accurate method for detecting various disorders in the female reproductive system. The goal of this study is to identify the many diseases of primary and secondary infertility and to demonstrate the diagnostic accuracy of TVS as a main inquiry in infertility.
This study will enumerate the various causes of infertility in today’s scenario in India that will be educational and helpful in future planning of focus areas for further studies. This study will establish the importance of Transvaginal sonography as a first line in diagnosis of infertility.
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Is the rationale for, and objectives of, the study clearly described?
Partly
Is the study design appropriate for the research question?
No
Are sufficient details of the methods provided to allow replication by others?
Yes
Are the datasets clearly presented in a useable and accessible format?
Not applicable
References
1. Gratton D, Harrington C, Holt S, Lyons E: Normal Pelvic Anatomy Using Transvaginal Scanning. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 1991; 18 (4): 693-711 Publisher Full TextCompeting Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
Reviewer Expertise: Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Fertility, Gynaecological Surgery, Robotic Surgery, Minimally Invasive Surgery
Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article:
Invited Reviewers | |
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Version 2 (revision) 30 Jul 25 |
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Version 1 16 Oct 23 |
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